Water Supply And Sanitation In Nigeria - WSP
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewWaterSupply andSanitation inNigeriaTurning Finance intoServices for 2015and Beyond
The first round of Country Status Overviews (CSO1) published in 2006 benchmarked the preparedness of sectors of16 countries in Africa to meet the WSS MDGs based on their medium-term spending plans and a set of ‘successfactors’ selected from regional experience. Combined with a process of national stakeholder consultation, this promptedcountries to ask whether they had those ‘success factors’ in place and, if not, whether they should put them in place.The second round of Country Status Overviews (CSO2) has built on both the method and the process developed inCSO1. The ‘success factors’ have been supplemented with additional factors drawn from country and regional analysisto develop the CSO2 scorecard. Together these reflect the essential steps, functions and results in translating financeinto services through government systems—in line with Paris Principles for aid effectiveness. The data and summaryassessments have been drawn from local data sources and compared with internationally reported data, and, whereverpossible, the assessments have been subject to broad-based consultations with lead government agencies and countrysector stakeholders, including donor institutions.This second set of 32 Country Status Overviews (CSO2) on water supply and sanitation was commissioned by the AfricanMinisters’ Council on Water (AMCOW). Development of the CSO2 was led by the World Bank administered Water andSanitation Program (WSP) in collaboration with the African Development Bank (AfDB), the United Nations Children’sFund (UNICEF), the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO).This report was produced in collaboration with the Government of Nigeria and other stakeholders during 2009/10. Somesources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of thecollaborating institutions, their Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The collaborating institutionsdo not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and otherinformation shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the collaborating institutionsconcerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent towsp@worldbank.org. The collaborating institutions encourage the dissemination of this work and will normally grantpermission promptly. For more information, please visit www.amcow.net or www.wsp.org.Photograph credits: Getty Images 2011 Water and Sanitation Program
Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and BeyondAn AMCOW Country Status OverviewWaterSupply andSanitation inNigeriaTurning Finance intoServices for 2015and Beyond1
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewStrategic OverviewThe Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of 36 statesand a Federal Capital Territory, and 774 local governmentareas. At the federal level, substantial progress hasbeen made to define institutional roles and developsupporting policies for water supply and sanitationservice delivery.The key challenge for Nigeria is to promulgate this policyguidance at the state level as water supply and sanitation(WSS) is mostly the state governments’ responsibility.States have a high degree of autonomy—comparedto other countries in Africa with a federal structure—and their adoption of national WSS policy guidance isuneven. While some states have created strong enablingenvironments (some more advanced than that at federallevel), other states are yet to start the reform process. Thisuneven commitment to WSS and shaping its enablingenvironment is also reflected in vast disparities in rates ofaccess to WSS services across states: from 81 percent inLagos state to 13 percent in Sokoto state for water supply,and from 97 percent in Kano to 12 percent in Bayelsa forsanitation.1 Whilst there are differences among sources ofdata on access to WSS, and an array of sector targets,both the Water Supply and Sanitation Baseline Study(WSSBS) of 2007 and the UNICEF/WHO Joint MonitoringProgramme (JMP) 2010 report provide estimates of2national access indicating that Nigeria is unlikely to achievethe Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets unlessit takes drastic steps to improve current performance. Inlarge part the ingredients for a reformed sector have beenagreed upon at the federal level, but require rolling outin all states. These include sector policies and strategiesand a review of legislation to conform with intentionsregarding the roles of government and the private sector,and separation of policy formulation and regulation fromservice delivery.Estimates of the investment in WSS required to meet 2015sector MDG targets range from US 2.5 billion (MDG Office)to US 4 billion annually (US 1.7 billion for water supplyand US 2.3 billion for sanitation—CSO2 costing). Currentspending, whilst being difficult to discern, is around a thirdof the CSO2 costing estimate. This calls for increases insector spending, which can only be meaningfully realizedonce investment plans are prepared at different tiers ofgovernment. The implementation of the innovative WaterInvestments Mobilization and Application Guidelines willpresent great opportunities for this.This second AMCOW Country Status Overview (CSO2)has been produced in collaboration with the Governmentof Nigeria and other stakeholders.
Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and BeyondAgreed priority actions to tackle these challenges, and ensure finance is effectivelyturned into services, are:Sectorwide Support the completion of the preparation of states’ water policies.Increase level of funding for water and sanitation.Implement the Water Investments Mobilization and Application Guidelines (WIMAG) to facilitate state-level policyand plan development as well as leverage matching finance for WSS.Clearly identify an institutional home for sanitation.Promote private sector participation in the provision of goods and services.Undertake phased establishment of regulatory commissions in all states (as proposed by the National Water Policy).Agree achievable national and state WSS targets (with MDG requirements as a minimum).Prepare Strategic Investment Plans to meet state targets.Clearly indicate budget lines for sanitation for greater visibility and improve financial reporting to be able to tracksector investments.Implement the framework for monitoring and evaluation which remains on the drawing board.Institutionalize an Annual Sector Review dedicated to drinking water and sanitation.Prepare annual consolidated reports on sector output.Rural water supply Rural Water and Sanitation Agencies should be established in states where this has not been done and their rolessubstantially limited to facilitation and capacity building of local government areas.Increase the pace of implementation of the framework for rural water and sanitation delivery, emphasizing communityownership and management.Urban water supply Review edicts of water agencies to make them consistent with the National Water Policy.Wean urban water utilities off state subsidies for operation and maintenance (O&M) and increase the pace of utilitycommercialization.Undertake regular review of tariffs to permit recovery of O&M costs at a minimum.Rural sanitation and hygiene State governments to prioritize sanitation—putting in place policies, plans, and budgets for sanitation.Scale up implementation of community-led total sanitation and regularly review its contribution to improving access.Improve awareness through advocacy to mobilize public and private stakeholders on good sanitation and hygienepractices.Urban sanitation and hygiene Identify clear leader for sanitation service delivery in urban areas.Develop and implement appropriate sanitation approaches in peri-urban and low income communities.3
An AMCOW Country Status Overview4
Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and BeyondContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations. 61.Introduction. 72.Sector Overview: Coverage and Finance Trends. 83.Reform Context: Introducing the CSO2 Scorecard. 124.Institutional Framework. 155.Financing. 176.Sector Monitoring and Evaluation. 207.Subsector: Rural Water Supply. 238.Subsector: Urban Water Supply. 259.Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene. 2710.Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene. 29Notes and References. 315
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewAcronyms and WRSNW-SPO&MOPEXAfrican Development BankAfrican Ministers’ Council on WaterCapital expenditureCommunity-Led Total SanitationCountry Status Overviews (second round)European UnionFederal Ministry of Water ResourcesGross domestic productGross national incomeHouseholdJoint Monitoring Programme (UNICEF/WHO)Local Government AreasMonitoring and evaluationMillennium Development GoalMiddle-income countryMedium-Term Expenditure FrameworkNational Council on Water ResourcesNational Economic Empowerment andDevelopmentNongovernmental organizationNational Water and Sanitation PolicyDraft National Water PolicyNational Water Resources InstituteNational Water Resources ManagementStrategyNational Water Resources StrategyNational Water Sanitation PolicyOperations and maintenanceOperating expenditureExchange rate: US 1 130 Naira.26PERPSPPWIRBDARSHRWSRWSSASMoWRPublic Expenditure ReviewsPrivate sector participationPresidential Water InitiativeRiver Basin Development Authorities/BoardsRural sanitation and hygieneRural water supplyRural Water Supply and Sanitation AgencyState Ministries responsible for waterresourcesSONStandards Organization of NigeriaSSASub-Saharan AfricaSWAState Water Agency (or Board)SWApSector-Wide ApproachUNICEFUnited Nations Children’s FundUSHUrban sanitation and hygieneUWSUrban water supplyWASHWater, sanitation and hygieneWESWater and Environmental SanitationDepartmentsWESCOMS Water and Environmental SanitationCommitteesWHOWorld Health OrganizationWIMAGWater Investment Mobilization andApplication GuidelinesWSPWater and Sanitation ProgramWSSWater supply and sanitationWSSBSWater Supply and Sanitation Baseline SurveyWSSSRPWater Supply and Sanitation Sector ReformProgramme
Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond1. IntroductionThe African Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW) commissioned the production of a second round of Country StatusOverviews (CSOs) to better understand what underpins progress in water supply and sanitation and what its membergovernments can do to accelerate that progress across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).3 The African Ministers’Council on Water (AMCOW) delegated this task to the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program and the AfricanDevelopment Bank who are implementing it in close partnership with UNICEF and WHO in over 30 countries across SSA.This CSO2 report has been produced in collaboration with the Government of Nigeria and other stakeholders during2009/10.The analysis aims to help countries assess their own service delivery pathways for turning finance into water supply andsanitation services in each of four subsectors: rural and urban water supply, and rural and urban sanitation and hygiene.The CSO2 analysis has three main components: a review of past coverage; a costing model to assess the adequacy offuture investments; and a scorecard which allows diagnosis of particular bottlenecks along the service delivery pathway.The CSO2’s contribution is to answer not only whether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meet sectortargets, but what specific issues need to be addressed to ensure finance is effectively turned into accelerated coverage inwater supply and sanitation. In this spirit, specific priority actions have been identified through consultation. A synthesisreport, available separately, presents best practice and shared learning to help realize these priority actions.7
An AMCOW Country Status Overview2. Sector Overview:Coverage and Finance TrendsCoverage: Assessing Past ProgressData from the Water Supply and Sanitation BaselineSurvey (WSSBS), gathered in 2007, reported a nationalaccess figure of 54.3 percent for water supply and 65.6percent for improved sanitation. That survey also foundthat 18.8 percent of the population resorts to opendefecation (22 percent of the rural and 5.7 percent of theurban population).The CSO2 also compares countries’ own estimatesof coverage with data from the UNICEF/WHO JointMonitoring Programme (JMP).4 The impact of thesedifferent coverage estimates on investment requirementsis also assessed. According to the JMP, access to improvedwater supply in Nigeria nationally was 47 percent in 1990,with 79 percent (27 million) of the urban population of 34million having access, compared to 30 percent (19 million)of the 63 million people living in rural areas. By 2008 thepercentage of the population with access had increasedto 58 percent (86 million), spread across 75 percent of theurban population and 42 percent of the rural population.The 2008 access data implies that as many as 63 millionNigerians have no access to improved water supply. Inrespect of sanitation, the JMP reports that 37 percent ofthe total population had access to improved sanitationfacilities in 1990. In addition, a further 26 percent usedshared facilities, which are not considered improved. By2008, 32 percent of the total population had access toimproved sanitation, indicating a fall in the percentage ofpeople served, even though the absolute number of peoplewith access increased by 11.5 million. Of those withoutaccess to improved sanitation, 26 percent use facilitieswhich are shared, 20 percent use unimproved facilitiesand 22 percent (33.3 million) practice open defecation.Data differences between the two sources are not verysignificant for water supply (54 percent vs. 58 percent).The difference is much greater in the case of sanitationwhere the WSSBS access figure of 65.6 percent contrastswith the 32 percent estimated by the JMP. This is principallybecause the definitions differ: the WSSBS figure includesshared facilities, which are not considered improved byJMP definition.Figure 1Progress in water supply and sanitation ter supply60%40%20%40%20%0%1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20200%1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020WSSBS 2007 estimateGovernment targetWSSBS 2007 estimateGovernment targetJMP estimatesMDG targetJMP estimatesMDG targetSources: WSSBS 2007, MDG Office (2007), and JMP 2010 report.860%
Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and BeyondThe overall national access figures, however, maskwide disparities in access among Nigeria’s 36 states. Forexample, the WSSBS data indicate that whereas watersupply access in Lagos state was 81 percent in 2007, thatfor Sokoto state was 13 percent. Similar disparities existin the case of sanitation, ranging from Kano’s 97 percentaccess to Bayelsa’s 12 percent.Two sets of targets for 2015 are depicted in Figure 1:the MDG targets as derived from the 2010 JMP report,as well as government targets issued by the MillenniumDevelopment Goal (MDG) Office. Based on the JMP trendline Nigeria could miss the water supply MDG target of 74percent by about 12 percentage points, and the 82 percentMDG target by a greater margin. The JMP trend line forsanitation is negative, with the result that the MDG targetof 69 percent could be missed by a very wide margin ifprogress is not accelerated, while the MDG Office target of88 percent is again an even more distant prospect. Figure1 also shows the government estimates from the WSSBS2007, starkly illustrating the higher sanitation coverageif shared facilities are included. If one considers that the2000 National Water and Sanitation Policy (NW&SP) hadin fact aimed for universal access by 2011, it is clear thatNigeria is way off both the MDG targets as well as themore ambitious targets set previously in the policy andother initiatives. It should be appreciated, however, thatgiven their stronger performance, some states are morelikely to achieve their (localized) MDG targets, whilst manyothers will not be able to so.Investment Requirements: Testing theSufficiency of FinanceTwo estimates of investment required to meet theMDG targets are compared in this report. The NigeriaMDG Office estimates that US 2.5 billion is requiredannually to meet the water supply and sanitationtargets between 2007 and 2015—an average US 15per capita. The investment cost is almost equally splitbetween water supply and sanitation.5 The reportconceded some of the challenges in estimating theinvestment requirements, such as (a) the nonavailabilityof comprehensive data; and (b) the difficulty inquantifying or assigning percentages with regard toinfrastructural decay.The CSO2 costing model was used to provide alternativeestimates of required investment, utilizing input dataincluding coverage from the JMP 2010 report, alongwith population and the mix, unit costs, and lifespan oftechnologies derived from the MDG Office. Accordingto the CSO2 model annual financing required toachieve the MDG targets for Nigeria is estimated atUS 1.7 billion for water supply and US 2.3 billion forsanitation. The financing requirements can be furtherdisaggregated into rural water supply (RWS) (US 604million per year), urban water supply (UWS) (US 1.1billion per year), rural sanitation (US 1.1 billion peryear) and urban sanitation ( 1.2 billion per year) (seeFigure 2 and Table 1).Figure 2Required vs. anticipated (public) and assumed (household) expenditureSanitationWater supplyRequired CAPEXRequired 50010001500200025003000US million/yearUS million/yearPublic CAPEX (anticipated)Public CAPEX (anticipated)CAPEX deficitHousehold CAPEX (assumed)CAPEX deficitSource: CSO2 costing.9
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewTable 1Coverage and investment figures7Coverage Target8 PopulationCAPEXAnticipatedrequiring requirementspublic CAPEXaccess1990 2008Rural water supplyUrban water supplyWater supply totalRural sanita
Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond Rural water supply Rural Water and Sanitation Agencies should be established in states where this has not been done and their roles substantially limited to facilitation and capacity building of local government areas.
Equitable management of water and sanitation in Pacific Island Countries/Leonie Crennan & Ilana Burness.- Suva : SOPAC, 2005. 35 p. : ill.; 30 cm ISSN : 1605-4377 1. Water & sanitation - management 2. Water & sanitation - Pacific Islands 3. Water & sanitation equitable management I. Burness, Ilana II.
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Framework for Provision and Regulation 2010 The National Water Policy 2000 Statutory Instrument No. 63 2014 . Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy2 is expected to continue the shifting focus and moment for sanitation in Zambia. 2. National institutional arrangements for sanitation in Zambia
Water supply and sanitation are among two of the most important sectors of development (Bendahmane 1993). Development of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social and economic conditions and improved health (Davis et al. 1993). The benefits of improved water supply and sanitation are many, including prevention of
for Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery, and forms part of the Water Supply and Sanitation Global Solutions Group (WSS GSG) agenda. This work was financed by the World Bank's Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). This discussion paper was prepared by a team led by
and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup - porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup - porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
accelerated and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
Box 1.5: Water supply and sanitation technologies considered to be “improved” and those considered to be “not improved” Box 3.1: Community participation in problem-solving: the Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach Box 3.2: Support provided for the water supply and sanitation sector in developing countries
