COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT (MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM .
UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSTHE BASIC SCHOOLMARINE CORPS TRAINING COMMANDCAMP BARRETT, VIRGINIA 22134-5019COMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENT (MAGTFCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEM)B191716STUDENT HANDOUTBasic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMCommunication Equipment (MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM)IntroductionThis lesson presents doctrine, tactics, techniques andprocedures (TTP) for the employment of thecommunications system to support Marine air-ground taskforce (MAGTF) command and control (C2). It builds on thephilosophy in the Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 6,Command and Control, and links that philosophy to thedetailed TTP in MCWP 3-40.1, MAGTF Command andControl, and MCWP 3-40.2, Information Management. Thislesson is intended for all future MAGTF Commanders, staffofficers, and Marines who support command and control.Importance“No single activity in war is more important than commandand control. Command and control by itself will not drivehome a single attack against an enemy force. It will notdestroy a single enemy target. It will not effect a singleemergency resupply. Yet none of these essentialwarfighting activities, or any others, would be possiblewithout effective command and control.” MCDP 6. Theproper employment of the MCS will enable effectivecommand and control.In This LessonThis lesson covers the following topics:TopicMCS ResponsibilitiesMCS CharacteristicsMAGTF C2Elements of the MAGTF CommunicationNetworkRadio Telephone CommunicationsRadio Communications EquipmentCommunications SecurityElectronic WarfareSummary/ References/ GlossaryNotesAnnex A: Types of EquipmentAnnex B: SINCGARS (Obsolete)Annex C: AN/PRC-119F (Obsolete)Annex D: PSN-13 (DAGR)Annex E: AN/PRC-117F (RT-1796)OperationsAnnex F: AN/PRC-150 (RT-1694) OperationsAnnex G: AN/PRC-152 (RT-1619) OperationsAnnex H: AN/PRC-153 OperationsAnnex I: Julian Date CalendarAnnex J: Categories of Nets2Page467810131618212223323640414548525354Basic Officer Course
B191716Learning ObjectivesMAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMTerminal Learning Objectives0300-COMM01005 Given a VHF radio with a fill, afrequency or net ID, and a distant station, while wearing afighting load, operate a VHF field radio to establishcommunications with the distant station.0300-COMM-1006 Given a situation and formats, whilewearing a fighting load, submit a message using NATOreport format to report any activity in the assigned area.MCCS-COM-2101 Given a radio, perform basic radiooperations ensuring equipment is functional withoutcompromising communications.Enabling Learning Objectives0300-COMM-1005a Given a VHF radio, assemble a radioto establish communications with a distant station.0330-COMM-1005c Given a VHF radio with a fill, afrequency or net identification, and a distant station,establish radio communications to send and receivemessages.0300-COMM-1005d Given a VHF radio with a fill, afrequency or net identification, and a distant station,troubleshoot a radio as required to establishcommunications with a distant station.0300-COMM-1005e Given a VHF radio, disassemble aradio to maintain a radio for sustained operation.0300-COMM-1005g Given a scenario, describe thecapabilities/limitations of tactical Marine Corps radioswithout omission.MCCS-LDR-1012f Without the aid of references, identifycommunications procedures/reports used to identifyimproper radio procedures without omission.3Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMMCS ResponsibilitiesCommunicateTo use any a means or method to convey information fromone person or place to another. (JP1-02)CommanderThe commander is responsible for the planning andemployment of the MCS within the command. Thecommander is also responsible for providing the focus forinformation management. (MCWP 3-40.3)CommunicationsOfficerThe communications officer is responsible to thecommander for all matters concerning the planning andemployment of MCS within the command. As a general orexecutive staff officer, the communications officer serves asan advisor, planner, supervisor, and coordinator. Thoughthe Communications officer is administratively inHeadquarters and Service Company, the CommunicationsOfficer should never be operationally controlled or fall underthe Headquarters and Service Company Commander.Unit InformationManagement OfficerThe unit information management officer is a special staffofficer operating under the staff cognizance of the Chief ofStaff (C/S) or XO. If an information management officer isnot designated, then this duty is the responsibility of the C/Sor XO. The information management officer is responsiblefor establishing the policy and procedures for informationmanagement within the command. This should not be theCommunications Officer because this will give theCommunications Officer the authority to task Marines withinthe Operations Section (S-3) which will then cause aconflict of interest.Staff SectionInformationManagement OfficerEach staff section should appoint an informationmanagement officer.4Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMMCS Responsibilities (Continued)Functional UserResponsibilitiesOn the modern battlefield, it is essential that functionalusers of information be able to operate theinformation systems supporting their functionalarea. Such ability facilitates increased speed andoperator knowledge in establishing a distributednetwork. It also ensures that functional area users are ableto best exploit and control the capabilities of systems thatsupport their needs. Functional users include every staffsection supported by the MCS. Consequently, all staffprincipals have functional user responsibilities for thefunctional areas over which they have staff cognizance.CommunicationBetween CommandsThe responsibility for establishing communicationbetween units must be clearly delineated. Theseresponsibilities are a cornerstone of communicationsdoctrine; however, when supporting combat operations, unitcommunications capabilities may be destroyed andresponsibility may become unclear or irrelevant. Flexibility,common sense, initiative, cooperation, and mutualassistance must prevail in these instances.5Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMMCS CharacteristicsFundamentalRequirementsAll communications systems should satisfy the following sixMCS characteristics (FIRST-T) to be effective: Flexibility: The MCS should be capable of beingreconfigured quickly to respond to a rapidly changingenvironment. Flexibility can be obtained through systemdesign or by using commercial facilities, mobile ortransportable systems, or prepositioned facilities.Interoperability: The MCS should enable information tobe exchanged among all of the commanders and forcesinvolved in an operation. The MCS also should possessthe interoperability required to ensure informationexchange in joint and multinational operations and inoperations with other government agencies.Reliability: The MCS should be available when neededand perform as intended with low failure rates and fewerrors. Reliability is also attained by standardizingequipment and procedures and by building necessaryelectronic jamming and deception. Systems shouldperform reliably on board ships and aircraft, in garrison,and in austere field environments.Security The MCS should provide securitycommensurate with the user’s requirements and withthe vulnerability of the transmission media tointerception and exploitation. Security is achieved byusing appropriate protection and cryptographic systemsand transmission security techniques. It is also achievedby educating and training personnel in operational,management, and technical security procedures.Timeliness: The MCS should process and transferinformation among decisionmakers rapidly enough tomaintain a high tempo of operations. It should ensurethat our decision and execution cycles remain ahead ofany potential adversary’s.Survivability: In the context of communications,survivability refers to the measures taken to preventdisruption of the MCS by enemy interference or naturaldisaster. Survivability can be enhanced by the dispersaland protection of key nodes, physical andelectromagnetic hardening, and redundancy ofcommunication paths and information processing nodes.6Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMMAGTF C2What is MAGTF C2As the premier expeditionary total force in readiness, theMarine Corps requires a robust C2 capability to executeactions across the range of joint and coalition militaryoperations. This capability increases strategic agility,operational reach, and tactical flexibility. MAGTF C2enhances lethality and effectiveness across the range ofmilitary operations through better decisionmaking andshared understanding.MAGTF C2 is the strategy by which the Marine Corpsimplements the ideas in Command and Control JointIntegrating Concept, Net-Centric Operational EnvironmentJoint Integrating Concept, and FORCEnet: A FunctionalConcept for the 21st Century. It is the functional andconceptual equivalent to other Services’ network centricconcepts, such as the Army’s LandWarNet and the AirForce’s C2 Constellation. The Marine Corps is fullyengaged with the development of the joint command andcontrol (JC2) and network centric concepts to ensure thatMarine Corps requirements are fully considered and thatMarine Corps programs align to these concepts.MAGTF C2 CapabilitiesToday’s MAGTF commanders have access to awide range of nonstop, in-depth information producedby a variety of human and machine collection nodes. Thecommander has access to so much information that it isdifficult to sort out the key decisions that need to be made.The explosion of information is due, in large part, to therapid technological advances that continue to providemore and more complex data gathering and correlationcapabilities. The MAGTF C2 operation must manage thisflow of information so the commander gets only theinformation needed to be effective, but also has access tothe wider information flow when required.7Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMElements of a MAGTF Communications NetworkElementServicesSwitchingNetworksSummaryA service is themethod by which a userinteracts with information, that is,how information is presented,accessed, used, andexchanged. Services are dividedinto three broad categories:Switching networks provideservices and connectterminal devices. There are twotypes of switchingnetworks: circuit switch network(CSN) and packet switchnetwork. (PSN)8Types Voice-Radio or TelephoneImagery-Video or PictureData-Files, documents,email, or chatCSN: Tactical telephoneconnectivity isprovided by a combination ofboth tactical andcommercial circuit switches,telephone networks,data networks, telephonedevices, and transmissionsystems.PSN: Tactical data networkconnectivity is provided bya combination of both tacticaland commercialequipment, software,protocols, and transmissionsystems.Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMElements of a MAGTF Communications Network (Continued)Type worksSummaryTypesMultiplexing networkscombine multiple circuitsinto a single link and layerdifferent servicestogether for transmission.Transmission networksprovide connectivity andextend multiplexed andother services to usersand between nodes.There are two types oftransmissionnetworks: e.g. Everything over InternetProtocol (EoIP): Phone and data canbe combined in a link.Wideband: 9N/AGuided (cable) provides cableconnectivity of multiplexed links.Unguided (MCR) providesterrestrial- and space-based LOSand beyond LOS MCRconnectivity of multiplexed links.Narrowband Single ChannelRadio (SCR) provides on themove OTM voice, but also cansupport low bandwidth imageryand data exchange.Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMRadio Telephone CommunicationsRadio WaveFundamentalsRadio communication uses energy in the form ofelectromagnetic waves that propagate through space at thespeed of light. Since the mechanics of wave motion aremuch the same for all types of waves, the nature of radiowave motion and propagation can be understood bycomparing it with surface waves on water.Almost everyone has thrown a stone into a pond andwatched waves from the splash spread out over the surfaceof the water in ever increasing concentric circles. If thepond is large enough, the waves can be seen to growweaker as they move away from the point of origin untilthey disappear.Radio waves behave in a similar manner, except theyexpand in three-dimensional space. Radio waves travelalong the surface of the earth (ground waves) and up intothe atmosphere (sky waves).Frequency andWavelengthWavelength is directly related to frequency. Frequency ismeasured in terms of the number of waves generated(cycles) per second. One cycle per second is one hertz. Atthe infantry battalion level, the radios operate onfrequencies in the megahertz (MHz) (millions of cycles persecond) range.To understand the relative wavelength of differentfrequencies, we can use a sine wave (see followingdiagram). The wavelength of the signal at 2 MHz is fivetimes longer than the wavelength of the signal at 10 MHz.10Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMRadio Telephone Communications (Continued)Frequency andThe length of the radio wave affects the wave's propagationWavelength (Continued) path. The longer wavelength (lower frequency) allows thewave to bend around and over larger obstacles, such ashills or buildings. As the wavelength shortens (increase infrequency), the waves ability to bend around obstaclesdecreases.To illustrate, imagine making a 90-degree turn in a car whiledriving at a speed of 5 miles per hour (MPH). Now, imagineattempting the same turn at 55 MPH. The lower speedallows you to turn at a greater angle. The same holds truefor lower frequencies.Ground WavesGround waves travel from the transmitting antenna alongthe surface of the earth (see following diagram).When planning for an operation, you must understand howthe environment you are operating in will affect yourcommunications (see following diagram).11Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMRadio Telephone Communications (Continued)Ground Waves(Continued)Several factors can affect the distance/range these wavestravel Dense vegetation, mountainous terrain, or dry desertsoil can negatively affect a ground wave.Manmade features, such as buildings, power lines, orwater towers, can reflect a radio wave into a newdirection or absorb the signal.Severe weather, such as sandstorms, thunderstorms,and blizzards, can affect your radio signal.Planning considerations for ground waves are to Position your antenna on the military crest.Position your antenna as far back as possible fromobstacles in the direction you want to communicate.Plan for and be prepared to use relay/retransmissionstations.Select a scheme of maneuver that allows you to avoidor exploit certain obstacles.NOTE: Remember, the enemy will be attempting to listento your radio transmissions. If you can position yourantenna so a natural or manmade obstacle is between youand the enemy, you can reduce his ability to intercept yourtransmissions.Sky wavesAs mentioned earlier, radio waves travel up into theatmosphere (sky waves). Because lower frequencies havelonger wavelengths, when they travel into the upper regionsof the atmosphere, they can be reflected (or bounced) backdown to the earth's surface. Also, the wave can reflect offthe earth's surface. We use this property of "bouncing" theradio signal off the ionosphere and the earth's surface toincrease the range of our communications. In fact, thewave can continue this cycle of bouncing back and forthbetween the ionosphere and the earth's surface all the wayaround the earth.Remember, however, this property is restricted tofrequencies from approximately 2 to 12 MHz. Frequenciesabove this range tend to "punch" through the ionosphereand continue out into space.12Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMRadio Telephone Communications (Continued)Sky waves (Continued)One problem with sky waves is they produce "skip zones"(areas where the signal does not return to earth) on theearth's surface. To alleviate this problem, we use a nearvertical incident sky wave (NVIS). NVIS directs the radiowave at a higher angle toward the sky, thus ensuring thereflected wave returns to earth closer to the transmitter andeliminating any skip zones. Because NVIS travels at highangles, we can use it to communicate over high obstacles,such as mountains. NVIS communications can travel up to300 miles from the transmitting radio.Radio Communications EquipmentInfantry battalion radio communications equipment transmits over three frequencyspectrums: HF/VHF/UHF High frequency (HF): 2 to 29.999 MHzVery high frequency Low band (VHF Low): 30 to 89.999 MHzVery high frequency High band (VHF High): 90 to 224.999 MHzUltra high frequency LOS/SATCOM (UHF): 225 to 511.999 MHzThe following table describes these three frequencies, by pros and cons, use, and typesof equipment. The types of equipment are described further in Appendix A.FrequencyHFPros and ConsLower HF frequencies cancommunicate over great distances.ALE 3G and ALE 3G Plus makeHF more reliable than everVHF“From around the corner to aroundthe world” Extends slightly beyond line ofsight (LOS) due to diffractionor bending of the signal by theatmosphere. At frequencies in the 30 MHzrange, acts like HF groundwaves. Range of reliablecommunications generally nomore than 50 km and oftendepends on theoooUseWhen long haulcommunications arenecessary and noSATCOM is available.Equipment Most widely used ininfantry battalions. Ground-to-Groundcommunications AN/PRC-150 man portableradio.AN/MRC-148 vehicle mountedradio.Toughbook connected to radiofor tactical chat.AN/PRC-117: man-packedMulti-Band radio with frequencyhopping capability and internalcryptographic chip.Power output of the radio.Terrain.Atmospheric conditions.13Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMRadio Communications Equipment (Continued)FrequencyPros and ConsUseUHF (LOS) UHF(SATCOM)Equipment VHF(continued) Strictly line of sight (LOS).Unable to bend aroundobstacles because UHFwavelengths are so small.Range may extend for morethan 500 km as long asaircraft is high enough to bewithin LOS.Extends from the earth toSatellites and back down.Used for both high speedvoice and datacommunications. s Provides longrange tacticalcommunicationsCan access 5k or25k channelsDAMA ordedicated. AN/VRC-110: vehicularmounted with power amplifier(two radios per vehicle)AN/PRC-117/152/, manportable.AN/VRC-103, C-103/110: vehicularmounted radio system withpower amplifierNOTE: Because VHF and UHF wavelengths are so short, reliability prediction of diffraction,refraction, and reflection effects are not practical. LOS paths must be entirely depended on.TacticalCommunicationModernization (TCM)TCM provides the primary means of secure voiceand data networked communications for mountedand dismounted forces. It also provides push-to-talkand networked radios that operate across multiplefrequency bands and modes of operation. TCM enablesCommand and Control and Situational Awareness forall elements of the Marine Air Ground Task Force andnetworked data communication down to the squad/teamlevel.The TCM line consists of multiple radios at variouslevels of development, procurement and sustainment.Currently in the sustainment phase are: high frequencyradios; (AN/PRC-150, AN/VRC-104, AN/TRC-209 andAN/MRC-148), MBRs; (AN/PRC-117F and AN/VRC103); Tactical Handheld Radios (THHRs); (AN/PRC148(V)2/3, AN/PRC-152, and AN/VRC-110/112/113),as well as the Integrated Intra-Squad Radios (IISR).14Basic Officer Course
B191716MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMRadio Communications Equipment (Continued)Frequency HoppingFreq
Communications Security 16 Electronic Warfare 18 Summary/ References/ Glossary 21 Notes 22 Annex A: Types of Equipment 23 . Julian Date Calendar 53 Annex J: Categories of Nets 54 . B191716 MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM . One cycle per second is one hertz. At the infantry battalion level, the radios operate on
B180231XQ/B280385XQ Communication Equipment I and II 2 Basic Officer Course Communication Equipment (MAGTF COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM) Introduction This lesson presents doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP) for the employment of the communications system to s
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