DLR The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD)
RAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRThe Radiation Assessment Detector(RAD)Scot C. R. Rafkin, RAD Project ScientistSouthwest Research Institute, Boulder, Coloradorafkin@boulder.swri.edu (720)240-0116Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin1
Presentation OutlineRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLR RAD Team and Organization RAD Instrument Overview––––Design DriversPrinciple of OperationPredicted PerformanceRAD Build and Delivery Schedule RAD on Mars Science Laboratory––––Science Requirements Flowdown SummaryInvestigation BackgroundScience ObjectivesMeasurement Requirements SummaryRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin2
RAD OrganizationRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRRAD Team is in placefor completing Designand Development atboth SwRI andCAU/KielRAD Core Teaminterfaces to MSLProject via the RADInstrument Engineer(A. Sirota) and RADInvestigation Scientist(D. Brinza)Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin3
RAD Teaming Arrangements &ResponsibilitiesRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRSwRICAU – Kiel, GermanyPI Institution, RAD electronics, ProjectManagement, System Engineering, InstrumentI&T, Data AnalysisCo-I Institution, RAD Sensor Head, DataAnalysisLarge Non-Profit Research Organization( 3000 employees, 400M 2005 revenues).30 years experience w/ space research andinstrumentation w/ 50 space borne scientificinstruments developed and operated. Wellequipped facilities for systems I&T.Large research university in Germany. Veryexperienced team of radiation/plasma detectioninstrumentalists w/ recent experience onSTEREO, SOHO, ISS, Ulysses. Well equippedfacilities for developing space flightinstrumentation.DLR – Cologne, GermanyNASA/JSCRAD Instr. Calibration Lead, Data AnalysisAstronaut Safety, Data AnalysisBranch of German Aerospace Agency inCologne. Experienced w/ dosimetry, AstronautSafety, and calibration of radiation detectioninstrumentation.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXNASA field center with oversight of mannedspaceflight, oversees and implements NASA’sAstronaut Safety program. Experienced w/dosimetry and radiation data analysis.MSL RAD OverviewRafkin4
Design ChallengesRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLR Low mass, power (energy) and telemetry requirements drivenby unique aspects of MSL mission Extreme thermal environment and rarified CO2 atmosphereunique to Mars Surface Operations Extremely wide energy dynamic range required to observeboth electrons, protons and iron with same instrument Extremely wide variation in fluence of relevant species mustbe observed to characterize both GCR and SPE with sameinstrumentRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin5
RAD Instrument OverviewRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLR Solid state detector telescope andCsI calorimeter with activecoincidence logic to identifycharged particles. Separatescintillators with anti-coincidencelogic to detect neutrons and γ-rays. Zenith pointed with 65 deg. FOV,100 mm2*sr geometric factor Large internal storage - 16 Mbyte CBE Mass 1.52 kg Power (obs) 4.1 W Telemetry 1 Mbit/solRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin6
RAD Functional Diagram(Principle of Operation)DLRRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLLegendRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXASolid State Detector (SSD) ABSSD BCSSD CDCesium Iodide (CsI)ENeutron Channel (Bicron 430Mscintillating plastic)FAnti-coincidence ShieldMSL RAD OverviewRafkin7
RAD Functional BlockDiagramDLRRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRAD Sensor 13APP-14APP-15APP-16DGSHUARTMUXEDACLOGICTRIGGER &SAMPLE LOGICVIRENA FPGAVIRENA COMADC CONTROLBINNINGARITHMETIC FUNCTIONSDATA 51 INTERNAL EAPP-36CSARAD Sleep ElectronicsVIRENA8051 EXTERNAL BUSDGSHCSASSD-CRAD Digital ElectronicsRAD Analog ElectronicsSSD-A 1 HSSD-A 1 LSSD-A 2 HSSD-A 2 LSSD-B 1 HSSD-B 1 LSSD-C 1 HSSD-C 1 LCSI-LCSI-MCSI-HNEU-LNEU-HNEU-FSSD-C 2SSD-C 3ACOINCDGSHEEPROMSRAMPROMFRAMFRAMPEN TATESHIFTDATACOUNT S/ROPTOISOLATORSSLEEPSHSLEEPLOGICSTATESHCSI-HCsI TECTADCINTERFACEADCSHNEU-LSHNEU-FNeutron ChannelMUXSSD-C 2SSD-C ISTORINTERFACESHHK TELEMETRYANALOG CSASHSHCharge AmpShaper AmpDual-gainRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXDETBIASFETBIASV V-ENRESET LOGICPOSTREGFILTERMSL RAD OverviewDC/DCCONVERTER /-5v 3.3 70vEM-461 12LINREGS/C CONNECTORHTRHTR RTNPRI THERM1 PRI THERM1RED THERM2 RED THERM2-Rafkin8S/C CONNECTOR
RAD Energy CoverageRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewDLRRafkin9
RAD Species Identificationuses dE/dx vs E MethodRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewDLRRafkin10
Data Matrix BinsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewDLRRafkin11
Predicted Performance(Signal-to-Noise)DLRRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLGCR S/N(required)GCR S/NGCR S/N(current best Marginestimate)SPE S/N(required)SPE S/N(current bestestimate)SPE S/NMarginneutrons10 1021010 103100protons201.3x10365201.1x10355He (Z 2)102.0x1022010565.63 Z 1110565.6Z 1210202Assume: GCR integration time 6 months (25% duty cycle) (requirement)SPE integration time 1 hour (25% duty cycle) (requirement)Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin12
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory(NSRL) at BrookhavenRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRepresentative beams available atNSRL, along with energy ranges andmaximum intensities.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXDLRA RAD Technology Demonstration Model(TDM) has already been tested at theBrookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility.Results of characterization indicate thatMSL/RAD will function asdesigned/modeledMSL RAD OverviewRafkin13
Photo-Diode TestsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRPulse HeightHistogram overNuclear ChargeNumberGaussian Fits forElement PeaksRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin14
Photo-Diode Results 3:Elemental ResolutionRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRRAD Photo-Diode Elemental Resolution isSufficient for Element Separation up to FeElemental Resolution for SpallationPeak Mg (Z 12): Z/ Z 14Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXElemental Resolution for PrimaryBeam Fe (Z 26): Z/ Z 41.9MSL RAD OverviewRafkin15
RAD Hardware DevelopmentPlanDLRRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLSwRI CAU/DLRJPLEM3 REBIntegrate w/ AppropriateRSH SimulatorEM2 REBIntegrate w/ EM RSH and use toSupport EM RSH TestsEM1 REBIntegrate w/ AppropriateRSH SimulatorVerify I/F &FunctionalityDeliver to JPLEM RSH -Functional/Performance Tests@ CAU and DLREarly I/F Tests@ JPLStays at SwRI to SupportSystem Development & FSWFM1 REBFM1 RSHIntegrate & Test RSH/REBto create FM RADEM2 REBRefurbishedFMS RSHIntegrate EM2-REB/RSH & ConductPerf/Func. TestsRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXEM3 REBRefurbishedEM RAD to JPL forFlight Ops BenchMSL RAD OverviewCal FM RADDeliver to JPLExtended FMS CalRafkin16
RAD Summary Schedule(From P3e to MS Project)DLRRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLIDWBSTask Name% CompleteDurationQ411.0Management and Science22%729 days0%586 days2Milestones3IPDR4ICDR0%0 days5IPER0%0 days6EM Funded Schedule Reserve0%33 daysFM Funded Schedule Reserve0%78Key Deliverables100%0%0%0 daysFM RAD to JPL0%0 days112.0Systems Engineering22%729 days123.0RAD Instrument Development29%587 days13EM RAD Analog Electronics (RAE)55%260 days14FM RAD Analog Electronics (RAE)0%95 days15EM RAD Digital Electronics (RDE)62%257 days16FM RAD Digital Electronics (RDE)0%93 days17RAD Mechanical Package (RMP)35%462 days18EM RAD Sleep Electronics (RSE)53%279 days19FM RAD Sleep Electronics (RSE)20RAD Flight Software (FSW)21GSE & Test Software22RAD Sensor Head (RSH)23RAD Rover Window (RRW) Assembly0%98 days30%531 days8%285 days27%587 days9%412 days0%397 days5/811/158/133/1410/301/238/21EM#3 I&T0%157 daysEarly I/F Test at JPL0%5 days29FM REB I&T0%70 days30FM I&T0%87 days591 days32EM Post Delivery Support0%406 days33FM Post Delivery Support0%330 days7.0Science Data Processing (Phase E)37Phase B/C/D OperationsRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, 5/158/1910/10 days15%1088 days15%1088 ion Operations & Data Analysis (MO&DA)Q47/258/256.0Q37/2846 days352009Q1Q25/1011/1577 days0%Q45/10%Education / Public Outreach (E / PO)Q35/155/15EM#2 I&T5.0Q25/1526342008Q13/40%Post-Delivery SupportQ411/123/27EM#1 I&T4.0Q33/125312007Q1Q241 daysEM RAD to JPLRAD I&TQ4252 days93.2Q31/310 days10242006Q1Q29/3010/10 daysMSL RAD OverviewRafkin17
RAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRRAD on MSLRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin18
Characterizing the RadiationEnvironment on the Surface of MarsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRMSL AO ScienceInvestigation D (Sect. 2.0):“Characterize the broadspectrum of the surfaceradiation environment,including galactic cosmicradiation, solar protonevents, and secondaryneutrons”.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin19
MSL RAD Accommodation / Field ofViewDLRRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRSMHead2 2ºRSMHeadFOV 65 deg. (full angle)Geometric factor 100 mm2 * srRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin20
RAD Science RequirementsFlowdown SummaryRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLR RAD Level 1 Science Requirements determine RADLevel 2 Measurement Requirements RAD Level 2 Measurement Requirements determineRAD Performance Requirements Simulations are used to– Translate measurement requirements to instrumentrequirements– Track/verify instrument performanceRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin21
RAD Level 1 Science ObjectivesRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLR 1) Characterize the energetic particle spectrum incident at thesurface of Mars, including direct and indirect radiation createdin the atmosphere and regolith. 2) Determine the radiation dose rate and equivalent dose forhumans on the Martian surface. 3) Determine the radiation hazard and mutagenic influences tolife, past and present, at and beneath the Martian surface. 4) Determine the chemical and isotopic effects of energeticparticle radiation on the Martian surface and atmosphere.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin22
RAD Level 1 Science ObjectiveRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRObjective 1: Characterize the energetic particlespectrum incident at the surface of Mars, includingdirect and indirect radiation created in the atmosphereand regolith.2 Components of Primary Radiation: Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) Solar Energetic Particles (SEP)Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin23
Galactic Cosmic RaysRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLR GCR flux varies with solar cycle andis more enriched in heavy nuclei atsolar maximum than predicted bymodels. Physics-based models agree betterthan semi-empirical models but bothcan be improved (Mewaldt, 2004).Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin24
Composition Changes in SolarEnergetic Particle EventsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRSolar EnergeticParticle Event (SPE)from Oct/Nov 2003.Shown are GOESproton fluxes andACE/SWEPAMsolar wind datasuperposed onSOHO/EIT images. Energetic particle spectra fromSOHO/COSTEP of 3 particle species(electrons, protons, helium) show changes overseveral days (Posner et al., 2004). Quality factors (Q) for each type of radiationare shown on the left.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin25
RAD Time Resolution Required is Derived fromNeed to Characterize/Resolve the Onset of aSolar Particle Event (SPE)RAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRDaysRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin26
RAD Energy Range Required is Derivedfrom Modeled SEP and GCR EnergySpectra at MarsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRInput(Space) Spectraneutrons (up and down)OutputSurface Fluxes*From David Brain et al., VSEWorkshop, Wintergreen, VA,2005 (using SIREST model)Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXprotonsSEPMSL RAD OverviewGCRRafkin27
Science Objective 1Measurement RequirementsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLGCRSEP0 Z 26Electrons0 Z 2Electronsa)(0 Z 1)b)(2 Z 11)c)(12 Z 26)d) electronsa) 10 – 100 MeV/nb) 20 – 100 MeV/nc) 30 – 200 MeV/nd) 2 – 20 MeVa) 10 – 100 MeV/nb) 20 – 100 MeV/nEnergy ResolutionTime Resolution /Sample Interval 30% 30%Particle SpeciesDLREnergy RangeRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXd) 2 – 20 MeV6 months (sufficient to1 hr (sufficient toresolve seasonal changes resolve onset of SPE andin Mars atmosphere)changes in time profile)MSL RAD OverviewRafkin28
RAD Level 1 Science ObjectiveRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRObjective 2: Determine the radiation dose rate andequivalent dose for humans on the Martian surface.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin29
Determining the Radiation Dose Rate forHumans on MarsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRGCRs produce near-constantbackground flux of radiation,modulated by the solar cycle.Composed mostly of H andHe2 , but heavy ionscontribute disproportionatelyto the Dose Equivalent due totheir high quality factor, Q.(Wilson et al. 1997)Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin30
Astronaut Safety Requires MonitoringCertain Particle SpeciesRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLRadiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewDLRRafkin31
DosimetryRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRLET distribution forGCR particles observedon board STS-84.RAD required LETmeasurement range isderived from need tomeasure relevant rangeof GCR particles thatcontribute to total Doseand Equivalent Dose.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin32
RAD Level 1 Science ObjectiveRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRObjective 3: Determine the radiation hazard andmutagenic influences to life, past and present, at andbeneath the Martian surface.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin33
Radiation and MutagenicHazards to LifeRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSL DLRBy determining the flux and measuring the variations (diurnal, seasonal,solar cycle), RAD will allow calculations of the depth in rock or soil forwhich there is a lethal dose of radiation for biological organisms.It would then be possible to learn how deep life would have to be to providesufficient natural shielding.These depths can be compared to calculations of diffusion depths of strongoxidizers which destroy organisms near the surface and then judge whetherradiation or oxidizing chemistry will determine the minimum depth neededto drill to look for extant life on Mars.Following validation and improvement of current transport codes, thesecalculations can be made for past higher pressure or warmer climatescenarios.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin34
Science Objective 2 & 3Measurement RequirementsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRGCRSEPParticle Species0 Z 260 Z 2Energy RangeLET: 0.3 – 1000 keV/µm LET: 0.3 – 1000 keV/µmEnergyResolution 30% 30%1 day (sufficient toTime Resolution / 6 months (sufficient toSample Interval resolve seasonal changes resolve SPE)in Mars atmosphere)Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin35
RAD Level 1 Science ObjectiveRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRObjective 4: Determine the chemical and isotopic effectsof energetic particle radiation on the Martian surfaceand atmosphere.---Not discussed here but happy to discuss off-line!Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin36
RAD Level 2 MeasurementRequirementsRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRRAD shall measure: Req. 1: neutral particles (neutrons and gamma-rays) with energies up to100 MeV. Req. 2: dose and LET spectra in the range of 1 to 1000 KeV/µm. Req. 3: energetic particles with an energy resolution sufficient todistinguish between major particle species (i.e. electrons, ions), low Zions (i.e. p, He, Li), medium Z ions (i.e. C, N, O ions), and high Z ions(i.e. heavier nuclei up to Fe). Req. 4: energetic particles with (one hour) observing cadence sufficient toidentify the onset of solar particle events (SPEs), and resolve the timeprofiles associated with such events. Req. 5: energetic ions with energies in the range of 10 to 100 MeV/n for p,He; 20 to 100 MeV/n for Li-Na (Z 3-11); and 30 to 200 MeV/n for Mg-Fe(Z 12-26).Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin37
RAD Science Data:ClassificationRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSLDLRCount Rates (L0):Combinations of trigger signals in detectors determine the pre-defined nominalscience channels. For each channel, the count rates per accumulation intervalare recorded and transmitted to the ground.Pulse-Height Analyzed (PHA) Data (L0):For each nominal channel, pulse height words (i.e. energy losses) are recorded.The number of pulse heights per event depends on coincidence depth (1-5). Dueto limited telemetry, not all PHA data can be transmitted to the ground. PHAtherefore requires a prioritization scheme.Histograms (L0/2):Histograms are a compressed form of science data that require on-boardprocessing. One of the benefits is spectra for particle species with goodstatistics.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin38
SummaryRAD – The Radiation Assessment Detector for MSL DLRRAD will characterize the radiation environment on the surface of Mars for both GCR andlarge SPEs, measuring all relevant energetic particle species, including secondary neutronscreated both in the atmosphere and the regolith.RAD is an important element of the Mars Science Laboratory investigation to explore andquantitatively assess a potential habitat for life and the processes that influence habitability.RAD meets or exceeds all Science Requirements with substantial margin.RAD provides monitoring of:– Charge particle fluence Z 1 to 26– Absorbed dose– Dose Equivalent (time-resolved LET)– Neutron fluence 1-100 MeV (10-100 MeV with RTG)RAD is undergoing build– Engineering model in beam by winter of 2007– Flight build in 2008– Flight in 2009RAD is suitable for LEO, Lunar, and interplanetary measurements as is or with littlemodification, and with advantageous non-recurring cost base.Radiation Workshop April 5-7Houston, TXMSL RAD OverviewRafkin39
SSD-B_1_H SSD-B_1_L SD-C_1_H SSD-C_1_L CSI-L CSI-M CSI-H NEU-L NEU-H NEU-F RAD Sensor Head RAD Analog Electronics ADC MUX . Photo-Diode Tests Pulse Height Histogram over Nuclear Charge Number Gaussian Fits for . Refurbished FMS RSH Integrate EM2-REB/RSH & Conduct Perf/Func. Tes
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