Review Article CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF PIPER
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010ISSN 0976 – 044XReview ArticleCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF PIPER LONGUM L.1*1.2.3.4.342Maitreyi Zaveri , Amit Khandhar , Samir Patel , Archita PatelMaitreyi Zaveri, Head and Assistant Professor, Dept. of Pharmacognosy, K.B. Institute of PharmaceuticalEducation and Research, Gandhinagar, India.Archita Patel, Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education andResearch, Gandhinagar, India.Amit Khandhar, Sr.Scientist, Analytical research laboratory, Zydus Cadila Ltd., Ahmedabad, India.Samir Patel, Sr. Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy College,Changa, India.*Corresponding author’s E-mail: khandharmaitreyi@yahoo.comReceived on: 08-09-2010; Finalized on: 03-11-2010.ABSTRACTEarthen hemisphere is gifted with varieties of large number of medicinal herbs. Herbs are natural remedies for the disease withhigher safety profile and efficacy. The country like India has got variety of climatic conditions and seasons favorable for growth ofmany species of plants. Amongst the large number of herbal drugs existing in India, very few have been studied systematically so far.The list of drugs is very meticulous and diversified hence extensive efforts are required for their correct recognition. Piper longum isa highly valuable drug and is one of the essential ingredients in the most of the compound preparations included in Ayurvedicliterature. Further, the use of the plant as a bioavailability enhancer has immensely increased its importance in the field ofAyurveda. Hence, an attempt has been made to address the chemistry and pharmacology of the plant P. longum. Commonly theplant P. longum is known as long pepper, species of the genus Piper belonging to family piperaceae of the unique order piperales ofthe verticillate of dicotyledones.Keywords: Piper longum, Piperaceae, piperine.INTRODUCTIONPlants have been the source of medicines since thousandsof years. Species of the genus Piper are among theimportant medicinal plants used in various systems ofmedicine1, 2. Piper longum L. (Piperaceae), commonlyknown as “long pepper”, is widely distributed in thetropical and subtropical regions of the world, throughoutthe Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Middle Easterncountries and the Americas. It is said that the Romanemperors valued it even more highly than black pepperdue to its high commercial and economical importance.Botanical description:It is having slender, aromatic, perennial climber, withwoody roots and numerous wide ovate, cordate leaves.The inflorescence is a cylindrical, pedunculate spike, thefemale flower is up to 2.5 cm long and 4-5 mm indiameter but the male flower is larger and slender. Thefruits are small, ovoid berries, shiny blackish green,3embedded in fleshy spikes .PHARMACOGNOSTICAL CHARACTERISTICS:Synonyms: Piper latifolium Hunter, P. saramentosumWall. , Chavica roxburghii Miq, C.Vernacular names: English: Long pepper, Hindi: Pippali,Sanskrit: PipaliHabitat: The native of plant is considered to be South Asiaand is found both wild as well as cultivated, throughoutthe hotter parts of India from central to the north-easternHimalayas. The herb also grows wild in Malaysia,1Singapore, Bhutan, Myanmar and elsewhere .Ayurvedic properties:Rasa: Katu (pungent)Guna: Laghu (light), snigdha (unctuous), tikshna (sharp)Veerya: Anushnashita (slight cold)Vipaka: Madhur (sweet)Dosha: Pacifies kapha and vataFlowering plantUnripe fruitInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ResearchAvailable online at www.globalresearchonline.netPage 67
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010Dried mature fruitsISSN 0976 – 044Xcompact. The fruits are one seeded with three-layeredpericarp. Winton and winton5 described themorphological and microscopical characters of P. longumfruits. Endocarp is wavy in outline, which is a9distinguishing character. Das Gupta and Dutta whilegiving details of anatomy of the fruits, described the fruitlet of P. longum as thick-walled with heavy browncontents in the outermost layer, mesocarp with thickenedcells, endocarp and seed coat fused to form a deep zonewith hyaline content in the outer layers, and orange-redpigment.Plant of Piper longum L.STEMROOTAtal and Banga reported detail pharmacognosy ofthestempiecesofP.longum. The detailedmicroscopical study of stem of Piper longum is shown inFigure -2.10Bisht4 had described complete pharmacognosy of the5root and stem of P.longum Winton and winton haddescribed the morphological and microscopical charactersof P. longum roots. Joshi6 had studied the structure anddevelopment of the ovule and Embryo sacofP.longum. The root in a transverse section showed thickwalled parenchyma, simple or compound starch grains,lignified and striated stone cells, resinous cells in thecortex, perivascular fibres in the phloem, and radicalstrips of xylem which meet at the center. Pith was foundto be absent. The stem had a secretory cavity in thecenter. The cortex showed starch grains as well asresinous and some stone cells. The phloem was cappedby perivascular fibres and xylem arranged in V-shapedgroups7. The detailed microscopical study of root of Piperlongum is shown in Figure -1.Figure 2: Piper longum L. stemTraditional uses:Parts used: Immature spikes, roots and seedsFigure 1: Piper longum L. rootFRUIT8Mehra and Puri described the fruiting spike of P. longumas black, cylindrical, irregular, up to 2 to 5 cm long, andDried unripe fruits are used as an alternative to tonic.Decoction of immature fruits and roots is used in chronicbronchitis, cough and cold. Roots and fruits are also used11as anti-dote in snake biting and scorpion sting . An equalpart of powdered seeds of Embelia ribes, fruit of P.longum L. and borax powder has been used as anAyurvedic contraceptive12. P. longum L. has been used intraditional remedies as well as in the Ayurvedic system ofmedicine against various disorders13, 14.Ethanoveterinary use: A decoction of the roots is givenfor swellings of the joints of cattle in the north-westernHimalayan regions.International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ResearchAvailable online at www.globalresearchonline.netPage 68
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010ISSN 0976 – 044XPHYTOCHEMISTRY:OThe Chemical Constituents of Pepper:OPiperine is the major and active constituent of longpepper (Piper longum). The piperine content is 3-5% (ondry weight basis) in P. longum.HOIsolation and extraction of Piperine from Piper species:Piperine can be isolated from the oleoresin of P. nigrumor P. longum. The powdered fruits of the plant areextracted with dichloromethane at room temperaturewith stirring for 12 hours. The extract is filtered,concentrated in vacuum, and then the residue is purifiedon an alumina column. Pure piperine can also be obtainedby crystallization from ethanol, which may be required forfood and/or medicinal usages. Piperine is obtaineddirectly from the crude residue in lesser amounts byextraction in alcohol, filtration and successivecrystallization.15Properties of piperine :HOO( )-AsarinineLignansSesamin, pulvuatilol, fargesin and others have beenisolated from the fruit of P. longum 19, 20, 22, 29.EstersThe fruit of P. longum contains rateandZ-12octandecenoic –glycerol-monoester19,20,22,28.*Chemical names:a. 1- piperoyl piperidineb. (E, E) 1-[5-(1, 3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-1-oxo-2,pentadienyl] piperidineO4-*Molecular weight: 285.33*Percentage composition: C 71.55%, H 6.71%, N 4.91%and O 16.82%.PiperineThe fruits gave positive tests for the presence of volatileoil, starch, protein and alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates,9and amygdalin and negative test for tannins . Sylvatineand dieudesmin were present in the seeds of P. longum16. Fatty acids of crushed seeds were reported to bepalmitic, hexadecenoic, stearic, linoleic, oleic, highersaturated acids, arachidic, and behenic acids17.Alkaloids and amidesThe fruit of P. longum contains a large number ofalkaloids and related compounds, the most abundant ofwhich is piperine, together with methyl rine,piperundecalidine, piperlongumine, stamide,brachystamide-A, brachystine, pipercide, piperine, terahydropiperlongumine and trimethoxycinnamoyl-piperidine and piperlongumine have been18-28found in the root of P. longum.Volatile oilThe essential oil of the fruit P. longum is a complexmixture, the three major components of which are(excluding the volatile piperine) caryophyllene andpentadecane (both about 17.8%) and bisaboline (11%).Others include thujine, terpinoline, zingiberine, pcymene, p-methoxy acetophenone and dihydrocarveol19,20, 22, 28, 30-32. Long pepper contains less essential oil thanits relatives (about 1%), which consists of sesquiterpenehydrocarbons and ethers (bisabolene, β-caryophyllene, βcaryophyllene oxide, each 10 to 20%; α-zingiberene, 5%),and saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as 18%pentadecane, 7% tridecane, 6% heptadecane33.The volatile constituents and microbiological studies onKaempheria galanga, Hibiscus abelmoschus, and Piperlongum revealed presence of over 15 components whichwere further identified by GC-MS of the volatile oil ofPiper longum. The variations in the piperine content withmaturity were also monitored. The P. longum and H.34abelmoschus seed oil had only antibacterial activities . Byusing a systematic bioassay guided fractionation methodpipataline, pellitorine, sesamin, brachystamide B andguineensine active principles were isolated. A reversedphase high-performance liquid chromatography methodwas developed to quantify these active principles in theplant material 35. In the chromatogram of P. longumfruits, retrofractamides B and D, and N-isobutyl-2E, 4Eoctadecadienamide can be detected. The HPLCchromatogram of P.longum showed a homogeneousdistribution of numerous peaks, with piperine andpellitorine as the predominant compounds36. A simpleand convenient HPTLC method was developed forstandardization of the plant material using the two majorconstituents, pellitorine and dihydropiperlonguminine, asInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ResearchAvailable online at www.globalresearchonline.netPage 69
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-01037ISSN 0976 – 044Xmarkers at 260 nm . The hexane extract of dried fruits ofP. longum on fractionation afforded a new alkamide,isodihydropiperlonguminine and two phenyl propanoicacid derivatives. The structures of these compounds wereestablished based on spectroscopic evidence andsynthesis38. Thymoquinol and 6-Hydroxydopamine werealso identified in Piper longum39.typhi, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and B. megaterium and onefungus, A. niger. Compared to streptomycin all theextracts exhibited a good antibacterial activity50. Theisolated constituents and n-hexane extract were found toshow varying degree of antibacterial activity against allthe tested bacteria. However, the aqueous extract did notshow antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria51.MEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES:Effect on respiratory system:Insecticidal and acaricidal activity:Isolated piperine showed a central stimulant action infrogs, mice, rats and dogs along with increased hypnoticresponse in mice. It antagonized respiratory depressioninduced by morphine or pentobarbitone in anesthetized52dogs . A petroleum ether extract of the fruitsantagonized morphine-induced respiratory depression inmice53. A comparative study conducted with piperine andnalorphine, for effects against morphine-inducedrespiratory depression and analgesia, revealed that bothreversed morphine-induced respiratory depression but,unlike nalorphine, piperine did not antagonize morphineinduced analgesia in rats54. Petroleum ether extract of P.longum produced respiratory stimulation in smaller dosebut higher dose cause convulsion in laboratory animals.This may be due to presence of some medullary stimulantfactors in the extract55, 56. The crude extract of P. longumas well as piplartine, one of its alkaloids, suppressed thecilliary movements of the esophagus of the frog, whichmay be due to the suppression of cough reflex57.The essential oil of the fruits showed insecticidal andinsect-repellant activity 40.Toxicities of two piperidinealkaloids, pipernonaline and piperoctadecalidine, isolatedfrom P. longum were determined against five species ofarthropod pests. Both of the alkaloids showed insecticidalactivity 41.Antifungal activity:The essential oil of the fruits showed fungicidal activity ofP. longum L. The fruit-derived materials was testedtowards six phytopathogenic fungi, Pyricularia oryzae,Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cineria, Phytophthorainfestans, Puccinia recondita, and Erysiphe graminis usinga whole plant in vivo method 42-44. A piperidine alkaloid,pipernonaline, was isolated from the hexane fraction ofP.longum showed a potent fungicidal activity against P.recondita with 91% and 80% control values at theconcentration of 0.5 and 0.25 mg ml 1, respectively45.Antiamoebic activity:The anti-amoebic effects of crude methanol extract ofPiper longum fruit, Piper sarmentosum root and Quercusinfectoria nut gall against Entamoeba histolytica infectingthe caecum of mice were studied. The severity of caecalwall ulceration was reduced in mice which received theplant extract and metronidazole as compared to romethane and methanol extracts from five antidiarrheic Thai medicinal plants, Acacia catechu(Fabaceae) resin, Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae)whole plant, Brucea javanica (Simaroubaceae) seed, P.longum (Piperaceae) fruit and Quercus infectoria(Fagaceae) nut gall were tested against the in vitrogrowth of fresh isolates of the intestinal protozoanparasite Blastocystis hominis. All extracts showedinhibitory activity with reference to metronidazole47. Boththe root and fruit of P. longum possess antiamoebicactivity approximately to the same extent48. The ethanolicextract, hexane fraction, n-butanol soluble fractionexerted in vitro amoebicidal action at 1000micrograms/mL and the chloroform fraction showed thesame at 500 micrograms/mL. The ethanolic extract andpiperine, a pure compound, from this plant materialcured 90% and 40% of rats with caecal amoebiasis49, 46respectively.Antimicrobial activity:Various extracts of P. longum were prepared andevaluated against bacterial pathogens, such as S. albus, S.Antiasthmatic activity:An extract of the fruits in milk reduced passive cutaneousanaphylaxis in rats and protected guinea pigs againstantigen-induced bronchospasm55, 56.Effect on cardiovascular system:Bioassay-guided isolation of chloroform extract of thefruits of P. longum is using an in vitro DGAT inhibitoryassay, lead to isolation of a new alkamide together withfour known alkamides. Pharmacological inhibition of acylCoA: diacylglycerol acyl transferase by alkamidesemerged as a potential therapy for the treatment ofobesity and type 2 diabetes58. Guineensine, isolated fromchloroform extract inhibited ACAT activity in a dose59dependentmanner .Anamidenamelydehydropipernonaline having coronary vaso-relaxantactivity was isolated from the fruit of Piper longum 60.Methanolic extract from dried fruits, roots and nutgalls ofPiper longum, Piper sarmentosum, Quercus infectoriarespectively, were examined for their spasmolyticactivities using isolated rat or guinea pig ileum andcompared with a reference anti-diarrheal drug such asloperamide and an L-type calcium channel blocker such asverapamil. All extracts and both drugs suppressed thecontraction in rat ileum showing the same potency for P.longum and P. sarmentosum which was more than seen61for Q. infectoria .The effects of the several extracts of Piper longum onrabbit platelet function were examined. The ethanolextracts inhibited platelet aggregation induced by U46619International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ResearchAvailable online at www.globalresearchonline.netPage 70
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010in a concentration-dependent manner and by thrombinweakly. It was concluded that P. longum contains aconstituent(s) that inhibits platelet aggregation as a non62competitive thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist . Fouracidamides, piperine, pipernonaline, piperoctadecalidine,and piper longumine, isolated from the fruits of P. longumshowed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on washedrabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen,arachidonic acid (AA), and platelet-activating factor (PAF),except for that induced by thrombin. piperlongumine, inparticular, showed stronger inhibitory effects than otheracidamides to rabbit platelet aggregation induced by63collagen, AA and PAF . A pilot study was carried out onthe breast development in female wistar rats using anindigenous herbal preparation by topical applicationcontaining Piper longum that showed an increase in theappetite64.Antidiabetic activity:The antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects ofethanolic extract of Piper longum dried fruits in alloxaninduced diabetic rats were studied 65. The blood glucoselevel, carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and the statusof lipid peroxidation and antioxidants were assayed usingspecific colorimetric methods. Oral administration ofdried fruits has shown significant anti-hyperglycemic, antilipidperoxidative and antioxidant effects in diabetic ratscomparable to that of the standard reference drugglibenclamide66.Hypochoesterolaemic activity:Methyl piperine significantly inhibited the elevation oftotal serum cholesterol, and the total cholesterol to HDLcholesterol ratio, in rats fed with a high cholesterol diet67.The unsaponificable fraction of the oil of P. longum alsosignificantly decreased total serum cholesterol andhepatic cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemic mice68.Antioxidant activity:A combination of spices (Piper nigrum, Piper longum andZingiber officinale), herbs (Cyperus rotundus andPlumbago zeylanica) and salts make up Amrita Binduwere tested for anti-oxidant activity. The analysisrevealed the antioxidant potential of the ingredients inthefollowingorder:Pipernigrum Piperlongum Cyperusrotundus Plumbagozeylanca Zingiber officinale69.Analgesic activity:P. longum root for opioid type analgesia using rat tail-flickmethod and for NSAID type analgesia using acetic-acidwrithing method by using pentazocine and ibuprofen asdrug controls. An aqueous suspension of P. longum rootpowder was given orally to mice and rat. The studyaccomplished that P. longum root had weak opioid but70potent NSAID type of analgesic activity .ISSN 0976 – 044XAnti-inflammatory activity:The fruit decoction showed anti-inflammatory activityagainst carrageenin induced rat paw edema71.Immunomodulatory activity:The immunoregulatory potential of P. longum andpiperinic acid, one of its active constituent, in Balb/C mice(in vivo) and human PBMCs (in vitro) models showed adose dependent decrease of lymphocytes (CD4 andCD8 T cells) and cytokine levels in sensitized Balb/C mice72with a marked inhibition . Alcoholic extract of the fruitsof P. longum and its component piperine was studied fortheir immunomodulatory and antitumor activity.Alcoholic extract of the fruits and piperine were found tobe cytotoxic73. An aqueous extract of P. longum fruitpowder showed 100% giardicidal activity13. P. longum wasfound to offer protection against externally inducedstress. A famous Ayurvedic preparation containing longpepper in pippli rasyana was tested in mice infected withGiardia lamblia and found to produce significantactivation of macrophages, as shown by an increasedMMI and phagocytic activity74.Anti-cancer activity:Piper longum is reported to exhibit significant antitubercular activity 75, 76. The effect of piperine on theinhibition of lung metastasis induced by B16F-10melanoma cells was studied in C57BL/6 mice.Simultaneous administration of the compound withtumor induction produced a significant reduction (95.2%)in tumor nodule formation along with reduced lungcollagen hydroxyproline, uronic acid and hexosaminecontent in the piperine-treated animals. Piperine, analkaloid present in plants such as P. nigrum and P. longumshowed significant anti-metastasis activity77. Piperine haschemopreventive effects when administered orally onlung cancer bearing animals78. Piperlonguminine showedan inhibitory effect on α-MSH-induced tyrosinasesynthesis79. It was found that oral administration ofethanolic extract protected the cell surface andmaintained the structural integrity of the cell membranesduring DMBA induced hamster buccal pouch80carcinogenesis . The two active principles, ethyl 3', 4’, 5’trimethoxycinnamate and piperine were isolated andcharacterized from the combined hexane and chloroformextracts of Piper longum. The extracts significantlyblocked the adhesion of neutrophils to endothelium in atime- and concentration-dependent manner81. Piplartineand piperine alkaloidal amides were isolated from Piper.It showed cytotoxic activity towards several tumor celllines82. The study clearly demonstrated that piperine hasthe anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and restorative abilityagainst cell proliferative mutagenic response andphenotypic alterations by piperine, suggesting tions .International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ResearchAvailable online at www.globalresearchonline.netPage 71
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010Anti-depressant activity:Treatment with piperine (6.25–25 µM) for 72 h reversedthe (corticosterone) CORT-induced reduction of BDNF84mRNA expression in cultured hippocampal neurons . Abioassay-guided isolation of the ethanol extract from thefruits of P. longum yielded a known piperidine alkaloid,piperine having potent antidepressant-like propertieswhich are mediated in part through the inhibition of MAOactivity, and therefore represent a promisingpharmacotherapeutic candidate as an antidepressantagent85.Antiulcer activity:The water decoction of ginger making up one of theconstituents of Mahakasyaya drugs along with waterdecoction of P. longum and colloidal solution of Ferulaasafoetida has been reported to protect against CRS-,ASP- and PL- induced gastric ulcers in rats86. Piperine, analkaloid of long peppers, inhibited gastric emptying (GE)of solids/liquids in rats and gastrointestinal transit (GT) inmice in a dose and time dependent manner. GE inhibitoryactivity of piperine is independent of gastric acid andpepsin secretion87.Effect on Reproductive system:The benzene extract of P. longum in combination withmethanol extract of Embelia ribes berries lead toinhibition of pregnancy in 80% of animals88. The exposureto pippaliyadi does not have any adverse effect on thepostnatal development and reproductive performance ofthe F1 progeny89. Piperine showed marked increase inserum gonadotropins and a decrease in intratesticulartestosterone concentration, despite normal serumtestosterone titres90. The crude extract of Piper longumand its hexane fraction exhibited 100 and 86% efficacyrespectively in female rats91. The reproductive toxicity ofpiperine was studied in Swiss albino mice. Piperineincreased the period of the diestrous phase, whichseemed to result in decreased mating performance andfertility. The results showed that piperine interferes withseveral crucial reproductive events in a mammalian92model . An ayurvedic contraceptive — pippaliyadi vati,containing equal parts of powdered seeds or fruit berriesof Embelia ribes, fruit of P. longum and borax powder wasfed orally to two groups of pregnant rats and humans tostudy embryotoxicity and teratogenicity. The fetuses ofmothers fed with pippaliyadi had low birth weights andwere smaller in length with less weight gained duringgestation93.Bioavailability enhancement:Piperine was found to enhance the bioavailability ofstructurally and therapeutically diverse drugs, possibly bymodulating membrane dynamics due to its easypartitioning and increase in permeability of other drugssuch as vasicine, indomethacin, diclofenac sodiumetc.94,95. It was suggested that piperine might be inducingalterations in membrane dynamics and permeationcharacteristics, along with induction in the synthesis ofISSN 0976 – 044Xproteins associated with cytoskeletal function, resulting inan increase in the small intestine absorptive surface, thusassisting efficient permeation through the epithelial96, 97barrier. The study showed that piperine enhances theserum concentration, extent of absorption andbioavailability of curcumin in both rats and humans withno adverse effects98.Hepatoprotective activity:The fruit extract improved the regeneration process byrestricting fibrosis, but offered no protection againstacute damage or against cirrhotic changes in rodents99.Treatment with the ethanol extract of P. longum inhibits100liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) .Piperine exerted a significant protection against tert-butylhydroperoxide and carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity byreducing both in vitro and in vivo lipid peroxidation,enzymatic leakage of GPT and AP, and by preventing thedepletion of GSH and total thiols in the intoxicated mice.Piperine showed lower hepato-protective potency thansilymarin101.Safety profile:Since, it is widely used in cooking and traditionalmedicine, it is generally assumed to be safe in moderatedoses. However, as the fruits are reported to havecontraceptive activity in experimental models its useduring pregnancy and lactation should be avoided. In theevaluation of antifertility activity, long pepper at a dose of1gm/kg body weight was found to be an effectivecontraceptive agent without toxic or teratogeniceffects102. Acute and chronic oral toxicity studies on theethanolic extracts of common spices Cinnamomumzeylanicum bark and P.longum fruits were carried out inmice showed no significant acute or chronic mortalitycompared to the control during this study103. The radioprotective property of an ethanolic extract of P. longumfruits reduced the elevated levels of glutathione pyruvatetransaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lipidperoxidation (LPO) in liver and serum of radiation treatedmice. The extract administration also increased thereduced glutathione (GSH) production to offer the104radioprotection . Piperine might interfere withenzymatic drug biotrasformations resulting in theinhibition of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH)and UDP-glucuronyltransferase and altered thepharmacokinetic parameters of barbiturates andphenytoin103, 105,106.CONCLUSIONHere, an attempt was made to address chemistry andpharmacology of the P. longum. Therefore, the review ofplant Piper longum revealed that it has got a variety tuents, which are being utilized in the field ofAyurveda. It is a plant of high commercial and economicalimportance and its use as a bioavailability enhancer canbe explored in various formulations. The above reviewprovides information of its phytopharmacolgy, which mayInternational Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and ResearchAvailable online at www.globalresearchonline.netPage 72
Volume 5, Issue 1, November – December 2010; Article-010ISSN 0976 – 044Xbe useful for further study of Ayurvedic drugs of folkmedicinal practice of present era.17. Beel KL, Atal CK, Acharya KT, Study of Indian seedoils-VIII. Component fatty acids of some seed fats ofpiperaceae, 34, Lloydia, 1971, 256-260.REFERENCES18. Parmar VS, Jain SC, Gupta S, Polyphenols andalkaloids from Piper species.Phytochem, 49(4),1998, 1069-1071.19. Tabuneng W, Bando H, Amiya T, Studies on theconstituents of the crude drug Piper Longi Fructus.Chem and Pharma Bull, 31(10), 1983, 3562-3565.1.Kirtikar KR, and Basu BD, Indian Medicinal Plants,nd2 Edn, Lalit Mohan Basu Publications, Allahabad,1933, pp.2131-2133.2.Parmar NS, Jain SC, Bisht KS, Jain R, Taneja P, Jha A,Tyagi OD, Prasad AK, Wengel J, Olsen CE, Boll PM,Oxygen deprivation stress in a changingenviroenment, Phytochem, 1997, 46(4), 597-599.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Williamsons, Piper longum,Major herbs of Ayurveda,1st Edn, Dabur research foundation, Dabur AyurvetLimited, Elsevier health science, 2002, pp. 225-227.Bisht BS, Complete pharmacognosy of Piper longum,Planta Med, 11, 1963, 410-413.Winton AL and Wintow KB, The structure andcomposition of foods, 1939, 4, John Wiley and Sons.New York, pp.336-348.Joshi AC, Structure and development of ovule andemryo-sac of P. longum, Proc Nat Inst Sci, 10 (1),1944, 105-113.Bisht BS, Pharmacognosy of piplamul- the root &stem of Piper longum, Planta Med, 11(4), 1963,414416.Mehra and Puri, HS, Morphology of fruits of P.longum, Indian J Pharm, 32, 1970,175.Dasgupta A and Dutta PC, Medicinal species ofpiper. Pharmacognostic delimitation, Q J Crude DrugRes, 18(1), 1980, 17-20.10. Atal CK and Banga SS, Pharmacognosy of the stemof P. longum, Indian J Pharm, 24(2), 1962, 29-30.11. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC, In: Glossary ofIndian medicinal plants, 1st Edn, National institute ofscience and communication, New Delhi, 1956,pp.111-115.12.13.Chaudhary MR, Chandrasekaran R, Mishra S,Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity studies of anayurvedic contraceptive — pippaliyadi vati , JEthnopharmacol, 74 (2), 2001, 189-193.Tripathi DM, Gupta N, Laxmi V, Saxena KC , AggarwalAK, Antigiardial and immunostimulatory effect ofPiper longum on giardiasis due to Giardia lamblia,Phytother Res , 13 (7), 1999,561-563.14. Aggarwal AK, Tripathi DM, Sahai R, Gupta N, SaxenaRP, Singh M, Mishra RN, Dubey CB, Saxena KC,Management of Giardiasis by a herbal drug ‘PippaliRasayana': a clinical study, J Ethnopharmacol, 56 (3),1997, 233-236.15. Majeed and Prakash L,The Chemical Constituents ofP
The Chemical Constituents of Pepper: Piperine is the major and active constituent of long pepper (Piper longum). The piperine content is 3-5% (on dry weight basis) in P. longum. Isolation and extraction of Piperine from Piper species: Piperine can be isolated from the oleoresin of P. nigrum or P. longum.
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A1.1.1 Define terms associated with pharmacology. A1.1.2 Describe the history of pharmacology. A1.1.3 Identify sources of drugs and drug information. A1.1.4 Define legal and ethical issues in pharmacology. A1.1.5 Explain the Controlled Substance
