Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosion Panel On .
http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2077.htmlWe ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against ErosionPanel on Vetiver, Board on Science and Technology forInternational Development, National Research CouncilISBN: 0-309-59814-1, 188 pages, 6 x 9, (1993)This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at:http://www.nap.edu/catalog/2077.htmlVisit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all booksfrom the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: Download hundreds of free books in PDF Read thousands of books online for free Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! Sign up to be notified when new books are published Purchase printed books and selected PDF filesThank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions orjust want more information about the books published by the NationalAcademies Press, you may contact our customer service department tollfree at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email tofeedback@nap.edu.This book plus thousands more are available at http://www.nap.edu.Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File are copyrighted by the NationalAcademy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited withoutwritten permission of the National Academies Press. Request reprint permission for this book.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against r GrassA thin green line against erosionBoard on Science and Technology for International DevelopmentNational Research CouncilNational Academy PressWashington, D.C. 1993Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against E: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board ofthe National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. Themembers of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence andwith regard for appropriate balance.This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to proceduresapproved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the chartergranted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the NationalAcademy of Sciences.The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of theNational Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomousin its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineeringalso sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education andresearch, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is presidentof the National Academy of Engineering.The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences tosecure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to theNational Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr.Stuart Bondurant is acting president of the Institute of Medicine.The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 toassociate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both theNational Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services tothe government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M.White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.The Board on Science and Technology for International Development (BOSTID) of the Officeof International Affairs addresses a range of issues arising from the ways in which science and technology in developing countries can stimulate and complement the complex processes of social andeconomic development. It oversees a broad program of bilateral workshops with scientific organizations in developing countries and conducts special studies. BOSTID's Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation publishes topical reviews of technical processes and biological resources ofpotential importance to developing countries.This report has been prepared by an ad hoc advisory panel of the Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council.Support for this project was provided by the Division of Environment of the International Bank forReconstruction and Development (The World Bank), the Soil Conservation Service of the U.S.Department of Agriculture, and the Office of the Science Advisor of the Agency for InternationalDevelopment Grant No. DPE-5545-A-OO-8068-00.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 92-050175ISBN 0-309-04269-0Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against L ON VETIVERNORMAN E. BORLAUG, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y TrigoMexico City, Mexico, ChairmanRATTAN LAL, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USADAVID PIMENTEL, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USAHUGH POPENOE, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USANOEL D. VIETMEYER, Vetiver Study Director and Scientific EditorMARK R. DAFFORN, Staff AssociateSTAFFF.R. RUSKIN, BOSTID EditorELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior SecretaryBRENT SIMPSON, MUCIA InternMICHAEL MCD. DOW, Acting Director, BOSTIDCONTRIBUTORSI. P. ABROL, Department of Soils, Agronomy, and Agroforestry, Indian Councilof Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi, IndiaEDITHE ALEXANDER, Stanthur and Company, Ltd., Castries, St. LuciaCHARLES H. ANTHOLT, Agriculture Division, Asia Technical Department, TheWorld Bank, Washington, D.C., USAERIK ARRHENIUS, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., USAJACQUES BARRAU, Laboratoire d'Ethnobotanique-Biogéographie, MuséumNational d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, FranceCLIFFORD BELLANDE, CARE-Haiti, Port-au-Prince, HaitiMICHAEL BENGE, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USAPAT BOYD, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Glenn Dale, Maryland, USATOM BREDERO, The World Bank, Antananarivo, MadagascarROBERT CHAMBERS, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex,Brighton, UKGEOFFREY P. CHAPMAN, Wye College, University of London, Wye, Near Ashford,Kent, UKCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against EL CHARLES, Ministry of Agriculture, Castries, St. LuciaCAROL COX, Ecology Action, Willits, California, USASELWYN DARDIANE, Director of Forests, Trinidad and TobagoKITTIE DERSTINE, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USAMEL DUVALL, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USAH. A. ELWELL, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Borrowdale, Harare,ZimbabweV. GIBBERD, E. M. I. Soil and Water Conservation Project, Ministry ofAgriculture, Embu, KenyaM. GRASSI, Instituto de Botánica, Fundación Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguelde Tucumán, ArgentinaJOHN C. GREENFIELD (The World Bank, retired), Kerikeri, New ZealandRICHARD G. GRIMSHAW, Agriculture Division, Asia Technical Department, TheWorld Bank, Washington, D.C., USABRUCE HANSEN, Herbarium, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USAR. M. JARROLD, MASDAR (UK) Ltd., Finchampstead, Berkshire, UKEMANUEL L. JOHNSON, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USAMAURICE JONES, Vetiver Grass Stabilization cc, Management AgriculturalServices, Howick, South AfricaR. S. JUNOR, Soil Conservation Service, New South Wales, Chatswood, NewSouth Wales, AustraliaW. DORAL KEMPER, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland,USAT. N. KHOSHOO, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Delhi, IndiaMATHIEU KUIPERS, CORDECO-MACA, Cochabamba, BoliviaGERALD R. LEATHER, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Frederick, Maryland, USAGILBERT LOVELL, Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Griffin, Georgia, USAWILLIAM S. LUCE, Miami Beach, Florida, USAWILLIAM B. MAGRATH, Environmental Policy Research Division, The WorldBank, Washington, D.C., USAMICHAEL MCGAHUEY, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C.,USAMIKE MATERNE, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USARAMIRO MATOS MENDIETA, Colegio Real, Universidad Nacional Mayor de SanMarcos, Lima, PeruCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against Erosionhttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/2077.htmlvD. E. K. MILLER, New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,Palmerston North, New ZealandSTANDLEY MULLINGS, Stanthur and Company, Ltd., Castries, St. LuciaALAN NORDMEYER, Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest ResearchInstitute, Ministry of Forestry, Christchurch, New ZealandCALEB O. OTHIENO, Tea Research Foundation of Kenya, Kericho, KenyaKENNETH PIDDINGTON, Office of Environment, The World Bank, Washington,D.C., USAC. SITAPATHI RAO, Agriculture and Rural Development Area, AdministrativeStaff, College of India, Bella Vista, Hyderabad, IndiaJOHN (MARC) SAFLEY, JR., Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington, D.C., USACINDY SCHEXNAYDER, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USAW. CURTIS SHARP, National Plant Materials Laboratory, Soil ConservationService, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., USAHOLLY SHIMIZU, U.S. Botanic Gardens, Washington, D.C., USAJAMES SMYLE, Agriculture Division, Asia Technical Department, The WorldBank, Washington, D.C., USAS. SUBRAMANIAN, Soil and Water Management Research Institute, NaiduAgricultural University, Thanjavur, IndiaANTHONY TANTUM, Vetiver Grass Stabilization cc, Management AgriculturalServices, Howick, South AfricaPAUL P. S. TENG, International Rice Research Institute, Los Bãnos, PhilippinesPAT THURBON, Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaPAUL TRUONG, Soil Conservation Research, Department of Primary Industries,Indooroopilly, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaARNOLD TSCHANZ, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Hyattsville, Maryland, USALY TUNG, Farm and Resource Management Institute, Visayas State College ofAgriculture, Pasay City, PhilippinesGORO UEHARA, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USAJ. J. P. VAN WYK, Research Institute for Reclamation Ecology, PotchefstroomUniversity for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South AfricaRAY WEIL, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USAPETER WELLE, CARE Haiti, Port-au-Prince, HaitiP. K. YOON, Plant Science Division, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia,Experiment Station, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, MalaysiaCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against ight National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against viiPrefaceFor developing nations, soil erosion is among the most chronicenvironmental and economic burdens. Many of these nations are in the tropics,where in just a few hours torrential downpours can wash away tons of topsoil fromeach hectare. Many others are in the drier zones, where swirling winds and flashfloods (sometimes from rains so distant they are unseen) can be equallydevastating.By these processes, huge amounts of valuable soil are being lost every day.Worse, the soil accumulates in rivers, reservoirs, harbors, estuaries, and otherwaterways where it is unwelcome, terribly destructive, and impossibly costly toremove. Erosion is thus a double disaster: a vital resource disappears from whereit is desperately needed only to be dumped where it is equally unwanted.Despite much rhetoric and effort, little has been accomplished in overcomingerosion, at least when viewed from a worldwide perspective. One major reason isthat there are few if any solutions that are cheap, appealing, long lived, andsuitable for easy adoption over the vast expanses of the Third World that needprotecting. Now, however, there may be one.In the eyes of at least some viewers, a little-known tropical grass, vetiver,might at last offer one practical and inexpensive solution for controlling erosionsimply, cheaply, and on a huge scale in both the tropical and semiarid regions.Planted in lines along the contours of sloping lands, vetiver quickly forms narrowbut very dense hedges. Its stiff foliage then blocks the passage of soil and debris.It also slows any runoff and gives the rainfall a better chance of soaking into thesoil instead of rushing off the slope. Although there has not been muchexperience with this process to date, the deeply rooted, persistent grass hasrestrained erodible soils in this way for decades in Fiji, India, and some Caribbeannations.At least in this limited practice, vetiver appears truly remarkable. The grassitself seems not to spread or become a pest. Terraces rise as the soil accumulatesbehind the hedges, converting erodible slopes into stabilized terraces wherefarming and forestry can be conducted, safe from the evils of erosion. Farmersand foresters benefit not onlyCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against viiiby keeping their soil, but by having flatter land and more moisture for theirplants. Countries benefit by having cleaner rivers, unspoiled estuaries, and morewater and less silt in their reservoirs.At present, however, no one knows for sure whether these experiencesrepresent a practical possibility for solving the world's worst erosion problems.The purpose of this report is to make a judgment on this point: to assess vetiver'spromise and limitations and to identify any research that may be necessary beforethis grass can be deployed rationally, widely, and without undue environmentalrisk. In other words, our particular purpose is to evaluate the ecologicaladvantages and potential risks in employing a grass that may eventually benefitwatersheds, forests, and farms throughout the world's warmer zones.This book, it should be understood, is neither a monograph on vetiver nor afield guide for its use. It is, instead, a scientific audit of the safety andeffectiveness of the plant as used for erosion control. Basically, the book reviewsexisting research and experiences with the grass. It has been compiled fromliterature, from personal contacts, from site visits, and from information mailed inby specialists in an array of disciplines: environment, agronomy, forestry, soilscience, engineering, and others. Many contributors had little or no knowledge ofvetiver itself; they served as "devil's advocates." We hope that this exhaustiveprocess has produced an independent, unbiased evaluation that will help scores ofcountries and organizations judge whether or not to use this plant in their ownprograms.The report has been produced particularly for nonspecialist readers such asgovernment ministers, research directors, university students, private voluntaryorganizations, and entrepreneurs. It is intended primarily as an economicdevelopment document. We hope it will be of particular interest to agenciesengaged in development assistance and food relief; officials and institutionsconcerned with environment, agriculture, and forestry in tropical countries; andscientific establishments with relevant interests.This study is a project of the Board on Science and Technology forInternational Development (BOSTID), a division of the National ResearchCouncil, and is prepared under the auspices of BOSTID's program on technologyinnovation. Established in 1970, this program evaluates unconventional scientificand technological advances with particular promise for solving problems ofdeveloping countries (see page 158). The report continues a series describingpromising plant resources that heretofore have been neglected or overlooked.Other titles relating to vegetative improvements for tropical soils andenvironment include: Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future (1979)Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against ix Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop in Developing Countries(second edition, 1984) Mangium and Other Fast-Growing Acacias for the Humid Tropics(1983) Calliandra: A Versatile Small Tree for the Humid Tropics (1983) Casuarinas: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees for Adverse Sites (1983) Firewood Crops: Shrub and Tree Species for Energy Production,Volumes I and II (1980 and 1983, respectively) Sowing Forests from the Air (1981) Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems (1992).Funds for carrying out this vetiver study were made available by thefollowing organizations: The Office of the Science Advisor of the U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment; The Environment and the Agriculture and Rural Developmentdepartments of the World Bank; and The Soil Conservation Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.Additional funds for printing the report were contributed by theInternational Tropical Timber Organization as well as by the followingdepartments of the World Bank: Agriculture and Rural Development,Environment, External Affairs, and Asia Technical. The following World Bankcountry divisions also contributed: South Asia, East Asia, Latin America, andAfrica.How to cite this report:National Research Council. 1993. Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line AgainstErosion. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against xCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against SxiContentsForewordIntroductionxiii1Background And Conclusions1Worldwide Experiences112Case Studies323Conclusions49Technical Issues4Questions and Answers595The Plant716Next Steps84AppendixesAGreat Challenges, Great OpportunitiesBOther Potential "Vetivers"113CSelected Readings128DResearch Contacts130EBiographical Sketches156The BOSTID Innovation Program158Board on Science and Technology for International Development(BOSTID)161BOSTID Publications in Print162Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.94
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against SxiiCopyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against DxiiiForewordSoil erosion is a quiet crisis, an insidious, largely man-made disaster that isunfolding gradually. In many places it is barely recognized; the soil moves awayin such small increments from day to day that its loss is hardly noticed. Often thevery practices that cause the greatest losses in the long term lead to bumper cropsin the short term, thereby creating an illusion of progress.Yet erosion is inexorably undermining the economic security of mostcountries. The changes it brings are chronic and irreversible: lost land; reducedproductivity on farms and in forests; floods; silted harbors, reservoirs, canals, andirrigation works; washed-out roads and bridges; and destroyed wetlands andcoral reefs, where myriad valuable organisms would normally breed and prosper.And erosion is literally costing the earth. The soil it carries off now totals 20billion tons a year worldwide. That represents the equivalent loss of between 5million and 7 million hectares of arable land. Some of this loss is alleviated byconverting forests into farms, so that erosion indirectly also leads todeforestation.The problems are worst in the warmer parts of the world. There, swellingpopulations, poor land management, vulnerable soils, and hostile climates add upto a lethal combination that fosters erosion, bringing with it environmentaldegradation, falling crop yields, rising deforestation, erratic water supplies, andan ever-expanding prospect of dry and dusty rangelands too lacking in soil forcrops or even livestock.Soil erosion is getting worse. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, it hasincreased 20-fold in the last three decades as more and more people are forced tomove out of the good bottomlands and onto the fragile hillsides. More than onethird of Africa, for example, is threatened with desertification. The world's forestsare disappearing 30 times faster than they are being planted. Hillsides stripped oftheir protective covering of vegetation are rapidly eroding, depositing hugeamounts of silt into downstream reservoirs and river valleys. Floods are becomingmore frequent—and more severe.Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the original paper book, not from the originaltypesetting files. Page breaks are true to the original; line lengths, word breaks, heading styles, and other typesetting-specific formatting, however, cannot be retained,and some typographic errors may have been accidentally inserted. Please use the print version of this publication as the authoritative version for attribution.Vetiver Grass: A Thin Green Line Against DxivA few facts demonstrate the crisis: Morocco has to install the equivalent of a new, 150-million cubic meterreservoir every year just to keep pace with the sediment that is filling upits existing dams. Zimbabwe, it is estimated, would have to spread US 1.5 billion worth offertilizers merely to compensate for the natural nutrients now beingswept away by wind and rain every year. China los
R AMIRO M ATOS M ENDIETA, Colegio Real, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru iv About this PDF file: This new digital representation of the original work has been recomposed from XML files created from the o rig
MEET A PLANT: GRASS Did you know that grass has flowers? The grass family is one of the largest families of flowering plants. The scientific name for the grass family is the Poaceae family. There are more than 10,000 named species of grass in the world. Grasses are herbaceous (er-bay-shus) plants. Herbaceous means that they have tender green
remove the activation key before emptying the grass box. Removing and emptying the grass box Lift the flap at the rear of the mower and hold onto the green handle attached to the grass box. Empty the grass cuttings from the grass box. Whilst still lifting the flap, pull the grass box towards you to remove it from the mower.
Making High Quality Grass Hay and Missed Perceptions Grass hay is so hard to make Grass hay takes so long to dry Grass hay must lay in the windrow for 10 days before baling No such thing as 'high quality' grass hay
A mixture of water and Grass Clippings (5) are collected in the Wash Catch Pit (2). The Sump Pump (1) pumps the water and Grass Clippings (5) to the Grass Cart (3). As the mixture makes contact with the Separator Screen (4), the Grass Clippings (5) ride along the top of the Separator Screen (4) and into the bottom of the Grass Cart (3) where
Basagran.Mossman River grass DO NOT use Blazer or Basagran tank-mixes on Cowpeas. Barnyard grass 2 to 5 leaf 100 tillering up to 15cm 150 Crowsfoot grass, Green Panic grass, Johnson grass (Rhizome) CropSure
water quality/quantity; riparian/watershed function; manage fine fuel loads. Kinds of Grazing Lands . Grass Hay. Grass Hay. Grass Hay. Grass Hay. Cr Wheatgrass. Cr Wheatgrass. Cr Wheatgrass. Cr Wheatgrass. Alfalfa -Grass Hay. . ( Holecheck et al 1999). Determining Initial Stocking Rates. 1. Determine land area 2. Determine forage production
Natural Grass 73.87% Artificial Turf 21.24% Neither Natural Grass 4.89% Natural Grass 72.72% Introduction The decision of whether to install artificial turf or natural grass is one that requires serious consideration of all related science-based information. Current trends should be put aside in favor of the facts that can have short- and long-term
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming every segment of American life, with applications ranging from medical diagnostics and precision agriculture, to advanced manufacturing and autonomous transportation, to national security anddefense. The pace of AI development is rapid, and new technologies — like machine learning, autonomous systems, and natural language processing — continue .
