CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A QUIET SUPERSONIC TECHNOLOGY AIRLINER

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A QUIETSUPERSONIC TECHNOLOGY AIRLINERMichael BuonannoAir Vehicle Lead, X-59 Quiet Supersonic Technology X-plane 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

OVERVIEW BackgroundRequirementsEnabling TechnologiesConfiguration OverviewPropulsion IntegrationPerformanceSummary 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

THE LONG QUEST FOR HIGH SPEED TRAVELLockheedL200019601970Boeing SSTConcorde19801990Boeing 2707Boeing HSCT20002010Lockheed ASTAfter 6 Decades of R&D, only one Concorde and Tu-144 entered service with noneremaining after Concorde’s retirement in 2003 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

WHY ARE THERE NO COMMERCIAL SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT TODAY? In 1973, the FAA implemented FAR 91.817, whichstates that “No person may operate a civil aircraft. at a flight Mach number greater than 1” overland Concorde was only able to fly to a handful ofcoastal destinations due to the overlandrestrictions It was further limited by its loud noise andinability to fill its passenger capacity of 100 people As a result, only 12 were built and entered serviceBeautiful, but too loud and too big: Concorde was a technical marvel, but abusiness and environmental failure 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

QUIETING THE BOOM The prohibition on supersonic overland flight is theprimary obstacle for re-introduction of commercialsupersonic aircraft Leveraging the data, regulators may replace the banwith a standard for acceptable quiet supersonicoverland flightExtremely 10Loud 9Concorde87654321Not Loud 0Loudness Rating Under the Low Boom Flight Demonstration project,NASA is working to develop a community responsedataset for shaped boomsat AllData From NASATM 107756X-59707580859095Perceived Level, dB100105Success of the LBFD project could usher in a new age of high speed commercialair travel 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved110

FUTURE SST MARKET ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTSRequirementThreshold ValueObjective ValueRationaleRange, plus IFR Reserves4200 nm5300 nm4200 nm sufficient for most top destinations;5300 nm allows nonstop trans-pacific routesTakeoff Field Length(at SL, ISA, MTOW) 10,500 ft 9,500 ftMost top destinations have large runways, and fieldperformance for SSTs improves rapidly below MTOWPassenger Capacity1940Fewer than 19 would increase seat mile costsGreater than 40 limits economically viable city pairsLoudness @ Start of Cruise 80 PLdB 75 PLdBValues will depend on community acceptance testingbut are believed to be in the 75-80 PLdB rangeOverland Cruise Mach 1.6 1.7Less than 1.6 Mach cruise adversely impactsutilization and cruise efficiencyOver Water Cruise Mach 1.7 1.8Faster Mach number permits more efficientutilization, but 1.8 not feasible due to jet noiseAirport NoiseConsistent with future standardsSpecific regulations for supersonic aircraft are beingexplored by the FAA and ICAO 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLE SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Shaped boom design technology Integrated low noise propulsion Swept wing supersonic natural laminar flow External Vision System (XVS)The same validated tools and methods that wereused to design X-59 are applicable to largercommercial aircraft – permitting the design to betailored for low boom while minimizing the impactto supersonic cruise efficiency 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights ReservedFlow Field around X-59

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLE SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Shaped boom design technology Integrated low noise propulsion Swept wing supersonic natural laminar flow External Vision System (XVS)Recent innovations including advanced plugnozzles, the Streamline-Traced ExternalCompression (STEX) low-boom inlet, and noiseshielding concepts enable efficient supersoniccruise with a low-boom compatible propulsionsystem that is no louder than today’s existingsubsonic fleetDistortion-tolerant Fan Bladesfrom AIAA 2017-5042 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights ReservedSTEX Inlet from AIAA 2016-4050Advanced Plug Nozzle from AIAA 2018-0265

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLE SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Shaped boom design technology Integrated low noise propulsion Swept wing supersonic NLF External Vision System (XVS)Research shows the potential to robustlydecrease viscous drag by up to 10% withoutcompromising wave drag or boomcharacteristics; improving fuel economy andopening up the potential for non-stoptrans-Pacific range 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights ReservedSupersonic NLF TargetsFrom AIAA 2016-4327

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTALLYRESPONSIBLE SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT Shaped Boom Design Technology Integrated low noise propulsion Swept wing supersonic natural laminar flow External Vision System (XVS)A certified version of the Ultra HighDefinition XVS system being flown on X-59will provide equivalent 20/20 natural visualacuity while avoiding the weight andcomplexity associated with the droop nosesolution from Concorde 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

QUIET SUPERSONIC TECHNOLOGY AIRLINER (QSTA) 3-VIEWPassengers:Gross Weight:Wing Area:40210,000 lb3000 ft2Crew:4Engines:2 x 40,000 lb ThrustFuel Weight: 110,000 lb73.0225.078.125.56.4 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

Medium bypass, nonafterburning turbofanenginesQSTA KEY FEATURESLifting, all-flying V-tailincreases aft equivalent area,reducing signatureFixed STEX inlet directsshock upwardAccommodations for up to fortypassengers – every seat is both awindow and an aisle seatXVS/EFVS systemsprovide forwardvisibilityWing shieldingeliminates inletspillage contaminationto signatureSwept supersonic laminar flowfor increased range andreduced emissionsExtended, equivalent area – matchingnose shapes forward shock 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

QSTA INTERNAL ARRANGEMENTMedium bypass, nonafterburning turbofanenginesAPU / Equipment BayEquipment BayAccommodations for up to fortypassengers – every seat is both awindow and an aisle seatAft Body FuelXVS/EFVS systemsprovide forwardvisibilityWing FuelBaggage CompartmentCockpit 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

ENGINE SELECTION & PROPULSION INTEGRATION The QSTA engine uses a cycle consistent withtoday’s existing widebody cores in conjunctionwith a clean sheet low pressure spool with amoderate Bypass Ratio of 3 Advanced Propulsion-Airframe Integration andAdvanced Takeoff Procedures are used toreduce noise while mitigating the aerodynamicand shaped boom impact on the vehicle95Olympus 59390Specific Thrust, lb/(lb/sec) Engine design for commercial supersonicaircraft is a balance of meeting high speedefficiency and low speed noise requirements No existing Off The Shelf engine is suitableto balance these two conflicting objectives60SFCTrend55JT8D-15A50JT8D-219QSTA EngineDesign Space45LBBST Design Space40Noise ypass RatioSmaller & LighterLouder and less fuel efficient 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights ReservedBigger & HeavierQuieter and more fuel efficient8

QSTA PERFORMANCE OVERVIEWObjectiveValueStatusPerformance4200 nm5300 nm5200 nmTakeoff Field Length(at SL, ISA, MTOW) 10,500 ft 9,500 ft9,600 ftPassenger Capacity194040 80 PLdB 75 PLdB80 PLdBLoudness @ Start of CruiseLow Boom Cruise Mach 1.6 1.71.6Over Water Cruise Mach 1.7 1.81.8Airport NoiseConsistent with today’s subsonic fleetExtremely 10Loud 9Concorde87654321Not Loud 0Loudness RatingRange, plus IFR ReservesThresholdValueat AllGround Overpressure (psf)RequirementX-597075QSTA80Data From NASATM 107756859095Perceived Level, dB2.01.51.00.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.5105110X-59 75PLdBQSTA 80 PLdBConcorde 108 PLdB0.050.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0Time (ms) 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved100

QSTA RANGE MAPCity -SYD4,8204.7GIG-LHR4,9805.0LHR-NRT5,1904.5The combination of long range, high speed, and overland capability providesgreat utility and dramatically reduces trip times 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

SUMMARY Technological advances over the past decade show potentialfor addressing the shortcomings of prior supersoniccommercial development aircraft programs Success of LBFD and a repeal of the prohibition on overlandsupersonic flight enables a future where environmentallyresponsible supersonic flight is commonplace 2019 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved

ENGINE SELECTION & PROPULSION INTEGRATION Engine design for commercial supersonic aircraft is a balance of meeting high speed efficiency and low speed noise requirements No existing Off The Shelf engine is suitable to balance these two conflicting objectives The QSTA engine uses a cycle consistent with