Lingva Latina Per Se Illvstrata Capitvlvm SECVNDVM .

18Lingva Latina Per Se IllvstrataCapitvlvm SECVNDVM - FAMILIA ROMANAIūlius vir Rōmānus est. Aemilia fēmina Rōmāna est. Mārcus est puer Rōmānus. Quīntusquoque puer Rōmānus est. Iūlia est puella Rōmāna.Mārcus et Quīntus nōn virī, sed puerī sunt. Virī sunt Iūlius et Mēdus et Dāvus. Aemiliaet Dēlia et Syra sunt fēminae. Estne fēmina Iūlia? Nōn fēmina, sed parva puella est Iūlia.Iūlius, Aemilia, Mārcus, Quīntus, Iūlia, Syra, Dāvus, Dēlia Mēdusque sunt familiaRōmāna. Iūlius pater est. Aemilia est māter. Iūlius pater Mārcī et Quīntī est. Iūlius pater Iūliaequoque est. Aemilia est māter Mārcī et Quīntī et Iūliae. Mārcus fīlius Iūliī est. Mārcus fīliusAemiliae est. Quīntus quoque fīlius Iūliī et Aemiliae est. Iūlia est fīlia Iūliī et Aemiliae.Quis est Mārcus? Mārcus puer Rōmānus est. Quis pater Mārcī est? Iūlius pater Mārcī est.Quae est māter Mārcī? Māter Mārcī est Aemilia. Quae est Iūlia? Iūlia est puella Rōmāna. Quaemāter Iūliae est? Aemilia māter Iūliae est. Pater Iūliae est Iūlius. Iūlia fīlia Iūliī est. Quī sunt fīliīIūliī? Fīliī Iūliī sunt Mārcus et Quīntus. Mārcus et Quīntus Iūliaque sunt trēs līberī. Līberī suntfīliī fīliaeque. Mārcus et Quīntus et Iūlia sunt līberī Iūliī et Aemiliae. In familiā Iūliī sunt trēslīberī: duo fīliī et ūna fīlia.

19The Genitive CaseIn this reading, you’ve seen sentences such as Iūlius pater Mārcī et Quīntī est, which you wereable to understand as “Julius is the father of Marcus and Quintus.” The words Mārcī andQuīntī are in the genitive case. The genitive case is used to express a very close relationshipbetween two nouns. In English this is usually done by using the preposition “of.” Someexamples in English then might be “the house of friends,” “a fear of snakes,” “a jar ofpennies,” “a woman of virtue.” The words “of friends,” “of snakes,” “of pennies,” and “ofvirtue” qualify or limit in different ways the nouns on which they’re paired. “Of friends,” “ofsnakes,” “of pennies,” and “of virtue” would be expressed in Latin by “friends,” “snakes,”“pennies,” and “virtue” with no preposition - the genitive ending flag contains the idea of “of”within it. Because these relationships are identical to the English use of the genitive with “of”there should be little difficulty in understanding the genitive case in Latin.QUICK TEST!What English keyword is used to transmit the idea of the genitive case?Awesome! You’ve now mastered the genitive case!The Genitive of PossessionOne of the most common uses of the genitive case is that of ownership or possession: “thebook of the girl,” “the father of Julia,” “the house of John,” etc. This is a specialized use of thegenitive case, known as the genitive of possession or genetīvus possessīvus. The genitive ofpossession can be expressed two ways: the father or Julia or Julia’s father. In English, theapostrophe sort of serves as a genitive ending. Remember any word in the genitive case isgoing to be translated with the word “of” in front of it.

20DeclensionsIn Latin nouns are organized into families called declensions. All nouns in the same declensionwill behave in the same way. There are five declensions of nouns in Latin. Just members of ourfamilies may share a common last name, all members of a noun declension family shares a lastname. A noun can only be in one family. The last name, and thus the declension, of a noun is itsgenitive singular ending. Unlike other endings, the genitive singular ending is unique to itsown family, and therefore we can look to the genitive singular ending to identify a noun’sdeclension.Here are the genitive singular endings for all five declensions:1st Declension2nd Declension3rd Declension4th Declension5th Declension-ae-ī-is-ūs-eīHere’s a chart of the cases you’ve met now in the 1st and 2nd DeclensionsCase1st ive Singular-a-us/-rGenitive Singular-ae-īAblative Singular-ā-ōCase1st Declension2nd Declension (masc.)Nominative Plural-ae-us/-rGenitive Plural-ārum-ōrumAblative Plural-īs-īsCommit these to memory. Soon we’ll be adding more cases and expanding our charts.

21PRACTICE: Identify the declension number of the following nouns, using the GENITIVEsingular ending as your guide. All nouns are given in their genitive singular form.1. virī2. puellae 3. oppidī 4. puerī 5. īnsulae6. pēnsī 7. prōvinciae 8. numerī 9. litterae 10. ancillae11. dominī 12. mātris 13. pāginae 14. patris 15. fīliī16. fīliae 17. arcūs 18. nōminis 19. mammae 20. exemplī21. rēī 22. manūs 23. servī 24. animae 25. animīThe Dictionary Entry Form: NounsWhen you look up a noun in the glossary, you will see it listed in a special, standardized way,known as the dictionary entry form. The dictionary entry form provides you with four keypieces of information: the nominative singular, the genitive singular, the gender, and theEnglish equivalent of the word. You will see two main types of dictionary entry forms.The first type looks like this:aurum, -ī, n. EnglishequivalentThe second type looks like this:ager, agrī, m. fieldfullgenderEnglishgenitiveequivalentsingularIn the Second Type, the stem changes, and so you are given the full genitive singular.nominativesingular

Remember! The DICTIONARY ENTRYFORM gives you EVERYTHING you need toknow about a noun: its stem, itsdeclension, its gender, and its Englishequivalent! How Convenient!22PRACTICE:1. USE YOUR GLOSSARY TO FIND THE DICTIONARY ENTRY FORMS FOR THEFOLLOWING WORDS AND FILL IN THE MISSING BLANKS.2. IDENTIFY THE MISSING PART: genitive singular, gender, English equivalent3. IDENTIFY THE DECLENSION: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th1. metus, -ūs, fear Dec#2. nōmen, , n. name, tribe name Dec#3. portus, , m. port, harbor Dec#4. servitūs, servitūtis, f. Dec#5. liber, librī, book Dec#6. vīlla, -ae, f. Dec#7. mēnsa, , f. table Dec#8. lupus, -ī, wolf Dec#9. pedes, , m. foot-soldier Dec#10. fenestra, -ae, window Dec#11. dictum, -ī, n. Dec#12. diēs, , m. day, date Dec#13. oculus, -ī, eye Dec#14. gladius, , m. sword Dec#15. lūx, , f. light, daylight Dec#

23Interrogative PronounsAn interrogative is a word used to ask a question. You have already met a few in the firstchapter, such as ubi. The pronouns quis and quae are used to ask questions about persons.They simply translate as “who” and operate the same as they do in English: Quis est Mārcus?Who is Marcus? Quae est māter Mārcī? Who is the mother of Marcus? These pronouns behavelike adjectives so they will agree in gender, number, and case with the words they are pairedwith. Quis and Quae are in the nominative case (masculine for the first, feminine for the other)and are singular. You’ve already seen the neuter nominative singular interrogative Quid?You’ve also now met the interrogative in the genitive case. In all three genders for thesingular it’s cuius which is translated as “whose?”These interrogative pronouns have their own declension pattern. Soon you will meet allthe forms, but for now, know these:CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterNominative Singularquis - who?quae - who?quid - what?Genitive Singularcuius -whose?cuius - whose?cuius - whose?Nominative Pluralquī - who?quae - who?quae - who?Textbook Tip!Sometimes the book helps you infer the meaning of a new word by giving you justenough information to piece together its meaning. Usually the answer will preventitself after a look or two. Try to avoid using the glossary as much as you can bylearning the new words from the context of the story or the margin notes. Here isan example from page 14:quot? I, II, III.quot fīliī?quot fīliae?quot oppida?The first line shows you that the answer to the question quot is one, two, three.The last three lines show you that the word quot does not change to agree withgender.What does quot? mean?

24ConjunctionsA conjunction is a word that joins words and sentences together. Instead of et ( and),sometimes you will see the word -que. -que , like et means and. Note that -que has a hyphen infront of it. This means that you will never see this word standing alone. It will always beattached to the word which is the second element of a pair. -que should be translated beforethe word to which it is attached.For example: Dēlia Mēdusque Delia and MedusMārcus et Quīntus Iūliaque Marcus and Quintus and Julia.PRACTICE: COMPLETE EXERCITIA 1, 2, 3, & 4 in your online textbook.When you’ve finished, memorize the following words, and their English equivalents.vir fēmina puerpuella familia patermāter fīlius fīlialīberī -que quis/quae/quīPars IIEstne Mēdus fīlius Iūliī? Mēdus fīlius Iūliī nōn est, Mēdus est servus Iūliī. Iūlius dominus Mēdīest. Iūlius dominus servī est. Dāvus quoque servus est. Mēdus et Dāvus duo servī sunt. Iūliusest dominus Mēdī et Dāvī. Iūlius dominus servōrum est et pater līberōrum.

25Estne Dēlia fīlia Aemiliae? Dēlia nōn est fīlia Aemiliae, Dēlia ancilla Aemiliae est.Aemilia domina Dēliae est. Aemilia domina ancillae est. Syra quoque ancilla est. Dēlia et Syraduae ancillae sunt. Aemilia domina ancillārum est.Cuius servus est Dāvus? Dāvus servus Iūliī est. Cuius ancilla est Syra? Syra est ancillaAemiliae.Quot līberī sunt in familiā? In familiā sunt trēs līberī. Quot fīliī et quot fīliae? Duo fīliī etūna fīlia. Quot servī sunt in familiā? In familiā sunt centum servī. In familiā Iūliī sunt multīservī, paucī līberī. Iūlius est dominus multōrum servōrum.‘Duo’ et ‘trēs’ numerī sunt. ‘Centum’ quoque numerus est. Numerus servōrum estcentum. Numer līberōrum est trēs. Centum est magnus numerus. Trēs parvus numerus est.Numerus servōrum est magnus. Numerus līberōrum parvus est. In familiā Iūliī magnusnumerus servōrum, parvus numerus līberōrum est.Mēdus servus Graecus est. Dēlia est ancilla Graeca. In familiā Iūliī sunt multī servīGraecī multaeque ancillae Graecae. Estne Aemilia fēmina Graeca? Aemilia nōn est fēminaGraeca, sed Rōmāna. Iūlius nōn vir Graecus, sed Rōmānus est.Sparta oppidum Graecum est. Sparta, Delphī Tūsculumque tria oppida sunt: duooppida Graeca et ūnum oppidum Rōmānum. In Graeciā et in Italiā magnus numerusoppidōrum est. In Galliā est magnus numerus fluviōrum. Fluviī Galliae magnī sunt. Māgnīnesunt fluviī Āfricae? In Āfricā unus fluvius magnus est: Nīlus; cēterī fluviī Āfricae parvī sunt.Suntne magnae īnsulae Graecae? Crēta et Euboea duae īnsulae magnae sunt; cēterae īnsulaeGraecae sunt parvae.BONUS ACTIVITYThere’s a lot of new adjectives in this lectiō. Draw an arrowfrom each adjective to the noun it modifies!In what three ways do adjectives agree with the nouns theymodify?

26The Genitive of QuantityAnother specialized use of the genitive case is the genitive of quantity, a.k.a. genetīvusquantitātis. Like all words in the genitive case, we translate using the English word “of.” Thegenitive of quantity simply tells us how much of something there is. For example, the phrase“numerus servōrum est magnus” would be translated as “the number of slaves is large.”PRACTICE: Translate the following phrases. Mark with a “P” if it’s a genitive ofpossession, and with a “Q” if it’s a genitive of quantity.TranslationType1. numerus līberōrum2. fīlius Iūliī3. dominus servōrum4. magnus numerus fluviōrum5. līberī Iūliī6. ancilla Aemiliae7. numerus servōrumA box full of cookies. fasciculus plēnus crūstulōrum. MMMM!What kind of genitive?The girl’s cookies. crūstula puellae.What kind of genitive?