Capacity For Change: New Woodland Creation And Historic .
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape CharacterisationCapacity for change: new woodlandcreation and historic landscape characterin Oxfordshire1 Introduction . 22 Methodology . 52.1 Stage 1: Scenario. 52.2 Stage 2: Assessing potential impact on the Historic Landscape . 62.3 Stage 3: Assessing Historic Significance of HLC Types . 82.4 Stage 4: Capacity Modelling and Mapping . 92.5 Stage 5: Additional Constraints . 93 Results . 113.1 Capacity Category 1: Low . 133.2 Capacity Category 2: Low-Medium . 133.3 Capacity Category 3: Medium. 133.4 Capacity Category 4: Medium-High . 133.5 Capacity Category 5: High . 143.6 Adjusted Capacity Values . 143.7 Mapping Capacity for New Woodland . 163.7.1 Capacity Map . 173.7.2 Adjusted Capacity Map . 204 Conclusion . 214.1 Where might new woodland enhance historic landscape character? . 211
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation1 IntroductionForest: land predominantly covered by trees, with a minimum of 20% canopy cover. This can be inlarge tracts, typically referred to as ‘forests’, or in smaller areas, such as woods, copses, spinneys.1In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development agreed three legallybinding conventions on climate change, biological diversity, and to combat desertification, all ofwhich require the sustainable management of the Earth’s forests.2 The sixth session of the UnitedNations Forum on Forests in 2006 further emphasised the importance of our forests, agreeing fourglobal objectives, including to “reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through sustainable forestmanagement, including protection, restoration, afforestation and reforestation, and increase effortsto prevent forest degradation”.3 Significantly, this placed a responsibility on governments aroundthe world to afforest and reforest. These new forests have implications for the historic environment:upstanding remains, sub-surface deposits, and the character of the historic landscape. This casestudy seeks to assess these implications and to map the historic landscape of Oxfordshire’s capacityfor new small tracts of forest, from herein referred to as ‘woodland’.Approximately three million hectares of the United Kingdom in 2015 was covered by forest,amounting to 13% of the total land area. This is significantly less than the 31% of France, 33% ofGermany, 37% of Spain, and 68% of Sweden. The financial year 2013-2014 saw the highest levels ofplanting in the UK in the last five years with 12,900 hectares of new forest created, 3,300 hectares ofwhich were in England. The following year the rate of planting had dropped and just 5,500 hectaresof new forest were created across the whole country.4 In England this was entirely comprised ofbroadleaf tree species; in fact, between 2012 and 2016 only 100 hectares of coniferous woodlandwere planted in England.5 Despite the apparent downturn in the rate of growth of the UK’s forests,the increase in tree cover remains a priority and applications for the change of use of land to forestcontinue to be made across the country.The most recent Forestry Commission’s Inventory for Oxfordshire records 23,724.85 hectares ofwoodland across 7,273 separate woods.6 These are predominantly broadleaf woods, but there areconiferous and mixed examples as well (Table 1).Woodland TypeBroadleavedConiferYoung treesMixed mainly coniferAssumed woodlandMixed mainly broadleavedGround prepLow densityShrub1Hectares % of 22Forestry Commission. 2017. United Kingdom Forestry Standard. Fourth Edition. p3.Forestry Commission. 2017. United Kingdom Forestry Standard. Fourth Edition. p5.3Ibid4Forestry Commission. 2016. Forestry Facts & Figures 2016.5Ibid6Forestry Commission Inventory for Oxfordshire. 2017.22
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape CharacterisationFelledCoppice with standardsCoppice42.424.033.580.180.020.02Table 1 The types of woodland recorded in Oxfordshire by the Forestry Commission Inventory in 2017.Each year the amount of woodland in Oxfordshire grows. It has not been possible to ascertain theexact amount of new woodland as data on natural woodland regeneration and trees planted byprivate individuals, particularly on a small scale, have not been captured by Oxfordshire CountyCouncil. Information is, however, available on the amount of land approved for new planting in thecounty under the Forestry Commission’s Woodland Grant Scheme (WGS) and the English WoodlandGrant Scheme (EWGS): between 1994 and 2003 the WGS saw 1,381.9 hectares of land approved andbetween 2004 and 2014 the EWGS saw a further 412.9 hectares.7With this information it is clear that a not insignificant part of Oxfordshire is being converted towoodland each year. Thankfully, for landowners who apply for woodland grants through theForestry Commission’s schemes, there are a number of guidelines and recommendations set outwhich directly relate to the historic environment and historic landscape character (Table 2).This case study provides information for any landowner planning new woodland in Oxfordshire andcan be used as an evidence base for those wishing to meet the Forestry Commission’s requirements.It can also be used by those who are not applying for Forestry Commission funding to inform thesetting, scale, and design of new woodland. This tool allows better judgements regarding thepositioning of new woodland and the accompanying notes can be used to inform better sitepreparation, species selection, and layout in respect of the historic landscape.The resultant dataset is a baseline upon which to build detailed site assessment, it is not a substitutefor consulting the HER or the Local Authority archaeologists. The tool is designed to help developersor landscape managers establish the risks and thus the potential constraints and costs when dealingwith aspects of the historic environment and the landscape.An Operational Guide has been produced to accompany this report. The guide is designed forapplicants for new woodland and describes four steps on how to use the data produced by thisresearch.UK Forestry Standard (2017) requirements, guidelines, and recommendationsGeneral Good Forestry Practicerequirement 18Historic Environment Legalrequirement 1Historic Environment Legalrequirement 2Historic Environment Legalrequirement 3Historic Environment Good Forestry7IbidNew forests and woodlands should be located and designed tomaintain or enhance the visual, cultural and ecological value andcharacter of the landscapeScheduled Monuments must not be damaged and consent must beobtained from the relevant historic environment authority for anyworks that have the potential to damage the monumentThe local historic environment authority must be informed if objectsare found that come within the scope of the law coveringarchaeological finds. Metal detectors must not be used where legallyrestricted or on a Scheduled Monument siteListed building consent must be obtained from the local authority orrelevant historic environment authority to demolish a listed buildingor structure or any part of it, or to alter it in any way which wouldaffect its character, inside or outForests should be designed and managed to take account of the3
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape CharacterisationPractice requirement 1Historic Environment Good ForestryPractice requirement 2Historic Environment Good ForestryPractice requirement 3Historic Environment Good ForestryPractice requirement 4Landscape Good Forestry Practicerequirement 2Landscape Good Forestry Practicerecommendation 10Landscape Good Forestry Practicerecommendation 13Landscape Good Forestry Practicerecommendation 14historical character and cultural values of the landscapeForests should be designed and managed to take account of policiesassociated with historic landscapes, battlefield sites, historic parksand gardens, and designed landscapes of historic interestSteps should be taken to ensure that historic features, which may beadversely affected by forestry, are known and evaluated on anindividual site basis, taking advice from the local historicenvironment servicesForest management plans and operational plans should set out howimportant historic environment features, including veteran trees, areto be protected and managedForests should be designed and managed to take account oflandscape designations, designed landscapes, historic landscapesand the various policies that applyConsider the impacts of forestry on the historical context andlandscape character in forest management plans; consideropportunities to complement, enhance or re-create landscapes ofhistoric interestAnalyse the main landscape influences and base forest shapes oneither the landform or the enclosure patternIf the enclosure pattern is dominant, use the field pattern and linksto existing hedges and woodlands to guide the design of forestshapesTable 2 UK Forestry Standard 2017 guidelines and recommendations relating to the historic environment and historiclandscape character4
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape Characterisation2 MethodologyTo assess the capacity for new woodland in Oxfordshire, five stages were defined: scenario;assessing vulnerability and capacity of the historic landscape; assessing significance of HLC types;capacity modelling and mapping; and additional constraints.This methodology has been influenced by work in Cornwall and by a current review being conductedby Historic England with regards to assessing sensitivity to change.8 The data compiled is presentedin the accompanying Data Table.2.1 Stage 1: ScenarioThe creation of new woodland with an area in excess of two hectares and comprised of mixedbroadleaf tree species.Potential impacts of new woodlandCategorySite PreparationPotential impacts of new woodland9Cultivation--Drainage-Species selection-Planting-Root ActionHydrological andFaunal Change8Physical-Chemical-Throughfall-Land clearance and earthmoving to prepare a site forplanting may remove traces of the historic landscape,historic built structures, and archaeological remains.Typically carried out by heavy machinery which may disturbor damage the historic landscape, historic built structures,or archaeological remains.Earthmoving (as above).Heavy machinery (as above).Changes to the water table which may affect thepreservation of waterlogged archaeological deposits.Different species have different rooting characteristics,some of which will have more of an impact on sub-surfacearchaeological remains.Different species will be more or less appropriate for localhistoric character.There is relatively minor soil disturbance caused by plantingand the impact on archaeological remains should be low.Nursery grown stock are typically undercut or transplantedto encourage lateral root growth. This may have less of aneffect on buried archaeological remains than natural treeregrowth.Some localised impact on buried archaeological remainsand historic built structures from root activity.Mineral weathering of buried archaeological remainscaused by root activity which alters the soil environment.Increased interception of rainfall may positively affect thepreservation of historic built structures and above andbelow-ground archaeological remains by reducing chemicaldissolution and freeze-thaw weathering.Cornwall Council. 2010. Historic Landscape Character and sensitivity mapping for Photo-Voltaic (Solar Farms)installations in Cornwall; Herring, P. & McOmish, D. forthcoming. Using Historic Landscape Characterisationwhen assessing sensitivity to change. Historic England.9After Forestry Commission. 2017. United Kingdom Forestry Standard. Fourth Edition. pp. 88-94 and Crow, P.2004. Trees and Forestry on Archaeological Sites in the UK: A review document. Forest Research. pp. 7-355
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape CharacterisationForestryOperationsWater uptake-Soil nkstabilisationPhysical barrier-Reforestation-Restoringhistoricboundaries actionWindthrowPreservation andrestoration--The uptake of water from the soil by trees may affect thewater table (see above).Fauna supported by trees will vary between species anddiffer from that sustained by pasture or crops. This mayhave an impact on archaeological remains. For example,increased or decreased worm or ant activity.Heavy machinery (as above).Potential for increasing the risk of windthrow (trees blowndown in the wind), which can significantly damage bothsub-surface and above ground archaeology and historicbuilt structures.Heavy machinery (as above).Potential for increasing windthrow (as above).Heavy machinery (as above).Processing site clearance and earthmoving (as above).Heavy machinery (as above).Access route site clearance and earthmoving (as above).The roots of wind thrown trees may damage buriedarchaeological remains when they are upturned.Wind thrown trees may fall on and damage above-groundremains, historic built structures, and remains of thehistoric landscape.Roots can stabilise banks, such as those associated witharchaeological remains and historic landscape features.Tree cover can act as a physical barrier preserving historicbuilt structures and archaeological remains from othertypes of development or agricultural practices.New woodland can be created on the site of formerwoodland, restoring the historic landscape.New woodland can be created on the line of historicboundaries or on former boundaries, restoring the shape ofthe historic landscape.New woodland can be created within existing boundaries,preserving their shape and enhancing the legibility of thehistoric landscape.Table 3 The potential impacts of new woodland creation2.2 Stage 2: Assessing potential impact on the Historic LandscapeHaving identified ways in which the creation of new woodland might have an effect on historiclandscape character, the potential impact on each HLC Type was assessed. It must be emphasisedthat this assessment was based on sites in Oxfordshire and nowhere else. For example, judgementsabout the HLC Type Prison were based upon examples of prisons in Oxfordshire and would not,necessarily, be the same judgements as those made about prisons in London or Nottinghamshire.Impact values were assigned a weighted score which ranged between -0.5/-1 and -2/-4, reflectingvarying degrees of impact: -0.5/-1 little or no impact; -2 likely high impact on character which canadd historic value (landscapes which have environmental or aesthetic qualities which may derivefrom or enhance a historic landscape); -4 likely high impact on historically important landscapes(Table 4).6
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape CharacterisationPotential Impact of new woodland on historic landscape characterWeightedScoreEffect on Legibility and Readabilityof Time DepthHow likely is the scenario to changethe ability to read or see alandscape’s history?-1 to -4Impact on Archaeological RemainsHow likely is the scenario to disturbknown or predicted archaeologicalremains?Impact on Historic Built StructuresHow likely is the scenario to disturbhistoric built structures?Change in Landscape CharacterHow likely is the scenario to affecthow the historic landscapecontributes to the overall landscape?Effect on Semi-Natural ComponentsHow likely is the scenario to disturbhistorically significant ecosystems orlandforms?Removal of hedgerows or boundaries defining historicfieldsLoss of Ancient Woodland or landscape types withlong historiesLoss of landscape types with perceived historicalvalueRemoval of / damage to archaeological remainsthrough: site preparation, cultivation, and planting root action hydrological and faunal change forestry operations, thinning, felling,processing, and extracting windthrowRemoval of / damage to historic built structuresthrough: site preparation, cultivation, and planting root action hydrological change forestry operations, thinning, felling,processing, and extracting windthrowRemoval or loss of landscapes characteristic of anarea-1 to -4-1 to -4-1 to -4Removal or loss of historic landscapes which are nowrare in an areaTruncation or disruption of landscapes characteristicof an areaLoss of / damage to biodiversity-0.5 to -2Loss of Ancient Woodland through deforestationLoss of Rough Ground through afforestation orreforestationLoss of old hedgerows through removal or obscuringEffect on AmenityHow likely is the scenario to affectamenity activity?Disruption to widespread historic ecosystemsLoss of places of communal importance-0.5 to -2Reduction in landscape diversityLoss of Aesthetically and Environmentally importantplacesChange of public access routesTable 4 Impact values: how the historic landscape may be affected by new woodland creation7
Oxfordshire Historic Landscape CharacterisationA further step was added to this stage to explore ways in which simple adaptations to the design of anew woodland proposal might mitigate the impact on historic landscape character, thus increasingthe capacity of an HLC Type.Possible adaptations were:10 No site levelling Selection of shallower rooting species Bespoke planting plan (in respect of on-site features) Preservation of historic boundaries Restoration of historic boundaries Maintenance of existing landscape form Preservation of rights of way Preservation of historic structures Bank stabilisation Preservation of historically important ecosystems Restoration of (former) woodland Planting of large wooded tracts (akin to historic woodland)Each suggested adaptation was afforded a value of one and added to the total impact value, creatingan ‘adjusted impact value’.2.3 Stage 3: Assessing Historic Significance of HLC TypesHistoric significance was suggested using two methods. The first used data from the HLC project todetermine the occurrence, trajectory of change, biodiversity potential, and period of origin for eachHLC type. The second used the results of two surveys: archaeological potential was assigned by theOxfordshire Archaeological Team and historic, aesthetic, and communal value was assigned usingthe results of a public survey.11N.B. Types which were only used within Oxford City could not be assigned a Trajectory of ChangeValue, so it was not possible to assign these types a historic significance value. As a consequence, itwas not possible to model these types’ capacity for new woodland. Their urban context, however,makes them unlikely candidates for new woodland creation and their absence from the modelling is,therefore, though to be of only limited concern.WeightingAs with the generation of impact values, historic significance values were w
3.7.1 Capacity Map . and gardens, and designed landscapes of historic interest Historic Environment Good Forestry Practice requirement 3 Steps should be taken to ensure that historic features, which may be . This methodology has been influenced by work in Cornwall and by a current review being conducted
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Eastern Woodland Indians. Their food, shelter, clothing, weapons and tools came from the forest. The Iroquois, Mound Builders, Algonquian and Shawnee are a few Woodland tribes. Woodland Tribes - Shelter Woodland tribes lived in wigwams and longhouses. Wigwams are round, wooden-framed structures, covered in bark. Only one familylived in a wigwam .
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ACT LOWLAND WOODLAND CONSERVATION STRATEGY iii Contents Acknowledgements ii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 A New Focus for Nature Conservation in the ACT 1 1.2 Scope of the Lowland Woodland Conservation Strategy 1 1.3 Woodland Definition 3 1.4 Role of the
their Woodland Creation Plan. Using information contained within the GeoPDF map, the scheme rules and following a site survey, the planner will need to annotate the GeoPDF and complete the Glastir Woodland Creation plan, using the following guidance. All sections must be completed to support the capital works that are in the Woodland Creation Plan
