SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREA
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREANATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY “CAROL I”Centre for Defence and Security Strategic StudiesSECURITY AND STABILITYIN THE BLACK SEA AREATHE VTH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SESSIONNOVEMBER, 21-22, BUCHARESTNational Defence University “Carol I” Publishing HouseBucharest, 2005
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREACOORDINATOR:Fellow Researcher Constantin MOŞTOFLEI, PhDSCIENTIFIC COUNCIL:Fellow Researcher Nicolae DOLGHIN, PhDFellow Researcher Grigore ALEXANDRESCU, PhDEDITOR:Corina VLADUDESIGN:George RĂDUICĂDescrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a RomânieiSECURITATE ŞI STABILITATE ÎN BAZINULMĂRII NEGRE. SESIUNE ŞTIINŢIFICĂINTERNAŢIONALĂ (5 ; 2005 ; Bucureşti)Security and stability in the Black Sea Area: the VthInternational Scientific Session: Bucharest:November 21-22, 2005/ National Defence University“Carol I”, Centre for Defence and Security StrategicStudies. – Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii Naţionale deApărare “Carol I”, 2005Bibliogr.ISBN 973-663-280-6I. Universitatea Naţională de Apărare (Bucureşti).Centrul de Studii Strategice de Apărare şi Securitate355.45(262.5)(063) All the rights are reserved to NDU “Carol I”.The views expressed in this book are those of the authors.ISBN 973-663-280-6
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREACONTENTOPENING REMARKSThe Message Addressed to the Participants on the InternationlScientific Session “Security and Stability in the Black Sea Area” bythe Minister of National DefenceTeodor ATANASIU .5The Security and Cooperation in the Wider Black Sea AreaGeneral Prof. Eugen BĂDĂLAN, PhD . 7SECURITY ENVIRONMENTGovernance and Security in the Black Sea AreaAlexandra SARCINSCHI . 12The Wider Black Sea Area Between the Constraints of the Traditionand the Challenges of the New Security EnvironmentMajor-general Mihail E. IONESCU, PhD. 23The Dynamic of Paradigmatic Changes of the Black Sea Area’sSecurityGrigore ALEXANDRESCU, PhD.39RISKS AND THREATSFrozen Conflicts in the Black Sea AreaLieutenant-general eng. Sergiu-Tudor MEDAR, PhD, Colonel eng.Gheorghe SAVU, PhD. 44Possible Ways of Conducting Terrorist Attacks Against MaritimeTrade and ShippingCommander Krzysztof KUBIAK, PhD. 55The Nowadays Maritime Power Evolution in the Black Sea and ItsInfluence on GeopoliticsRear-admiral (ret.) Prof. Marius HANGANU, PhD. 62Environmental Terrorism and Al Qaeda: Prospective European/Global Environmental ProblemsDr. Naeem SHAHID. 79
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAChallenges and opportunities in the Black Sea AreaProfessor Adrian POP, PhD . 86THE ARMED FORCES AND STABILITYMaritime Security in the Black Sea, BLACKSEAFOR and “BLACKSEA HARMONY” OperationCaptain (Navy) Şener KIR . 91Black Sea Security Environment and its Influence over the RomanianNaval Forces ProjectionRear-admiral Prof. Gheorghe MARIN, PhD. 96The “out-of-area“ new Euro-Atlantic Missions: Some Implicationsfor Bulgaria’s Participation in the Black Sea Security CooperationProfessor Jordan BAEV, PhD. 112Upon Certain Military Aspects in the Black Sea RegionMajor-general Mircea SAVU. 125The Naval Cooperation Task Group - BLACKSEAFOR - in the BlackSea Basin Security ContextCaptain (Navy) Alexandru MÎRŞU. 134COOPERATION AND SECURITYConfluences and Partnerships in the Black Sea AreaGeneral Prof. Mircea MUREŞAN, PhD. 146Romania in the Equation of the Regional Stability of the Black SeaBasinLieutenant-general Lect.Sorin IOAN, PhD. 154Security by Cooperation within the Black Sea AreaMajor-general Prof. Mihail ORZEAŢĂ, PhD. 169Achieving Stability in the Black Sea Through Active Political-MilitaryCooperationMajor-general Cornel DOBRIŢOIU. 175The USA-Russia Relations and the Stability in the Black Sea AreaNicolae DOLGHIN, PhD. 188
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAThe Message Addressed to the Participantson the International Scientific Session“Security and Stability in the Black SeaArea” by the Minister of National DefenceIt is my honour to salute this new scientific approach of one of themost important institutions for the Romanian scientific research – theCentre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies from the NationalDefence University „Carol I”.This scientific session tends to complete the efforts of the RomanianMinistry of Defence for integrating the Romanian Army in a knowledgebased society that has academic teaching system and scientific researchas main pillars. Improving the education’s quality and competitivenessare important steps on implementing the action directions mentionedwithin the Bologna Process and optimising the relation betweeneducation and research and the needs of the society.The military science field requires our special attention, beingconsidered a landmark of the Romanian Army’s transformationprocess, connected with the North-Atlantic Alliance and the EuropeanUnion, on our attempt of adapting ourselves to the nowadays securityenvironment, of creating and developing a security culture andcommunity. The solutions for the actual challenges, for the dynamictransformation of the military body have to be deeply substantiated.This debate is a good opportunity for military and civilian specialiststo contribute to this process.The issue of the security and stability in the Black Sea Area isvery actual and very ample, as it has been taken into considerationby the whole international community. Once NATO’s borders willmove to the Black Sea, and hopefully, the EU’s ones, too, this area has
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAbecome a special one. Turning the region into an international one hasto be understood by the changes in the regional security environmentgenerated both by the obvious affiliation to the democracy’s and marketeconomy’s values and by „frozen conflicts”, the risks, dangers, threatsand vulnerabilities emerging from this space. Analyzing and clarifyingthese aspects may offer unique projections on the Romania’s securitypolicy on regional initiatives and strategies, on the opportunities theRomanian state, as an active actor, has to exploit fruitfully. NATO andEU enlargements, the establishment of the US bases in Romania andBulgaria, the possible extension of “Active Endeavour” mission withinthe Black Sea and strengthening the regional cooperation are the mainpillars on achieving a peaceful, secure and prosperous area.The Romanian Ministry of Defence will continue ensuring therequested conditions for stimulating the creative effort in order to get thebest solutions for our fully integration in NATO and EU. Therefore, theNational Defence University „Carol I” and its Centre for Defence andSecurity Strategic Studies are very important on our way of achievingthese purposes.I am sure the annual scientific session “Security and stability inthe Black Sea Area” will be a successful one and I wish you all thebest.Teodor ATANASIU,Minister of the Romanian Ministry of National Defence
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREASECURITY AND COOPERATION INTHE WIDER BLACK SEA AREAGeneral Professor Eugen BĂDĂLAN, PhD,Chief of the General Staff, RomaniaHonourable audience,Let me salute, on my turn, the attendance to this scientific event andthe valuable lectures that are about to be presented by distinguish foreign guests, Romanian researchers, military and civilians! I would liketo address, as well, a warm welcome to the entire assistance!It is already a tradition for the Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies from the National Defence University “Carol I” to organize, every autumn, the Scientific Session. This is a scientific event of major importance for the Romanian Army and for all the factors involvedin the security field.The today manifestation is, at the same time, an expression of thequality of the education, scientific research and other activities developed by the University, a high standard institution that remains a rolemodel for the scientific act within the Romanian Army. It is a fact thatevery scientific activity hosted under the University’s aegis becomes adeep-seated confirmation for the activities to come.It is worth mentioning that the scientific dimension plays an importantrole during the actual transformation process of our Army and in theRomania’s participation to the actions of the Alliance and EU. Nothingshould be done by chance or conjectural. Everything should be basedon a thorough scientific argumentation of the geopolitical and strategicoptions.The world we live in is transforming and reshaping. The confrontation strategies are replaced by partnership strategies expressed in political and economical cooperation, in actions of international crisesand conflict management. These do not exclude the competition. As aresult, the responsibility of the states, international organisations andbodies, and international community has increased.
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAOne of the areas where this trend is primarily represented is the Wider Black Sea Area, a region of strategic opportunities, which should becharacterised by prosperity, stability and security. We assist, at present,to its transformation into an area of confluence for the XXIst century.The confluence in the Wider Black Sea Area features the economic dimension, specially the one designed to manage the energetic resourcesand the access to resources, the political dimension, and the militarydimension and the security process, much more comprehensive, practically including the first two also.The partnerships created within the Black Sea Organisation for Economic Cooperation, the bilateral and multilateral relations establishedin the Black Sea area are tangible realities of the general and economicpolicies applied in this area, and their results added to other resultsgenerate this so necessary security construction.If it is desired to have a strengthen stability in Eurasia area, the process should start in the zone that used to be a confrontation area. One ofthese is the Wider Black Sea Region. The effect of this security construction would be the transformation of the Black Sea into an area with astrengthened democracy, an area of security and stability irradiation.We do have the fundamental interest to build security, economical,political and military pillars in this area, which would extend in the adjacent area contributing to the tensions defusing, and to a better crisisand conflicts management in the Middle East and Central Asia.This strategy of transforming the Wider Black Sea Area into a security and stability pillar corroborates with the strategy of the fight againstthe terrorism, with the active efforts shown within Southeast EuropeanCooperation Initiative and Border Defence Initiative.That is the reason we consider that the Wider Black Sea Area shouldnecessarily benefit a special and focused interest from NATO, EU andRussia.The region should consolidate its role of strategic security and stability, of confluence and cooperation in order to remain the major linkbetween the two strategic areas, the Euro-Atlantic one and the MiddleEast, the Caspian Sea and the Central Asia one. It should also strengthen its control and improve its risk management generated by regional
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAfrozen conflicts, drugs, human and weapon trafficking, illegal migration and trans-national organized crime, which represent destabilizingregional factors.Within this area, we generated the above mentioned partnership system as modern peace, stability, stability and security institutions whichrepresent a viable framework for the dynamic democratic and globalization processes and for preventive actions against the current challenges and threats.The strategic partnership between the USA and Russia, the relationship with Turkey and the partnership with Ukraine are notable; also,within the same strategy to transform the Wider Black Sea Area into adurable development, security and stability pillar, the EU partnershipwith Russia and Ukraine and the willingness of Georgia, Moldova andUkraine for EU integration remain relevant.In order to ensure the security in the Black Sea Area, a broad regional cooperation is necessary, as multiple security interdependence arosein this regional environment. The cooperation should mainly focus hereon prevention, antiterrorist control and action, combined and complexmeasures – military, political, economical – for improving the life conditions and equality of chances.Romania and its Armed Forces represent reliable partners for theprocess of cooperation and regional stability. They contribute to broader forms of cooperation development, to effective crisis managementand to the prevention of the conventional and non-conventional risks.Romania also promotes the transatlantic values and the security standards, ensures the crises management interoperability throughout theWider Black Sea Area, the cooperation in border and seashore securityand in civil emergencies. Another field of interest would be the assistance given to the neighbouring countries in the reform of the securitysector as well as the development of the security programs’ reform. Theactivities of the Romanian Armed Forces and the armed forces of otherstates in the region for building confidence should also not be ignored.It is worth mentioning the Romanian contribution to the complexmeasures of confidence enhancement through armament control, contacts at all levels, “Open Sky” agreements implementation with mutual
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAflights over the national territories in order to improve the confidenceand transparency regarding the military operations.In its effort of projecting a durable cooperation model in the area,based on the principles of mutual empower, multinational and regionalresponsibility, Romania takes an active position in South-Eastern Europe Defence Ministerial – Coordinating Committee (SEDM-CC) andin its military structure, SEEBRIG. These represent instruments to fightagainst the asymmetric risks, to increase the political and military confidence, to enhance the crisis resolution dialogue and to plan and conduct Humanitarian and Peace Support Operations under UN, EU orOSCE mandate.Romania participates, together with our neighbours and the BlackSea coastal countries, in the exercises and activities of the regionalinitiatives SHIRBRIG and BLACKSEAFOR. The last is currently underRomanian command and represents a regional fertile element for thedevelopment of the cooperation and interoperability among the states’armed forces in the region.Romania is a true provider of regional stability and is constantly involved, using a dynamic, active and anticipating strategy, with specialized personnel in stability missions, international counterterrorism operations and in ensuring democracy implementation and post-conflictreconstruction. The Romanian military proficiency is already confirmedin the stability and reconstruction operations in Western Balkans, Greater Middle East and other regions where their support was requested.In a changing security environment, with new crisis situations, withintensifying Alliance’s control over the East European routes of drugtraffic, organized crime and other asymmetric risks, our country oughtto have a more active contribution with its Armed Forces to the stability projects promotion, regional security and to guaranteeing a positiveevolution in the area.For the fulfilment of this goal, it will be necessary to have a thorough assessment for the challenges of the security environment, waysof crisis management, own capabilities, in such a manner we can actefficiently in the most complex and diversified situations, adapted to therequirements, through training and endowment.10
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAThe military cooperation in the Black Sea area needs new strategic models. Some of these are ad-hoc coalitions, integrated actions,an emerged functional solidarity, renewed and consolidated initiativesin order to create efficient operational tools in fighting against the terrorism and other trans-national threats. The differences are no longerimpediments to the efforts of regional stabilization if no actor - state ornon-state – could control by itself the complex processes in the area.The numerous and diverse dynamics in the Wider Black Sea Area,neighbouring regions – Mediterranean Sea and the Greater MiddleEast – or Central Asia, which cannot be controlled or predicted, demand genuine solutions and actions, generated only through cooperation and mutual consultation.Ladies and gentlemen,I strongly consider the theme of this scientific forum as one of a stringent actuality and the following lectures and discussions, from the distinguished foreign and Romanian personalities, may represent a possible solution foundation for multiple and critical Wider Black Sea Areaissues.On behalf of the Romanian General Staff, I wish this scientific sessiona full success and I am looking forward to seeing your efforts publishedand useful for our own study. Because your work is very important!11
SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA AREAGOVERNANCE AND SECURITYIN THE BLACK SEA AREAAlexandra SARCINSCHI,Researcher, Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies,National Defence University “Carol I“, RomaniaI. Argumentation: why governance and securityin the Black Sea AreaIn the last few years, the non-military dimension of security hasgained some points in front of the military one. The main reason issimple and over advocated in the security studies: the awareness of thefact that the end of the Cold War brought with it both the diminutionof the military threat’s amplitude and the emergence of new political,economic, social, and environmental risks, dangers, and threats. Still,there is a constant that transcends those two periods of time – the needfor democratization of both ex-communist countries and all of theThird World countries. The intensity of this need varies by the existingparadigms, but the culminating point was reached after 9/11 when theUSA and NATO had initiated military operations in the Near and MiddleEast. Black Sea area became a subject of a controversial debates becauseit rejoined to the continental and regional geopolitical transformationsflux and there is crystallized a conception of a distinct zone which,even extremely diversified, is changing in an entity with many commoninterests in these geopolitical games, sometimes divergent.This change was reflected even in security strategies elaboratedafter 90’s. European states and other states (USA as the world solitarysuperpower) introduced new concepts, besides war against terrorismand European and Euro-Atlantic integration: bad governance as apotential risk, good governance as desiderate and modality to achievethe security state. Furthermore, the international organizations – UN,European Commission or World Bank – started to be more and morepreoccupied by identification and solution of governance problems. Goodgovernan
“Carol I”, Centre for Defence and Security Strategic Studies. – Bucureşti: Editura Universităţii Naţionale de Apărare “Carol I”, 2005 Bibliogr. ISBN 973-663-280-6 I. Universitatea Naţională de Apărare (Bucureşti). Centrul de Studii Strategice de Apărare şi Securitate 355.45(262.5)(063)
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