Mainstreaming Ecosystem Services And Biodiversity Into .
MAINSTREAMINGECOSYSTEM SERVICES ANDBIODIVERSITY INTOAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAND MANAGEMENTIN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSTECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTBIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMSMAINSTREAMINGECOSYSTEM SERVICES ANDBIODIVERSITY INTOAGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONAND MANAGEMENTIN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSTECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSSECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYSECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC REGIONAL ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMESECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITYR OM E, 2 0 1 6
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expressionof any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or ofSecretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme(SPREP) and Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) concerning the legal or development status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention ofspecific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that thesehave been endorsed or recommended by FAO, or CBD, SPREP and SPC in preference to others of a similar nature thatare not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarilyreflect the views or policies of FAO, or CBD, SPREP and SPC.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views orpolicies of FAO.ISBN 978-92-5-109529-4 FAO, 2016FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwiseindicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or foruse in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source andcopyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made viawww.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to copyright@fao.org.FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased throughpublications-sales@fao.org.Cover photo: Michael FurlongBack cover photos (left to right): Randy Thaman; Matt Capper; S. Tutua; Clare Morrison
MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSTABLE OF rt I Context1.INTRODUCTION. 1Defining biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services. 3Ecosystem approaches to agriculture for conservation of agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services. 4Economic assessment of ecosystem services in agriculture. 5About this guidance document. 62.INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICESIN AND FOR AGRICULTURE. 8Conventions on chemical management. 8Convention on Biological Diversity.10Agricultural instruments.13Sustainable Development Goals.13Biodiversity mainstreaming in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development andother international strategies and agreements.15Part II Agrobiodiversity and ecosystem services in the Pacific Islands3.ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS. 17Organic farming practices.19Socio-economic benefits of organic farming systems in the Pacific Islands.20Ecosystem services of organic farming systems.21Challenges for enhancing ecosystem services from organic farming systems.23Examples of current policy instruments supporting organic agriculture across the Pacific Islands.23Recommendations for mainstreaming ecosystem services and biodiversity through organicagriculture in Pacific Island countries’ NBSAPs.28iii
B I O D I V E R S I T Y & E C O SY S T E M S E R V I C E S I N AG R I C U LT U R A L P R O D U C T I O N SY S T E M S4.AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS. 31Agroforestry systems in the Pacific Islands.31Ecosystem services from agroforestry.33Challenges to the conservation of agroforestry systems in the Pacific Islands.34Cultural practices that conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services in tree-based systems.36Suggested policy actions to protect agroforestry systems, for uptake in NBSAPs andagricultural sector policies.375.ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND SOIL FERTILITY. 41Pacific Islands context.41Ecosystem services from soil fertility.43Practices that maintain or enhance soil ecosystem services.47Challenges in adopting ecosystem approaches to improving soil fertility.52Recommendations to capture soil ecosystem services in NBSAPs.52Soil fertility initiatives in the implementation of NBSAPs.546.EXPLOITING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PESTS AND DISEASES. 56Ecosystem services of ecological pest management.57Practices for ecological management of insect pests and diseases.57Challenges to the adoption of improved pest management strategies.63Policy and institutional frameworks for adoption of ecological pest managementin the Pacific Islands.647.ECOLOGICAL WEED MANAGEMENT. 66Ecosystem services of ecological weed management.67Practices of ecological weed management.69Possibilities for using biodiversity to address weed management in agro-ecosystems.73Examples of ecological weed management in the Pacific Islands.73Trade-offs and synergies of ecological weed management.75Challenges to adoption of ecological weed management and how to foster it.768.ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES. 78Prevention.78Management.80Challenges of managing invasive alien species in the Pacific Islands.82Relevant practices for an ecosystem approach to management of invasive alien speciesin the Pacific Islands.83Tools and frameworks for management of invasive alien species in the Pacific Islands.87Recommendations for consideration of invasive alien species in NBSAPs.89iv
MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS9.ECOSYSTEM SERVICES OF ECOTOURISM IN AGRICULTURAL ZONES. 91Ecosystem services of ecotourism.92Ecotourism in relation to agriculture and conservation of ecosystem services.95Tourism in the Pacific Islands.95Recommendations for sustaining the ecosystem benefits of ecotourism in agriculturalzones in the Pacific Islands. 100Recommendations for capturing ecotourism in NBSAPs and other policies. 104Part III Policy measures for mainstreaming ecosystem services andbiodiversity in agricultural production and management10. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORKS SUPPORTING BIODIVERSITY ANDECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AND FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS.111Regional framework. 111National policy framework. 112Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in national development strategies and nationalagriculture sector plans. 116Coherence in addressing ecosystem services and biodiversity in and for agriculturein NBSAPs and NASPs in Pacific Island countries. 11811. COORDINATED INCENTIVES TO SUPPORT ECOSYSTEM SERVICESTHROUGH SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION. 122Incentives for ecosystem services. 122Conclusions. 12512. SUPPORTIVE POLICIES AND ENABLING ACTIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM-BASED AGRICULTUREIN THE PACIFIC ISLANDS.126Cross-cutting policy recommendations. 127Conclusions. 129REFERENCES.130APPENDIX. 100 “STAR TREES OF LIFE”.142ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS.145v
B I O D I V E R S I T Y & E C O SY S T E M S E R V I C E S I N AG R I C U LT U R A L P R O D U C T I O N SY S T E M SBoxesBox 1BRS Conventions. 9Box 2Aichi Biodiversity Targets relevant to agriculture and biodiversity.11Box 3Key Sustainable Development Goals and targets supporting integration of ecosystem services andbiodiversity with agriculture. 14Box 4Certified organic agriculture in the Pacific Islands.17Box 5Integrated farming systems for sustainability, resilience and ecosystem services.18Box 6The Pacific Organic and Ethical Trade Community (POETCom).25Box 7Most frequent uses of Pacific Island agroforestry species. 32Box 8Establishment of a protective “green wall” to prevent coastal degradation and salt spray damagein Tonga, 1994. 38Box 9Small-scale urban gardens and agroforestry in Honiara, Solomon Islands.39Box 10 Impact of mucuna cover cropping on soil properties and crop yield.51Box 11 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a biological insecticide.61Box 12 A “mental models” approach to identify obstacles to adoption of ecological weed management.77Box 13 Preventing introduction of alien pests: some successful cases. 79Box 14 Selected SPC agricultural projects relating to invasive alien species. 88Box 15 Some tools and resources for management of invasive alien species in the Pacific Islands.89Box 16 Challenges of unsustainable tourism for biodiversity and ecosystem services.92Box 17 Farm to Table, Samoa.97Box 18 Pacific Organic Tourism and Hospitality Standard. 103Box 19 Examples of National Strategies for Sustainable Development with an agriculture sector focus. 115FiguresFigure 1Organic certification seal obtained through the participatory guarantee system, ensuring thatthe Pacific Organic Standard has been used as the production standard. 25Figure 2Linkage between soil ecosystem services (provision of nutrients and anchorage for plants; regulationof water infiltration, surface runoff and soil erosion) and the health of aquatic ecosystems. 45Figure 3Some examples of soil organisms and their contribution to soil ecosystem services.46Figure 4Farming practices that maintain or increase SOM and enhance soil ecosystem services.50Figure 5Increase in yield of corn with increased compost application rates, Guam.51Figure 6Resistance to insecticides from different classes in Sigatoka Valley, Fiji, 2009 and 2013.59Figure 7Interactions among the cabbage pest Crocidolomia pavonana, its natural enemyTrichogramma chilonis, the lepidopteran Nyctemera baulus alba, the cabbage crop and the weedCrassocephalum crepidioides in Samoa. 60Figure 8Pest populations and insecticide use in typical farmer practice (commercial mixture of pirimiphosmethyl and permethrin applied on a prophylactic weekly schedule) and under IPM (Bt appliedrationally when the combined pest complex required suppression).62Figure 9Yields of head cabbage crops grown by groups of farmers adopting ecological practices in farmerfield schools (FFS1–3) and a “control” group adopting usual farmer practice (FP).62Figure 10 Invasive alien species problem tree.81Figure 11 National development planning process conceptualized as context for policy formulation. 115Figure 12 Overview of occurrences of keywords in the NBSAPs and NASPs listed in Table 3. 120Figure 13 Keyword appearance in Pacific Island NBSAPs and NASPs. 121Figure 14 Different users of ecosystem services provided by agriculture which could potentiallyco-finance investment in conservation-related measures. 123Figure 15 Sources of incentives to support sustainable agriculture and conservation of ecosystem servicesand biodiversity. 124vi
MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE PACIFIC ISLANDSPhotosPhoto 1A Niue organic farmer at his farm planted with mucuna (Mucuna pruriens), used in the Pacific Islandsas a cover crop to improve soil health through nitrogen fixation, regulate weeds, improve moistureretention and prevent soil erosion and damage (e.g. by reducing the impact of rainwater). 19Photo 2Thick mulch around papaya, Marshall Islands.22Photo 3Cook Islands composting facility. 29Photo 4Shifting multispecies agroforestry taro (Colocasia esculenta) garden with over 30 useful speciesmanaged by women on Koror Island, Palau, 2005.32Photo 5A shifting sweet potato garden with protected but threatened Java cedar (or koka) (Bischofia javanica),a multipurpose tree known as a sign of fertile soils and a source of dye and tannin for tapa cloth,medicines and high-quality timber and fuelwood, Tongatapu Island, Tonga. 35Photo 6Ten years after planting, a coastal “green wall” of planted trees with a landward Casuarina windbreak isestablished on Tongatapu Island, Tonga (shown in 2004). 38Photo 7Composted organic materials turning into humus or soil organic matte
secretariat of the convention on biological diversity secretariat of the pacific regional environment programme secretariat of the pacific community rome, 2016 mainstreaming ecosystem services and biodiversity into agricultural production and management in the pacific islands technical guidance document
MAINSTREAMING & EQALITY OTCOMES PROGRESS 2021. Section 1 - Mainstreaming. Police Scotland have focused on developing our mainstreaming approach at a strategic . level and have seen improvements in this area since the last reporting period While our approach to tactical matters also focuses on mainstreaming Equality, Diversity
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