The Beck Depression Inventory
ISSN: 2277- 7695CODEN Code: PIHNBQZDB-Number: 2663038-2Received: 01-12-2012Accepted: 03-02-2013IC Journal No: 7725Vol. 2 No. 1 2013Online Available at www.thepharmajournal.comTHE PHARMA INNOVATION - JOURNALThe Beck Depression InventoryAbimbola Farinde 1*1.Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA[E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com]I. Introduction to the Beck Depression InventoryII. Description of the Test and HistoryIII. Content and Use of the Beck Depression InventoryA. Benefits of the Beck Depression InventoryIV. Psychometric Qualities of Beck Depression InventoryV. Reliability, Validity, and Factor AnalysisVI. Critique of the Beck Depression InventoryVII. Internal Consistency and Test-Retest ReliabilityVIII. Ethical ImplicationsIX. Legal ImplicationsX. Disadvantage (Challenges) of the Beck Depression InventoryXI. Summarization of the Beck Depression InventoryXII. Future Endeavors of the Beck Depression InventoryKeyword: Beck Depression Inventory, Self-Report, Depression Rating, Psychometric Properties,Validity, Reliability1. IntroductionThere are many assessment and diagnostic toolsthat either measure intelligence, aptitudes,achievements, and behaviors so it is was nosurprise when the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) was created in 1961 by Aaron T. Beck, apioneer in cognitive therapy, with the solepurpose of determining the severity and intensitylevel of the symptoms of depression. The BeckDepression Inventory is defined as a validatedmeasure that has been instrumental in leading toVol. 2 No. 1 2013numerous diagnoses of depression due to its mostrecent revisions that more closely resemble thediagnostic criteria for depression (Gregory,2007).Over the year many studies have questioned thecredibility of the BDI but its soundness have beenestablished through documentations of theinternal consistency of the scale, its test-retestreliability, and its extensive validation againstother measures of depression and independentcriteria for depression (Gregory, 2007). Theutilization of the Beck Depression Inventory stillwww.thepharmajournal.comPage 56
The Pharma Innovation - Journalcontinues to expand into a variety of clinical andnon-clinical practice sites to identify ed and undiagnosed. Similar to manyother assessment tools it credibility and usabilityhave come into question but research studies haveshown that the Beck Depression Inventory issuccessful when it comes to producing theoutcome that it is intended to measure.A. Description of the test and its HistoryThe Beck Depression Inventory is a widelyutilized 21-item self-report scale in both clinicaland research studies (Beck et al.,1996). The scalewas originally developed in 1961 as aninterviewer-assisted format but has undergoneseveral revisions over the last 35 years from theBDI-1A(1978), to the most recent version TheBeck Depression Inventory-II (1996) which is acompletely self-administered format. The BeckDepression Inventory-II is a depression ratingscale that can be used in individuals that are ages13 years and older, and rates symptoms ofdepression in terms of severity on a scale from 0to 3 based on the 21 specific items. Patients thatendorse multiple items on the questionnaire(i.e.sadness, pessimism, past failure, loss of pleasure,guilty feelings, punishment fears, self-dislike, andso forth) typically have higher scores with amaximum score of 63 compared to others. Thesum of the BDI generally represents the severityof the depression with the test being scoreddifferently for the general population compared tothose individuals with an established clinicaldiagnosis of depression. For the generalpopulation, a score of 21 or greater is associatedwith depression but for individuals who havebeen clinically diagnosed, scores from 0 to 9represent minimal depressive symptoms, scoresof 10 to 16 indicate mild depression, scores of 17to 29 indicate moderate depression, and scores of30 to 63 indicate severe depression.Content and use of Beck Depression InventoryThe self-report consists of questionnaires thatprimarily focus on the cognitive distortions thatunderlie depression (Beck & Steer,1987). Thecurrent version of the inventory was specificallydeveloped to serve as an assessment of symptomsVol. 2 No. 1 2013that correspond to the criteria for diagnosingdepressive disorders listed in the AmericanPsychiatric Association’s publication of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual for MentalDisorders-FourthEditionTextRevision(American Psychiatric Association,2000). In its attempt to further reflect the currentDSM-IV diagnostic criteria for depression notonly were new items such as agitation,worthlessness, loss of energy and concentrationdifficulty included but both increases anddecreases in appetite were added in the same itemwith hypersomnia and hyposomnia in anotheritem. Items related to changes in body image,hypochondria, and difficulty working werereplaced but item dealing with thoughts ofsuicide, interest in sex, and feelings of beingpunished remained the same. When it comes toanalyzing the content of the revised version of thequestionnaire, items generally cover the cognitiveand affective components of depression. Theaddition of these components into the assessmentprocess only allow for a more definitiveconclusion to be reached when there is thequestion as to the presence or absence ofdepression.B. Benefits of the Beck Depression InventoryThe rating duration for the BDI was changedfrom a 1-week period to over the past 2 weekswith the revised BDI-II. The revised versionrepresents a significant milestone because ofimprovements having been made over theoriginal structure which includes revisions to thecontent, psychometric validity, external validity,and its ability to be utilized in widespread clinicalpractice sites(Beck et al., 1996). One of theprimary characteristics that has lead to theincreased popularity of the use of the BDI-II isthat the majority of people are able to completethe 21 items of the self-report within a 5-10minutes time span but in order for this occur theadministrator must make it a point to preserve theintegrity of the test results such as the testingenvironment possessing sufficient illuminationfor reading and being quiet enough to facilitateadequate concentration for the test taker.www.thepharmajournal.comPage 57
The Pharma Innovation - JournalC. Description of the test and its historyThe conception and ultimate development of theBeck Depression Inventory came from its novelapproach towards describing the symptoms ofdepression which proved to be revolutionaryduring that time period. The inventory relied onusing the combination of patient’s subjectivedepiction of their symptoms along with thestructured format of the scale in order to arrive atthe intensity or the severity of a given symptom.The inventory has managed to maintain many ofthe foundations that were vital component of thedevelopment of the inventory structure such asthe 4-point rating scale format ranging from 0 to3 with only a few medications being made in thewording of the original response options (Osmanet al.,2004). The BDI-II still manages to retainthe simplicity and ease of administration (onlytaking about 10 minutes to complete) which wasassociated with original BDI, and the directguidelines that are both understandable and userfriendly.E. Psychometric Qualities of Beck DepressionInventoryIt is widely known from various studies that thepsychometric qualities of the BDI are believed tobe quite sound (Beck et al., 1996). The self-reportmanual is well written, and succeeds in providingthe reader with information regarding norms,factor analysis, and nonparametic item-optioncharacteristic curves for each item. The BDImanages to retain a high level of standardizationby maintaining a consistent practice of uniformityfor test administrators and advising examinersabout scenarios for potential distortions of testresults by keeping in mind that self-reportsinventories are subject to a response bias, andultimately factoring this into the overallinterpretation of the test results (Dozois et al.,1998). Additionally, the formulation of thedirections allows for a consistent administrationprocess, for example, the statements for each ofthe 21 items attempt to maintain the same formatsuch as (0 I am upbeat about the future), (1 Ifeel slightly discourages about the future), (2 Ifeel the future has little to offer for me), (3 I feelthat the future is utterly hopeless). This format ofVol. 2 No. 1 2013questioning is representative of the format for allof the 21 items with a total raw score serving asthe sum of the endorsements of symptoms ofdepression.D. Reliability, Validity, and Factor AnalysisThe reliability of the Beck Depression Inventoryhas been based off its use in clinical studies aswell as being shown to be exemplary for use inboth depressed and nondepressed samples ofolder individuals as established in other agegroups as well(Gallagher et al.,1982). A studythat examines that psychometric properties of theBeck Depression Inventory was conducted byWiebe et al(2005) that focused on a comparisonof the psychometric properties of English andSpanish language versions of theBeckDepression Inventory in substantial samples ofundergraduate students yielded results thatprovided evidence of the strong internalconsistency of the BDI-II across both languages,and the test-retest reliability of the BDI –II beingacceptable for both languages (Wiebe,2005). Thereliability of the Spanish translation slightlyexceeded the original English version withSpanish translation producing a coefficient of0.91 and the English version yielding acoefficient of 0.89 leaving little or no variabilitythat could be attributed to language(Wiebe,2005).An analysis of factor validity using confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFAs) to find the best fit for thetwo factor model demonstrated that the Englishlanguage factor structure showed a good fit withthe data from the Spanish instrument. The resultsof analysis demonstrated that the translation isappropriate for use in both medical and studentsamples. With the ever increasing need to providemental health service that are sensitive to anygiven culture it is recognized that continuedresearch is required to document the validity andreliability of commonly used clinical and researchinstruments.F. Psychometric Qualities of Beck DepressionInventory-YouthAnother notable research study conducted byStapleton et al (2007) sought to identify thewww.thepharmajournal.comPage 58
The Pharma Innovation - Journalpsychometric properties of the Beck DepressionInventory for Youth (BDI-Y) in a sample of859 girls that were ages 9-13 years by age leveland for selected races or ethnic groups. Whileresearch on the psychometric properties of theBDI-Y has been scarce the suggestion of itssoundness has been made. In term ofstandardization, the manual provides separatenormative information for 7 to 10 year old and 11to 14 year old girls (Beck et al., 2001). Thestandardization sample consists of a mean BDI-Yscore of 19(SD 9.4) and 16.5(SD 11.0) TheBDI-Y demonstrates high internal consistencymeasured by Cronbach’s alpha and reliability wasslightly lower for the 9-year old girls as comparedto the 10 and 11 year old girls (Stapleton et al.,2007). In terms of the convergent validity, “highcorrelation of a test with other variables or testswith which it shares an overlap of constructs”, theBDI-Y correlation highly with Children’sDepression Inventory(CDI) scores for the sampleoverall, 0.83( Gregory, 2007, pp.134). Thecorrelation was noticeably lower for the 9 yearold group, 0.73 as compared with the estimatesbetween 0.84 and 0.86 for the other age groups(zstatistic ranged from -2.4 to -3.8) for the fourpairwise comparisons (Stapleton et al., 2007).Overall the study was able to demonstrate thereliability and validity estimates of the BDI-Yacross different races and ethnic groups whichother prior studies were unable to accomplish thistask.G. Critique of the Beck Depression InventoryA critique of the strength and weaknesses of theBeck Depression Inventory can produce findingsabout its psychometric qualities such as theadvantage of its uniform standardizationprocedure which consists of easy and formalizeddirections for test administration as well as theability of reader to comprehend the guidelinesprovided in the instructional manual. On the otherhand, there are disadvantages to that the manualdoes not adequately address such as the potentialfor clients to alter their presentations based on anincentive or personal agenda associated withbeing diagnosed with depression. The BeckDepression Inventory manual does notVol. 2 No. 1 2013completely address how such an issue can beappropriately handled so as to not interfere withthe test results, but rather provides an ambiguousanswer for a possible resolution. For the mostpart, The Beck Depression Inventory reports“correlations of 0.93 and 0.84” between the BDIII and its predecessors in two samples of 191 and84 outpatients and the correlations between of0.68 and 71, respectively, between the BDI-II andtwo other depression instruments(The RevisedHamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depressionand the Beck Hopelessness Scale (Sprinkle et al.,2002,pp.381).H. Internal Consistency and Test-RetestReliabilityThe internal consistency of the Beck DepressionInventory has been validated with substantialevidence reporting coefficient alphas of 0.91 andhigher, only about two published reports haveconsistently validated its test-retest reliability. Forinstance, Leigh and Anthony Tolbert(2001)reported a non-clinical sample of 53 hearingimpaired university students that produced a testretest correlation of 0.74 when given the BDI-IIone week apart. Also, Beck, Steer, andBrown(1996) discovered that on 26 outpatientwho were administered the BDI-II during theirfirst and second therapy sessions about 1 weekapart, there was a test-retest reliability of 0.93indicating the test is sensitive to daily changes inmood. In terms of the criterion validity of the testthere was some weaknesses in the design such asthe majority of the study participants being Whiteto the extent that the applicability of the findingto non-White students was unclear. Only onecriterion was utilized in order to determine thepresence of absence of depression which was anintake interview a counselor which does notprovide enough evidence as to the validity of thestudy.I. Ethical ImplicationsAn ethical issue that can potentially arise with theBeck Depression Inventory is whether or not thepsychometric properties of the inventoryincluding the content validity, factor structure,reliability estimates, and content validity iswww.thepharmajournal.comPage 59
The Pharma Innovation - Journalsufficient enough to be used in the adolescentpopulation and if so does this give the clinicianthe authority to make this information availableto the adult guardians of the adolescents (Osmanet al., 2004). In most cases, the Beck Inventoryclass has been synonymous with its utilization inthe adult population in the adult population andthe study embarked upon by Osman et al wasdesigned to provide the same level of assessmentof depression and relevancy when it comes toidentifying the distinctive symptoms of majordepressive episode. While adolescents may stillbe viewed minors they are to be viewed as havingthe same right as adults when it comes to theconfidentiality and the protection of their healthinformation.According to the AmericanPsychological Association (APA) Ethics Code(2002) psychologists must “respect the dignityand worth of all people and the rights ” (APA, 2002, pp.4). In order toactively protect patient health information,regardless of the patient’s age, a psychologistmust be fully aware of the safeguards in placethat are necessary to protect the right and securityof those individuals whose vulnerabilities mayimpair autonomous decision-making. While apsychologist may assume that it is in the bestinterest of the adolescent to make theirinformation available to outside parties includingguardians it could be a violation if the consent ofthe adolescent was not given or under law theadolescent does not pose any harm to him orherself and others but the information is releasedto the public.J. Legal ImplicationsSecondly, a legal issue that can arise with the useof the Beck Depression Inventory is a clinicianbreaching the agreements that were establishedwithin an informed consent contract and decidingto not provide any information about the outcomeof the inventory since they are in an inpatientpsychiatric facility but instead only provide theinformation to other members of the health careteam and family members of the patients. Firstand foremost, the rights of the patient receivingthe treatment have been violated due to the factVol. 2 No. 1 2013that a decision that affects the well-being of thepatient was made without the patient’s input. Itwould be understandable if the patient exhibitedsome cognitive impairments but since this is not afactor the clinician can be held liable for choosingnot to share pertinent information with theirpatient based off their biases about individualswith mental diagnoses. According to the APAEthics Code(2002), psychologists are prohibitedfrom practicing unfair discrimination that woulddeny any individual of their right based on adisability or a bias they might have about thatindividual.K. Use of Beck Depression Inventory inclinical practiceAs a clinical psychologist, the Beck DepressionInventory can be used during a patient encounterto gauge whether or not a patient endorses feelingof depression. If after multiple encounter thepatient exhibits classical symptoms of depression,the inventory could be utilized to confirm or denythis suspicion through self-report. The BeckDepression Inventory can serve as the first tier forthe assessment of depression with the DSM-IVTR coming behind to provide an 000). The benefits that can bereaped from using the Beck Depression Inventorycome from its ease of administration andunderstandable questions that allow the user tomaneuver through the 21 items of thequestionnaire. The simplicity of the questionnaireallows for its use with a wide variety of patientsfrom adolescents to adults which can then lead toan increase of undiagnosed of unrecognizeddepressive symptoms. Along with the ability toidentify those patients that might be exhibitingdepressive symptoms, the inventory can produceproblems with more patients stating that they aredepressed in order to benefit from the receivingthe diagnosis, or having a personal agenda thecomes with having the label of depression.L. Disadvantage (Challenges) of the BeckDepression InventoryAs a clinical psychologist, the challenge willcome when determining which patients arewww.thepharmajournal.comPage 60
The Pharma Innovation - Journalexhibiting legitimate signs and symptoms ofdepression or which patients are pretending in thehopes of reaping some type of benefit. Patientsare either capable of hiding their despair or canexaggerate their depression with the BeckDepression Inventory but for those patients whoare motivated to accurately display their inneremotions, the inventory represents one of the bestinstruments for identifying the presence and/orseverity of depressive symptoms (Stehouwer,1987). Also, the results of the Beck DepressionInventory can be used to not only assess andmonitor changes in depressive symptoms amongpeople in a mental health care setting but it can betranslated to other practice settings whetherinpatient and outpatient (Beck et al. 1988). Theubiquitous use of the inventory can potentiallyallow for a confirmed diagnosis of depressionbased off aspects of the DSM-IV-TR or assistwith producing a list of other mood disorders thatmight be the culprit if it is not depressi
psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) in a sample of 859 girls that were ages 9-13 years by age level and for selected races or ethnic groups. While research on the psychometric properties of the BDI-Y has been scarce the suggestion of its soundness has been made. In term of standardization, the manual provides separate normative information for 7 to 10 .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Assertiveness Questionnaire – Children . Attitude to the Elderly Scale . Attributional Style Questionnaire . Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire – Revised . Beck Anxiety Inventory . Beck Depression Inventory . Beck Depression Inventory II . Beck Hopelessness Scale . Beliefs about Appearance . Bernreuter Self-Sufficiency Inventory (Social .
THE BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY-SECOND EDITION (BDI-II): FACTOR CONGRUENCE AND GENERALIZABILITY OF ITS INDEXES OF INTERNAL CONSISTENCY Jesús SANZ, María Paz GARCÍA-VERA Abstract: The Beck Depression Inventory II-second edition (BDI-II), is widely used new version of inventory
(n 2), Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale (n 1) and Beck Youth Inventory (n 1). The most common measure of depression was Beck’s Depression Inventory (n 18), then HADS (n 8), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (n 2), Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (n 1), Quick In-ventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Children’s De- pression Inventory (n 1) and German depression inventory for children and .
