Technical Guide For Indoor Air Quality Surveys
AFRL-SA-WP-SR-2014-0012Technical Guide for IndoorAir Quality SurveysSSgt Emily C. ArceoJuly 2014Distribution A: Approved for publicrelease; distribution is unlimited.Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828,18 Aug 2014.STINFO COPYAir Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingSchool of Aerospace MedicineOccupational & Environmental Health DeptConsultative Services Division2510 Fifth St.Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913
NOTICE AND SIGNATURE PAGEUsing Government drawings, specifications, or other data included in this document for anypurpose other than Government procurement does not in any way obligate the U.S. Government.The fact that the Government formulated or supplied the drawings, specifications, or other datadoes not license the holder or any other person or corporation or convey any rights or permissionto manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention that may relate to them.Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from the Defense Technical InformationCenter (DTIC) (http://www.dtic.mil).AFRL-SA-WP-SR-2014-0012 HAS BEEN REVIEWED AND IS APPROVED FORPUBLICATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASSIGNED DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT.//SIGNATURE//LT COL ERIC SAWVELChief, Consultative Services Div//SIGNATURE//DR. DAVID R. CARPENTERActing Chair, Occup & Environ Health DeptThis report is published in the interest of scientific and technical information exchange, and itspublication does not constitute the Government’s approval or disapproval of its ideas or findings.
Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEPublic reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, includingsuggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection ofinformation if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2. REPORT TYPE3. DATES COVERED (From – To)24 Jul 2014Special ReportMay 2013 – September 20134. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5a. CONTRACT NUMBERTechnical Guide for Indoor Air Quality Surveys5b. GRANT NUMBER5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER6. AUTHOR(S)5d. PROJECT NUMBERSSgt Emily C. Arceo5e. TASK NUMBER5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORTNUMBERUSAF School of Aerospace MedicineOccupational & Environmental Health DeptRisk Analysis Division (USAFSAM/OEC)2510 Fifth St.Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433-7913AFRL-SA-WP-SR-2014-00129. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)10. SPONSORING/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORTNUMBER(S)12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENTDistribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 201413. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES14. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this technical guide is to provide guidance for performing indoor air quality (IAQ) surveys at base level, includingroles and responsibilities of all members and the steps necessary to perform proper IAQ surveys. Information covered includesspecific factors that influence IAQ, performing IAQ surveys, and troubleshooting IAQ issues. This guide replaces IERA-RS-BR-TR2003-0001, Guide for Indoor Air Quality Surveys, which replaced AL-TR-1992-0016. This document has undergone significantrevision. Additional information is provided for areas of much interest, such as mold remediation.15. SUBJECT TERMSIndoor air quality, IAQ, fungi, mold, bioaerosols, sick building syndrome, building-related illness, ventilation, air ducts, building odor,building air, dust16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:a. REPORTUb. ABSTRACTU17. LIMITATIONOF ABSTRACT18. NUMBEROF PAGESSAR61c. THIS PAGEU19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSONDr. David R. Carpenter19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include areacode)Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18
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TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionPageList of Figures . iiiList of Tables . iiiSummary of Changes . ivCHAPTERSChapter 1. Introduction . 1Chapter 2. IAQ Defined . 2a.Background of IAQ Concerns . 2b.Standards . 2c.Medical Effects of Poor IAQ . 3Chapter 3. Factors Influencing Indoor Air Quality . 4a.Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Fresh Air . 4b.Relative Humidity . 6c.Temperature . 7d.Occupant Density . 7e.Dust and Fibers . 7f.Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) . 8g.Smoking . 9h.Combustion Gas By-Products . 9i.Other Contributors . 9Chapter 4. Bioaerosols . 11a.Fungi and Bacteria . 11(1) Fungi . 11(2) Bacteria . 12(3) Bacteria of Special Interest . 13b. Adverse Health Effects Associated with Mold . 13c. Sampling Factors . 13Chapter 5. HVAC Systems . 15a.Influence of Ventilation System . 15b.Types of HVAC Systems . 16(1) Single Zone . 16iDistribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 2014
(2) Multiple Zone. 17(3) Constant Volume . 17(4) Variable Air Volume. 17c.HVAC Duct Cleaning . 17d.Other Important Considerations for Duct Cleaning . 18e.Energy Efficiency . 19f.Productivity and Economic Impact . 19Chapter 6. Conducting an IAQ Survey . 22a.IAQ Survey Team . 22b.Survey Protocols . 22c.USAFSAM Protocol for Comprehensive IAQ Surveys . 22d.Risk Communication . 26Chapter 7. Responsibilities . 29a. Facility Managers . 29b. CE . 30c. CE Operations (CEO) . 30d. Asset Management Flight (CEA) . 30e. Programs Flight (CEP) . 30f. Medical Treatment Facility (MTF) Commander . 31g. Physicians . 31h. BE . 31i. PH. 31j. Base Housing Occupants . 31k. All Other Facility Occupants. 32REFERENCES . 33Appendix A Mold/Water Damage Flow Chart . 36Appendix B Questionnaire . 36Appendix C IAQ Troubleshooting Guidelines . 44Appendix D Response Activities for Wet Building Materials. 46Appendix E Remediation of Mold-Contaminated Building Materials . 48LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . 52iiDistribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 2014
LIST OF FIGURESFigure1PageRate of Satisfaction of Building Environment Based onPhysiological Effects of Carbon Dioxide .5LIST OF TABLESTable12D-1E-1PageEnergy Measures Compatible with Maintaining IAQ .20Risk Communication Actions Required During the Risk Assessment Process .26Cleanup and Mold Prevention Procedures Following Water Damage .47Procedures for Remediating Building Materials with Mold GrowthCaused by Clean Water .50iiiDistribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 2014
Summary of ChangesThis document is substantially revised and must be completely reviewed. Significantrevisions include incorporating guidance previously issued under the memorandum titledInterim Policy and Guidance for the Prevention, Surveillance, and Remediation of WaterDamage and Associated Mold Contamination in Air Force (AF) Facilities, dated 10 May 2005;reorganization of document; Air Force Institute for Environment, Safety, and OccupationalHealth Risk Analysis changed to United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine;removal of microbial sampling guidelines with reference to the USAF School of AerospaceMedicine Laboratory Sampling and Analysis Guide; added recommendation to inputinvestigation findings in the Defense Occupational and Environmental Health Readiness System;updated smoking standards in accordance with Air Force Instruction 40-102, Tobacco Use in theAir Force; added reference to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA’s)guidance on indoor air quality investigations in OSHA Technical Manual (OTM) Section III;removed specific occupant density criteria and referenced readers to Air Force Manual 32-1084,Facility Requirements (2012); document renamed as a technical guide; specific NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards were removed. Refer to the Environmental Protection Agency’swebsite (http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html) for the most recent standards. Many referencesdate back as far as 1987, but these data have held true over time and are still applicable. Due tothe significant revision of this document, this summary of changes is not all-inclusive.ivDistribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 2014
Chapter 1. IntroductionThe purpose of this guide is to provide the education and background necessary forBioenvironmental Engineering (BE) to make informed decisions during indoor air quality (IAQ)surveys. Information provided includes the roles and responsibilities of all members and thesteps necessary for BE to perform proper IAQ surveys. Guidance is included for the remediationof mold solely for the purpose of educating BE personnel. BE is not responsible for theremediation of mold- or water-damaged facilities. This guide replaces IERA-RS-BR-TR-20030001, Guide for Indoor Air Quality Surveys, which replaced AL-TR-1992-0016. This documenthas undergone significant revision.1Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 2014
Chapter 2. IAQ Defineda. Background of IAQ Concerns: As defined by the Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OSHA), indoor air quality is a term that “describes how inside air can affect aperson's health, comfort, and ability to work” [1]. Poor or inadequate IAQ are terms used todescribe nonindustrial indoor spaces where occupants complain of health issues that may beassociated with building occupancy. Therefore, occupant complaints appear while inside of acertain building and lessen upon leaving the building. Some common terms are used for thisissue. Sick building syndrome (SBS) can be defined as follows: building occupants sufferingfrom acute health or comfort effects that seem to be attributed to their time in a building, but nospecific illness or cause of symptoms is identified. In contrast, a building-related illness (BRI) iswhen an occupant is diagnosed with an illness that is directly attributed to a building’s IAQ [2].SBS was once referred to as tight building syndrome, which was used to describe buildings withinadequate ventilation due to improper energy conservation efforts [3].In the United States Air Force (USAF), the primary areas of concern are office buildings andbase housing. An IAQ issue may begin when decisions are made about design, operation, ormaintenance of a facility without considering the impact on occupants’ health or comfort. Theresult can be reduced productivity and low morale due to occupants experiencing physicalsymptoms.It is important to investigate IAQ complaints for several reasons. First, occupants may beaffected by symptoms related to resolvable IAQ issues. Second, ignoring IAQ concerns can leadto the development of serious illness. Third, early involvement in any IAQ concern has a greaterpotential for success in solving the problem and ensuring a healthy environment.Human beings spend the majority of their time indoors, so poor IAQ can have significant healtheffects on building occupants. One research estimated that approximately 50% of houses in theUnited States have prevalent dampness present [4]. However, buildings without obvious issuesoften present a larger problem. A comprehensive study of over 4,000 British office workers inbuildings without known issues makes this clear [5]. Researchers reported that 57% of theoccupants complained of lethargy. Forty to 50% listed blocked nose, dry throat, and headache asfrequent symptoms, and about 25% suffered from itchy/dry eyes, runny nose, and flu-likesymptoms. Studies such as these show that IAQ issues can become public health issues.b. Standards: A number of federal agencies such as OSHA, the Department of Energy,and the Consumer Product Safety Commission are actively involved in IAQ research or policyguidance, but no one agency has a clear regulatory role [6]. Neither OSHA nor the USAF haspublished IAQ regulations. Establishing standards would be difficult, if not impossible, due tothe variety of factors that affect what occupants believe is acceptable IAQ. The federal agenciesmost active in IAQ research are the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), both of which publish guidance, casestudies, and summaries of their findings. OSHA also provides guidance on IAQ in OSHATechnical Manual (OTM) Section III: Chapter 2 and provides details on investigatingLegionnaire’s disease in OTM Section III: Chapter 7 [7].2Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Case Number: 88ABW-2014-3828, 18 Aug 2014
The most widely recognized standard on IAQ is from the American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010,Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, is most useful as a tool for heating, ventilation,and air conditioning (HVAC) experts, but it does make some important contributions to IAQsurveys. The standard includes design criteria for HVAC systems and describes procedures forproviding acceptable air quality. Perhaps the most important contribution from ASHRAE62.1-2010 is
The purpose of this technical guide is to provide guidance for performing indoor air quality (IAQ) surveys at base level, including roles and responsibilities of all members and the steps necessary to perform proper IAQ surveys. Information covered includes specific factors that influence IAQ, performing IAQ surveys, and troubleshooting IAQ issues.
7.11.2 Indoor Air Sample Locations 7.11.3 Indoor Air Sample Duration 7.11.4 Indoor Air Sample Frequency 7.11.5 Indoor Air Sample Containers And Analytical Methods 7.11.6 Indoor-Outdoor Air Sample Logs 7.12 Passive Soil Vapor and Indoor Air Sample Collection Procedures 7.12.1 Passive Sampling of Soil Vapor
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Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Indoor air quality (IAQ) is the quality of air in an indoor environment. Thermal comfort - Temperature, - Relative Humidity Indoor Air Pollutant 3 Why is IAQ Important? We spend over 90% of our time in indoor environments IAQ is much poorer than outdoor air 2-100 times worse in USA/Canada
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