Achieving A High Seat Belt Use Rate - NHTSA
Achieving aHigh Seat Belt Use RateA Guide for Selective Traffic Enforcement Programs9084868080757070636050BeforeWeek 1Week 2Week 3
“The single most effective action we can take tosave lives on America's roadways is to increaseseat belt and child safety seat use.”Rodney Slater, Former Secretary of TransportationWhen used properly, lap/shoulder belts reduce the risk of fatal injuryto front-seat passenger car occupants by 45 percent and the risk ofmoderate-to-critical injury by 50 percent. Even greater risk reductionresults when seat belts are used properly in light trucks.Although seat belts have been installed in automobiles since the1950s, the seat belt use rate was only 14 percent as late as 1984.The use rate grew rapidly to 42 percent by 1987 as 31 statespassed seat belt use laws, and the rate continued to increase eachyear as additional states adopted seat belt legislation. In 1998, thenational seat belt use rate was 69 percent.In 1997, President Clinton initiated the Buckle Up AmericaCampaign. The goal of the campaign is to increase seat belt use to90 percent by 2005. The four elements of the plan are: buildingpublic-private partnerships; enacting strong legislation; conductingwell-coordinated education; and maintaining active, high-visibilityenforcement.This report summarizes recent advances in achieving andpublicizing high-visibility enforcement. Publicity and enforcementstrategies are available NOW that will enable communities to reachthe 90 percent belt use goal.sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate1
2sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
This report describes:Development of sTEPs. 5Buckle Up NOW in Elmira, New York. 6Where to do Community sTEPS. 8Organizing Local Efforts. 9Publicizing a sTEP. 10Enforcement Strategies.12Using Data in Conducting sTEPs. 15Timing sTEPs.17Overall Statewide Effort. 18Appendix A - Data Collection Forms and Directions.20Appendix B - NHTSA Resources. 23sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate3
4sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
High seat belt use rates are directlyrelated to vigorous enforcement of acomprehensive belt use law. ASelective Traffic EnforcementProgram (sTEP) can produce largegains in belt use over short periods oftime. Continuing enforcementbetween periods of sTEP activity canmaintain these gains.Canada was the first country in NorthAmerica to demonstrate that highlypublicized occupant protectionenforcement can increase compliancewith seat belt laws. In the mid-70s,following passage of Canada'smandatory seat belt laws, usagesurged as high as 71 percent withinmonths, but then declined. Highvisibility, short-duration enforcementprograms, conducted in severalprovinces, led to sharp increases inbelt use. Continued use of occupantprotection sTEPs contributed toCanada's achievement of an 87percent use rate by the early 1990s.New York State experienced a similarrise, and then decline, in belt userates following its passage of the firststatewide seat belt law in 1984. In1985, Chemung County, New York,implemented an enforcement programbased on the Canadian model. The“Elmira Program” demonstrated thatperiodic sTEPs can increase use ofpassenger restraints in the U.S. Thefirst sTEP conducted in ChemungCounty increased belt use from 49percent to 77 percent in three weeks.A second sTEP conducted in spring1986 produced a peak belt use rate of80 percent.In North Carolina, seat belt use ratesrose to 78 percent shortly after aprimary law was passed in 1986, butthen declined to 65 percent by 1993.The state conducted a series ofoccupant protection sTEPs in 1994and increased driver belt use to 81percent.Later in 1994, NHTSA funded furthertests of statewide sTEPs in NewMexico, South Carolina, Vermont, andOregon. The result was an overallincrease of four percentage points inbelt use in participating communities.NHTSA’s Campaign Safe and Soberfunded sTEPs in 20 states in 1996and 1997. More than a quarter millionseat belt citations were written as partof sTEP enforcement activity. Beltuse increases averaged 8percentage points in secondary lawstates (where an officer needs someother reason to stop a vehicle) and 21 percentage points in states withprimary laws (where an officer canstop a vehicle based on an observedbelt law violation alone). In the statescompleting at least five sTEP waves,the largest increases in belt use ratesoccurred during the first sTEP (wave1). Smaller increases were seenthrough each successive sTEP wave(waves 2-5) in both primary andsecondary law states.Campaign Safe and Sober sTEP Results, 1996-97100Percent driver seat belt useDevelopment of sTEPsPrima ry law sta te s; 2 0 .6 p e rce n ta g e p o in ts90807 5 .97 9 .78 3 .57 8 .77 6.47 5 .0Se co n d a ry la w sta te s; 7 .6 pe rce n ta g e p o in ts706 2 .95 9 .3608 3 .98 2 .98 1 .06 2 .36 1 .15 8.55 7 .76 2 .66 0 .06 0 .06 2 .35 4 .750p rep o stW a ve 1p rep o stW a ve 2p rep o stW a ve 3sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Ratep rep o stW a ve 4p rep o stW a ve 55
Buckle Up NOW in ElmiraIn later sTEPs, as belt use lawsbecame more widely accepted by thepublic, warnings were issued lessfrequently. The “2nd generation”sTEP model called for a period of“soft” publicity about the value ofwearing a seat belt; followed by abrief period of “hard” publicity duringwhich the public was told thatintensified enforcement was coming;followed by a period of intensiveenforcement with continued publicity.In October 1999, NHTSA and theInsurance Institute for Highway Safetycontracted with the PreusserResearch Group, Inc., to conduct anupdated “Elmira” sTEP in ChemungCounty, New York. The goal was todemonstrate that seat belt use can beincreased to achieve the President's90 percent goal. The belt use rate inChemung County on October 1, 1999,was 63 percent. In just three weeks,belt use increased to 90 percent.The Buckle Up NOW sTEP in Elmirabegan with a brief period of direct,sharply focused, “hard” publicity,and then moved immediately tono-excuses high-visibilityenforcement. The media plan wasdesigned to reach every motorist inthe target area. Checkpoints wereused extensively, since they are themost visible enforcement strategy.The enforcement goal was to make itvirtually impossible to drive withoutgetting a citation when not wearing aseat belt.Occupant restraint sTEP enforcementhas been evolving as public attitudeschange and new strategies aredeveloped and tested. The primarygoal of the Buckle Up NOW sTEP inElmira was to develop an updatedprogram capable of achieving 90percent belt use.The first 1985 Elmira sTEP was athree-week program of publicity,followed by warnings and publicity,followed by citations and publicity.Over the course of this program,approximately three warnings wereissued for every citation. Whilesome belt use checkpoints wereimplemented, checkpoints were not acentral component of the first ElmirasTEP.90Percent belt use8480757070636050680Buckle Up NOW!New Record8690%In Elmira, NYEnforcementPublicityData CollectionBeforeWeek 1Week 2sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use RateWeek 3
A successful sTEP program takesconsiderable time and resources toorganize. Community coalitions needto be built, official and enforcementsupport garnered, and a publicinformation and education planstructured. But, once developed, theability to carry out effective, periodicsTEP waves will be in place, as longas community support and resourcesremain.A sTEP program includes: 1) datacollection, before the enforcementbegins and throughout its duration;2) publicity that announces thebeginning of strict enforcement andcontinues to keep the public aware ofenforcement; 3) highly visibleenforcement each day of theenforcement period; and 4) a mediaevent announcing program resultsand thanking all participants in thecommunity.sTEP Program ModelData CollectionPublicityEnforcementConcluding Media EventIntegrate the following elements into your sTEP program: Formation of a community coalition, spearheaded by enforcementleaders and with official support Highly publicized, zero-tolerance enforcement of seat belt andchild restraint violations, including safety checkpoints if allowed Intensive publicity focusing on enforcement Collection of data to monitor program result Feedback to the community on enforcement results and progresstoward the usage goalsTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate7
Where to Do Community sTEPsThe goal of special traffic enforcementis to change motorist behavior.Gaining law enforcement andcommunity support and achievinghigh visibility are primaryconsiderations in doing a sTEP.Data indicate the community is inneed of improvement; crashes arehigh or belt use is lowAnalysis of crash locations and beltuse can be helpful in determining theneed for improvement and fortargeting efforts.The community should be a welldefined geographic areasTEP areas should be defined so thatresidents have a common sense ofbelonging to a community. Thus, thecommunity may be a single city, town,or county, but it may also be a centralcity plus the surrounding suburbs.Alternatively, it may be one or morerural counties. However, there shouldbe media outlets that specificallyserve the selected area so that theenforcement message can bedelivered directly to the targetaudience.Official Support must be garneredsTEPs work best in communitieswhere enforcement agencies canpartner with local government, publicservice organizations, the media, andbusinesses to generate overwhelmingprogram intensity.8Enforcement must be willing andable to support the sTEPSince communities typically includeseveral political jurisdictions, sTEPsare most successful when allenforcement agencies in thecommunity are involved. Urbancenters often are surrounded bysuburbs and outlying rural areas, eachwith its own enforcement agency. Theentire community may be served bythe same media and the samebusiness outlets, and drivers maycross several political jurisdictions ona single trip. Considerable energycan be achieved when sTEPs involvethe state, county, and localenforcement agencies serving thecommunity.Both the publicity plan and theenforcement plan needsufficient resources to reachevery driver in the community.In general, when supportingcommunity sTEPs, statesshould try to include as large apercentage of the state'spopulation as resourcespermit. However, eachselected community must bemanageable within existingresources. To achieve highbelt use, the sTEP modelrequires adequate resources topermit full enforcement andpublicity saturation. sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
Organizing Local EffortsStrong local leadership andcoordination are essential toconducting a successful sTEP. Sinceenforcement agencies play a centralrole in conducting these campaigns,the leadership role generally is filledby a high-ranking law enforcementofficial. Safe Communities orCommunity Traffic Safety Programshave also taken the lead incoordinating successful campaigns,particularly where multipleenforcement agencies are involved.Regardless of who coordinates thecampaign, up-front commitment to theprogram is needed from topmanagement in each participatingenforcement agency.Sub-coordinators can be designatedfor specific elements of the program:1) Planning and coordinatingenforcement2) Planning and coordinating datacollection3) Developing public informationmaterials4) Planning and coordinating publicityCommunity involvement is essential.sTEP organizers must have the fullsupport of elected officials. Theprogram also should be coordinatedwith the courts, since their caseloadswill be affected directly by the numberof citations issued.A high-level enforcement officialshould take the lead in carrying themessage to the public. This programspokesperson may also overseeprogram planning and coordination,although successful programs havebeen implemented with differentpeople acting in these two roles.The leadership role for Elmira'sBuckle Up NOW! was assumed bySheriff Charles D.W. Houper ofChemung County. The Sheriff alsoassumed the overall planning andcoordination function. All other localenforcement agencies participated inthe planning and implementation ofthe program; each conducted specialenforcement within its jurisdiction.Other participating local enforcementleaders included the Chiefs of thepolice departments of the City ofElmira, the Town of Elmira, and theVillages of Elmira Heights,Horseheads, and Southport.sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate9
Publicizing a sTEPThe publicity surrounding a sTEP is justas important as the actual enforcement.In fact, it is not likely that enforcementalone will generate the level of publicexposure and perception of risk neededto make a significant impact on thecommunity. Since the main goal ofoccupant protection sTEPs is to get thepublic to buckle up, the more visibilityyour program receives, the better.Publicity for Elmira’s Buckle Up NOWprogram concentrated almost entirelyon informing the public about theenforcement effort. Health and safetymessages that have been promoted formany years were less visible. Elmira'smessage was simple and straightforward: Buckle Up NOW, or you willget a ticket.Publicity can be generated in manyways, including distribution of publicitymaterials, paid advertising, publicservice announcements, and earnedmedia (i.e., news coverage). Messagestailored to the community are mosteffective. State and federal sourcesoffer a variety of generic materials.Often it is possible to customize thesematerials with a local logo or tag line.Publicizing the Elmira sTEP 10Press ConferencesNews ReleasesLarge Newspaper AdsVariable Message BoardsRadio SpotsSigns on Patrol CarsBannersPostersFlyersRadio, Television, and NewspaperCoveragePaid advertising is the most expensivealternative and usually is notreimbursed by enforcement grantfunding. Sometimes a commercialsponsor may be willing to fund it inreturn for a tag line identifying thecompany as a sponsor, or to add theoccupant enforcement message to theircompany’s own advertising.Earned media and media advocacyapproaches are powerful tools forchanging community attitudes andnorms about a variety of public healthissues. Earned media is the mediacoverage your program earns wheneverit makes the news on television orradio, or in the newspapers. In Elmira,press events announced the beginningof the sTEP program. Typically, kick-offpress events feature speakers thatvalidate the campaign's importance tothe community, such as electedofficials, enforcement leaders, medicalpersonnel, prominent members of thebusiness community, and crash victimsor their surviving families.To maintain the program’s visibilitythroughout the program period, frequentpress releases can report changingseat belt use rates, citation counts, orother indicators of activity. During theenforcement period, mediarepresentatives may be invited toobserve belt use checkpoints and otherenforcement activities.sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
Checkpoints are effective becausethey are highly visible, and notnecessarily because they result in theissuance of a large number ofcitations. Police can put signs on allpatrol vehicles, designating them asseat belt enforcement vehicles.Concentrating vehicles on high trafficcorridors enhances visibility andconveys the impression thatenforcement is intense. Officers, onevery contact, should tell motoriststhat occupant restraint laws are beingenforced, and they should commendmotorists who are using seat beltsand child safety seats.Feedback Signs are a highlyeffective way to increase seat belt usein the context of a sTEP. Theseroadside signs, conspicuously postedon heavily traveled roads, frequentlyupdate belt use rates and the highrecord use rate. The signs remindmotorists about wearing their seat beltand imply a constant and vigorousenforcement presence. They becomepart of the publicity about thecommunity's usage goal and progresstoward that goal. The 1999 ElmirasTEP used 18 feedback signs inheavily traveled locations. Use rateswere updated every two days, startingthe week before enforcement beganand continuing throughout thecampaign.sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate11
Enforcement StrategiesThe first action of the coordinatingenforcement agency is to develop asTEP enforcement plan, integratingthe efforts of all participatingagencies. The plan specifies specialenforcement activities by day of weekand time of day. Days, locations, andtimes should be staggered so thatvirtually all motorists, regardless ofwhen or where they drive, willencounter enforcement. Operationsconducted jointly with participatingagencies convey a unified enforcement presence and strengthen themessage.Enforcement efforts may involvecheckpoints, saturation patrols,regular patrols, or a combination.The particular type of enforcementwill vary based on state laws, size ofagency, and staff resources. The goalin selecting enforcement strategies isto let residents know that there is nearcertainty of a ticket if they don't weartheir seat belt.Saturation-type enforcement may benecessary in secondary law statesand in jurisdictions that do not permitcheckpoints.Saturation patrols assign officers to adesignated area; this might includeposting officers at intersections alonga corridor, or assigning roving patrolsto an area of the city. They are agood strategy for several lawenforcement agencies workingtogether because a united front ispresented. Saturation enforcementmay be achieved by re-deployingofficers on regular shifts to aconcentrated area or by bringing inextra officers on overtime. Thepurpose is to raise the perception ofrisk among the public by making theenforcement activities highly visible.Checkpoint Advantages Checkpoints offer theopportunity to make manycontacts with drivers in a shorttime periodCheckpointsCheckpoints are the most visible typeof occupant protection enforcement.Productivity is highest whencheckpoints are done in daylighthours and when officers are posted tospot violators before vehicles reachthe checkpoint location. Checkpointsshould be conducted on weekdaysand weekends, at different locations,and at different times of the day.Saturation PatrolsCheckpoints may be supplementedwith saturation and foot patrols.12 They usually earn a great dealof news coverage Occupant protection checkpointscan be performed successfullywith as few as two to four policeofficers Sometimes arrests are made forother criminal offenses Checkpoints involving severalenforcement agencies reinforcea unified enforcement imagesTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
Regular PatrolsEnforcement of seat belt and childpassenger safety laws should occuralso on regular patrols. During thesTEP enforcement blitz, all officersshould emphasize safety belts. Thisis particularly important for those lawenforcement agencies working instates where belt enforcement issecondary. Command staff and patrolsupervisors must emphasize toofficers working regular patrol thatenforcement of occupant restraintmust occur during every enforcementcontact.Enforcement for Buckle Up NOW! in Chemung CountyThe two-week enforcement blitz conducted in Chemung County(population 92,000) included the following: 32 seat belt checkpoints conducted throughout the countyin a 12-day period At least 3 checkpoints conducted each weekday 823 traffic tickets written474 seat belt citations10 child restraint citations236 tickets for other non-moving violations103 citations for moving traffic violations 1 person arrested for DWI and 4 persons arrested for non-trafficrelated crimessTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate13
Use Available TrainingOfficers working the sTEP will bemore effective and motivated ifproperly trained. Several courses areavailable.NHTSA recently published a newtraining curriculum for enforcementofficers named Traffic OccupantProtection Strategies (TOPS). Thecourse encourages enforcementagencies to enforce occupantprotection laws, reach out to thecommunity with presentations andmedia messages, and have strongseat belt agency policies that insurehigh belt use among officers.Operation Kids is a two-day workshopdeveloped jointly by NHTSA and theInternational Association of Chiefs ofPolice (IACP) It encourages officersto take a more personal, active role inpromoting child passenger safetythrough enhanced enforcement andcommunity education."Officer training is key toimplementing an effectiveenforcement program. Officerswho understand seat belt and childsafety seat laws and the reasonswhy enforcement is so crucial toincreasing belt use are more likelyto earnestly and effectively carryout a seat belt enforcementprogram."NHTSA, 2000Each of the 10 NHTSA RegionalOffices has a Regional LawEnforcement Liaison (LEL). The LELworks with state highway safetyoffices and local law enforcementorganizations to increase active andvisible enforcement of seat belt andchild passenger safety laws. Moreinformation on any of these trainingprograms can be obtained from theLEL in your NHTSA Regional Office.More advanced training in childpassenger safety is available througha new Child Passenger SafetyTechnician certification programdeveloped by NHTSA andadministered by AAA. The four-daytechnician course deals with safeinstallation of the many types of childsafety seats in vehicles with differentseat configurations and passengerrestraint systems. The courseprovides technical information andhands-on practice. An even morerigorous “train the trainer” certificationprogram is available.14sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
Using DataWhen conducting observationalsurveys:Tracking the progress of the sTEPand reporting this progress to thecommunity achieve a heightenedperception of risk and provideaccountability to campaign sponsors. Conduct surveys exactly the sameway each time, using the samelocations, directions of travel, daysof the week, and times of dayA sTEP program should be tracked infour areas: seat belt use; enforcementactivity; publicity; and communityattitudes and perceptions. Train observers in the field andprovide them with a detailedschedule, a set of procedures, andeasy-to-use reporting formsTrack Belt UseTypically, observers check the belt useof front seat occupants only, or in somecases, only drivers. It may be useful,however, to collect other informationlike child safety seat use, occupantcharacteristics, and vehicle type. Careshould be taken, though, to limit theamount of information to that which anobserver can record accurately duringthe brief observation of each vehicle.Observations of 100 vehicles at each ofseveral locations can be accomplishedvery quickly in locations with a constantflow of traffic.Local observational surveys of seatbelt and child restraint use are integralto conducting a sTEP. Observationalsurveys determine the seat belt userate in the community shortly before thecampaign is kicked off and when it iscompleted. These surveys give allparties involved in the sTEP thesatisfaction that their work hasproduced results.Conducting frequent or dailyobservations during the sTEP isnecessary for a feedback sign and fornews releases for frequent presscoverage during the campaign.Routine periodic seat belt surveys cantrack trends in seat belt use, and signalthe need for another wave of specialenforcement. Documentation of theneed for special enforcement can behelpful both in securing funding to do itand in garnering the necessarycommunity support to do it well.Since seat belt use frequently varies bylocation, sampling a sufficient numberof vehicles at each of multiple locationsis essential.Track Enforcement ActivityIt is useful to track and reportenforcement results such as citationsfor seat belt and child passenger safetyviolations, citations for other motorvehicle offenses, and criminal arrests.The number of vehicles passingthrough checkpoints, dedicated patrolhours, and number of officersparticipating also document the effort.Track PublicityTracking public information andeducation activity will indicate whatresources were used and how widelythe sTEP program reached.Newspaper clippings, number oftelevision, and radio mentions are someactivities that can be tracked.sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate15
Track Attitudes and PerceptionsAcknowledgementPublic opinion surveys can identifywhat was most effective in reachingthe public, determine longer-termshifts in attitudes and beliefs, andmeasure the level of communitysupport for enforcement. Selfreported seat belt use rates can beinformative, particularly as they revealcharacteristics of groups with low seatbelt usage and the reasons for notusing seat belts. This knowledge canbe helpful in defining and targetingeducational efforts.It is important to recognize the effortsof everyone that helped and to honorthose who made outstandingcontributions. It is especiallygratifying to law enforcement officersto know that their efforts to enforcethe seat belt laws make a positivecontribution to the safety of thecommunity. It encourages officers tocontinue enforcement of the law ontheir daily patrols, long after thespecial enforcement period is over.Post-Enforcement PublicityA press event at the end of a sTEPprogram is the ideal way to announcethe successes of your sTEP programto the community. Gather the lawenforcement officers, communityleaders, media, and the public toshare in the success.16sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
Timing sTEPsTimeline of Events ElmiraMany states have chosen to runsTEPs spaced about three monthsapart. Seat belt use rates generallyincrease with each successive sTEP,but the amount of improvementdiminishes as more and more sTEPsare conducted. Apparently, specialenforcement becomes less "special"when repeated frequently. For someenforcement agencies, some sTEPcoordinators participating in theNHTSA-funded demonstrationprogram noted that as quarterlywaves progressed, it becameincreasingly difficult to obtain goodmedia coverage.There is no scientific evidence thatless frequent repetitions of sTEPs aremore efficient or effective thanquarterly repetitions. Still, lessfrequent, but more intensive, sTEPs –with more consistent routine seat beltenforcement between sTEPs – mayyield more "bang for the buck" interms of increased seat belt usage.Although the publicity andenforcement efforts in the Buckle UpNOW sTEP in Elmira lasted only threeweeks, planning and preparing thepublicity materials began severalmonths before the program kick-off.6/15/99 Hold initial meeting on roles andresponsibilities, funding, overallprogram goals7/15Finalize roles and responsibilities, overallschedule, program elements and contractwith a public relations firm8/2Specify media mix to carry theme8/10Develop campaign theme8/11Meet with enforcement agencies todiscuss enforcement plan and agency roles8/16Schedule pre-program presentations toservice organizations, editorial boards,and other community groups8/20Write copy for news releases, mocktickets, banners, print ads, radio ads,posters, magnetic car door signs,fact-sheets8/27Establish relationships with participatinglaw enforcement agencies for overtimeservices9/1Create media schedules specifying mediamix and placement of advertisements9/17Book all paid time (radio) and space (print),schedule enforcement includingovertime coordinated across all agencies,and develop earned publicity plan9/24Pre-program presentations to communitygroups9/24Produce mock ticket pieces, banners, printads, radio ads, posters, car door signs9/30Conduct baseline belt use observations10/1Begin daily belt use observations for feedback signs10/4Hold initial press conference, distributemock tickets, hang banners and posters,begin advertising and publicity, and unveilfeedback signs10/11Begin enforcement, hold media event tohighlight enforcement kickoff, monitor beltuse rates and number of tickets issued10/22Achieve 90% Belt Use10/25Announce results to press, thank allparticipantssTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate17
Overall Statewide EffortCommunity sTEPs are a powerful toolfor increasing seat belt use. However,they are most effective whenconducted within the context of astatewide comprehensive occupantrestraint program.In developing a comprehensiveprogram, states should consider thatstatewide belt use rates are relatedboth to the state's belt use law and toenforcement of that law. Higher beltuse rates are associated with: Primary laws versus secondarylaws Laws that cover trucks, vans, andutility vehicles versus laws thatcover only passenger cars Laws that provide higher fines Higher levels of ticketingrates more substantially and morequickly than any other currentlyavailable program. sTEP enforcementshould be coordinated with ongoingstatewide “wave” programs and withnational buckle-up activities to booststatewide belt usage. sTEPs still willrequire substantial resourcesdeployed within a defined community.In developing a statewide occupantrestraint use plan, states shouldconsider implementing sTEPprograms in well-defined communitiesthat are committed to taking a highvisibility, proactive approach to beltuse and are willing to continue seatbelt enforcement between specialprograms.sTEP enforcement is most effectivewithin a state that has a strongprimary enforcement law. sTEPs areused successfully in secondaryenforcement situations, but intensiveand direct publicity about enforcementis even more critical in increasing theperception of risk. Alerting the publicthat the police will be issuing seat beltcitations at every stop will send themessage that seat belts are important.sTEP programs can raise belt use18sTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use Rate
AppendicessTEPs to Achieving a High Belt Use R
Elmira was to develop an updated program capable of achieving 90 percent belt use. The first 1985 Elmira sTEP was a three-week program of publicity, followed by warnings and publicity, followed by citations and publicity. Over the course of this program, approximately three warning
seat belt The AMG sport seat and the AMG Performance seat are designed for the standard three-point seat belt. If you install a different multipoint seat belt, such as a four-point seat belt, the restraint system cannot provide the intended level of pro‐ tection. Depending on the vehicle equipment, there may be openings in the seat backrest .
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The AMG sport seat and the AMG Performance seat are designed for the standard three-point seat belt. If you install a different multipoint seat belt, e.g. sport or racing seat belts, the restraint system cannot provide the intended level of pro‐ tection. Depending on the type of seat, there may be openings in the seat backrest. These openings
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3. Remove the front seat belt anchor finish cover (1). 3916260 4. Remove the front seat shoulder belt anchor plate bolt (1) and remove the shoulder belt from the tensioner. Refer to Seat Belt Retractor Pretensioner Replacement - Front in SI. Important: For instruction on proper removal and installation of the electrical connector,
Seat-belts and child restraints: a road safety manual 83 4: In the case of seat-belts, legislation needs to deal with the following three key issues: How to develop and implement interventions seat-belt fitting by vehicle type and inspection seat-belt wearing by vehicle type, passenger location, children penalties for non-compliance. BOX 4.1: Key seat-belt legislation
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