Budapest/New York 2008, S. 15-24 Walking Backwards Into .
Originalveröffentlichung in: T. Miller (Hrsg.), Given World and Time. Temporalities in Context,Budapest/New York 2008, S. 15-24Walking Backwards into the FutureThe Conception of Time in the Ancient Near EastStefan M.MaulI f w e regard the A k k a d i a n (i.e., A s s y r i a n - B a b y l o n i a n ) 1 t e r m s thatd e s i g n a t e " p a s t " a n d " f u t u r e " as m o r e than s i m p l e e q u i v a l e n t s to thec o r r e s p o n d i n g E n g l i s h terms, w e m a k e an a s t o u n d i n g d i s c o v e r y . A ne x a m i n a t i o n o f t e m p o r a l terms s u c h as " e a r l i e r " ( A k k a d i a n :pan;pananu(m);panatu;pani;panitu(m),d i a n panum,panulmj)panu)pana,or " f o r m e r t i m e s , p a s t " ( A k k a d i a n :s h o w s that these are all related to the A k k a or " f r o n t , " plural panu,or " f a c e . " T h e S u m e r i a n 2 e q u i v alents to the A k k a d i a n term s for the past are f o r m e d w i t h the w o r digi, w h i c h m e a n s " e y e , " " f a c e " and a l s o " f r o n t . " In the A k k a d i a n a n dS u m e r i a n t e r m s f o r the past, the u n d e r l y i n g w o r d " f r o n t " is u s e d i nthe sense o f " s o m e t h i n g that lies b e f o r e / f a c e s the o b s e r v e r . " It is asim ilar case w i t h term s that denote the future. T h e A k k a d i a n(w)arkanu{m),(w)arkii n the sense o f "later, a f t e r w a r d , "in the sense o f " f u t u r e ( a d j . ) , " and (w)arkitu(m)(w)arka,(w)arku(m)in the sense o f " s o m e thing later, later d a y s , f u t u r e " are all related to the w o r d(w)arkatu(m),m eaning "reverse (side), behind." T h e equivalent Sum erian term s(eger; murgu;bar) also o r i g i n a l l y m e a n " b e h i n d " and "reverse ( s i d e ) . "A l t h o u g h here w e c a n n o t enter u p o n a closer e x a m i n a t i o n o f M e s o p o t a m i a n t e r m i n o l o g y w h i c h is s o i m p o r t a n t f o r the u n d e r s t a n d i n go f the culture o f the A n c i e n t N e a r East, it is n e v e r t h e l e s s clear thatf o r a B a b y l o n i a n the p a s t l a y b e f o r e h i m — i t w a s s o m e t h i n g h e" f a c e d " ; w h e r e a s that w h i c h w a s c o m i n g , the future (warkitum),wassmo e t h i n g he regarded as b e h i n d h i m , as at h i s " b a c k . " In the m e n t a lw o r l d o f o u r o w n m o d e r n society the e x a c t o p p o s i t e is, o f c o u r s e , thecase. W h e n w e l o o k " i n t o the f u t u r e , " w e f i r m l y b e l i e v e that our g a z eis f i x e d straight ahead. N o t h i n g can shake our c o n v i c t i o n that the pastis at our b a c k , that it lies b e h i n d us. W h i l e w e a d v a n c e a l o n g a t i m e l i n e that h a s us " f a c i n g the f u t u r e , " the M e s o p o t a m i a n sadvanceda l o n g the s a m e t i m e - l i n e but w i t h their e y e s f i x e d o n the past. T h e ym o v e d , as it w e r e , b a c k - t o - f r o n t — b a c k i n g into the future. W i t h o u t
16Stefan M.Maulbelaboring t he image, it would indeed suggest t hat Mesopot amiancult ure was focused on the past, and, ultimately, t he starting point ofall existence.The concern of Mesopot amian cult ure with the past was, shall wesay, omnipresent. In the remains of Assyrian and Babylonian cult urein t he first millennium A.D., one can easily recognize t he ext remenormat ive power of t radit ion, which permeat ed every aspect of life.Languages of the Ancient Near EastThe numerous inscript ions of t he Mesopot amian rulers of t he firstmillennium B.C.—which were left behind for post erit y in t he foun dations of tem ples and palaces or m ade visible on reliefs and ste lae—were com posed in an artificial language that stood aloof fromthe dem otic and took its cues from an ancient form of Akkadian.This language was regarded as a classic language and was spoken atthe beginning of the second millennium B.C. and even then was fullof archaism s. Other texts as well (religious and scholarly, epic andm ythological) used this elevated form of language, which we m aycall "Standard Babylonian." With its archaic sound it conjured upnot only the venerable reign of Ham m urabi, the ruler who united allof Mesopotam ia and parts of Syria into a powerful em pire in theeighteenth century B.C., but this Standard Babylonian also evokedthat linguistic form of Akkadian which in the early second m illenni um B.C. was the first Sem itic language to be widely written down(which was then passed down to the end of cuneiform culture). Twothousand years after it had ceased to exist as a spoken language,Sum erian, the oldest known language of Mesopotam ia, was stillregarded as a sacred tongue used to address the gods. Sum eriansongs, hymns and prayers that had their origin in the third m illenni um B.C. were always being copied down and accompanied by Akka dian translations. Together with later re-creations from the first andsecond m illennia B.C., these songs, hym ns and prayers still playedan important role in the Babylonian cult of gods in the final centuriesof the first millennium B.C.Moreover, and very sim ilar to Latin in our own culture, Sumeriansurvived as a scholarly language. Just as the Renaissance hum anistslatinized their nam es, Babylonian and Assyrian scholars translatedtheir Semitic names into Sumerian. Along with countless lexical lists
Walking Backwardsinto theFuture17and grammatical paradigms, these scholars transmitted myths, pro verbs, wise sayings, fables, omens, incantations and texts of exorcismin th is ancient language. It was above all in th ose large cities wh ichh ad been th e centers of th e early Sumerian culture th at Assyrian andBabylonian kings of th e first millennium B.C., following th e old tra ditions, h ad th eir building and dedicatory inscriptions composed inSumerian.WritingTh e royal inscriptions of th e first millennium B.C. were not infre quently written down using very antiquated cuneiform signforms,wh ich h ad gone out of quotidian use fifteen h undred years beforeand wh ich could certainly not be deciph ered by th e less educated.Th e use of ancient ch aracters, however, was not a phenomenon lim ited to the first millennium B.C. Hammurabi of Babylon (eigh teenthcentury B.C.), wh ose era would later come to be ch aracterized as"classic," h ad th e text of h is famous Susa law-stele inscribed in awriting gesture representative of a cuneiform wh ose developmentalstage in a paleographic sense was th en six h undred years old. In thesixth century B.C., on th e magnificent edifices h e constructed inBabylon, Nebuch adnezzar II followed Hammurabi's example byemploying th ose cuneiform signforms wh ich were typical for inscrip tions composed in th e Old-Akkadian period, twenty-fourth centuryB.C. Th e inscriptions of th e late Babylonian kings not only wereoften copies of th e old language of th e Hammurabi era, but also reg ularly used the obsolete orthographic conventions.Th e learned scribes of th e first and second millennia B.C. com piled paleograph ic lists of ch aracters—like modern Assyriologists.Th ey studied old texts and fash ioned clay-tablet facsimiles based onth em, th at were such faith ful replicas th at even Assyriologists aresometimes fooled as to their actual age. Thus th e learned Neo-Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (669-627 B.C.) could boast that he was ableto decipher inscriptions "from before the Flood."Material RemainsBut th e interest of Mesopotamia in a past regarded as "classic" wasmanifest not only in th e implementation of an ancient language andscript. It can also be sh own th at in th e material culture of Mesopo-
18Stefan M.Mault amia t here were const ant borrowings from periods t hat reached farback in t ime. One impressive example should suffice. As a modernscholar, one is ast ounded at how frequent ly one encount ers in t heroyal inscript ions of Neo-Babylonian kings (sixt h cent ury B.C.)account s of massive archeological excavat ions, undert aken at t hebehest of t he ruler, in t he millennia-old t emple grounds so as t o un cover the remnants of a ncient a nd sometimes long-forgotten cultura lvenues.3 In their sea rch for old building founda tions, the Ba byloni a ns—simila r to modern-da y a rcheologists—ha ppened upon inscrip tions, clay ta blets a nd other artifacts. Specially commissioned schol a rs studied the old a nd ha rd-to-decipher texts, which were ca refullypreserved, copied a nd exhibited. One of the la bels for just such a nexhibit has survived to this day:Here a re copies of the writing found on bricks discovered inthe ruins of Ur, the work of Ama r-Su'en, King of Ur, uncov ered by the governor of Ur in sea rching for the ground pla n[of the temple]. I copied them so as to amaze onlookers.The hea d of a sta tue of the Old-Akka dia n King Sa rgon of Akka de(ca . 2350 B.C.)—whose legenda ry conquests were still renowned inthe Neo-Babylonian period—, damaged in an excavation, wa s restoredand placed on display by King Na bonidus (556-539 B.C.).4 He there by situa ted himself a s a direct recipient of his predecessor's glory,who, a s Nabonidus believed, ha d reigned 2300 yea rs before him. Inan inscription, Nabonidus declares:The founda tion stones of the Temple E'ulma sh in the city ofAkka de from the period of Sa rgon, the King of Ba bylon, mypredecessor, who reigned 2300 yea rs before me, went unseenby a nyone until the reign of Na bonidus. Kuriga lzu, a Ba bylo nia n king5 who preceded me, had sought them, but did not findthe foundation stones of E'ulma sh. Nebucha dnezza r,6 my roya lpredecessor, dispa tched work briga des in la rge numbers tosea rch out those founda tion stones of E'ulma sh, he took grea tpa ins, dug deep, repea ted his efforts, but the foundation stonesof E'ulma sh he did not find. I, on the other ha nd, Na bonidus,the King of Ba bylon, during my la wful reign, fearing Ishta r ofAkka de, beheld a face in a dream. Sha ma sh a nd Adad a ssuredme that I would find the foundation stones of E'ulma sh, a favor able sign for the sta bility of my kingdom. My men I sent inla rge numbers to sea rch for those founda tion stones. For three
WalkingBackwardsinto theFuture19years I dug t hrough shaft s sunk by Nebuchadnezzar, t he Kingof Babylon. Right and left , forward and back I sought butfound not hing. Thus did t hey t hen speak t o me: "For t he foun dation stones we have searched, but we have not found them."It was only in a later attempt, after the temple foundations of a com paratively recent building phase f rom the f ourteenth century B.C.had been uncovered, that remnants of Sargon's edif ice (constructedabout 2350 B.C.) were found and Nabonidus could lay the new f oun dation stones atop the older ones with "not a f inger's breadth ofdeviation."The goal of such excavations was to identif y the oldest f ounda tion of a temple. The remnants of more recent overlays were cartedaway until it was believed that one had found the earliest form of thegod's house, based on its foundations. But the interest of Babylonian(and Assyrian) kings in the temple architecture of their "antiquity"was not primarily of an antiquarian nature. Rather, the building planswere required to nullify the changes that had accreted over time andrestore the temple to its unadulterated form and to deviate "not a fin ger's breadth"7 f rom the original plans. Characteristically the Akka dian (and also the Sumerian) expression8 f ound in the dictionariesf or "restore" is literally "to lead something back to its planned/prede termined place." Clearly at work here is the Mesopotamian notion ofeach thing in the world being allocated its own f ixed, unshakeableand eternal place. This divinely willed but historically altered placewas to be restored with the reconstruction of the old temple. Mythsthat have grown up around Babylonian temples recount how thesewere not built by human hands but were erected by the gods them selves as part of the work of creation at the beginning of time.9Restoration of the temple according to the undistorted divine planwas intended by the Babylonian kings to transport both the state andits subjects back to their original, pristine, hallowed beginnings.Hence, the search of Babylonians and Assyrians f or "antiquity"emerges as a striving af ter the unsullied original order of a "distantyore," to which the gods themselves had imparted f orm through theact of its creation. Mesopotamian culture was ever f ocused on theorigin of all things.A look at the mythical texts of Mesopotamia shows very clearlythat all the cultural achievements—in architecture, writing, gold-
20Stefan M.Mauls m i t h e r y , carpentry and so f o r t h — w e r e v i e w e d as r e v e l a t i o n s o f E a ,the g o d o f w i s d o m , w h o h a d b e s t o w e d t h e m u p o n h u m a n i t y at theb e g i n n i n g o f time. E v e n B e r o s s o s , a M a r d u k priest o f the third c e n tury B . C . , w h o s e G r e e k - l a n g u a g e w o r k Babyloniaka10acquaintedthe H e l l e n i s t i c w o r l d w i t h the history and culture o f ancient M e s o p o t a m i a , t h o u g h t the f o l l o w i n g m y t h essential to a n y u n d e r s t a n d i n go f B a b y l o n i a n culture. A c c o r d i n g to B e r o s s u s , in the first y e a r o f thew o r l d immediatelysubsequent to the creation o f h e a v e n , earth andh u m a n s , a f i s h - s h a p e d creature called O a n n e s 1 1 rose f r o m the PersianG u l f and taughthumans writing and the manifold techniques of the arts, thebuilding of cities and the construction of temples. whateveravailed the domesticity of life in the world, it [ i.e., the "animal"Oannes] passed down to humankind; and since that time no onehas invented anything more. 12A l t h o u g h i n their i n s c r i p t i o n s the B a b y l o n i a n a n d A s s y r i a n k i n g sp r o u d l y i n v o k e d the n a m e s o f their predecessors w h o h a d ruled theland t h o u s a n d s o f years before, they a l s o s o u g h t to c l o s e the g a p int i m e that existed b e t w e e n t h e m s e l v e s and the b e g i n n i n g o f all things.E l e g a n t t e s t i m o n y to this d e s i d e r a t u m w a s the a n n u a l N e w Y e a r ' scelebration. In this important state ritual the k i n g presented h i m s e l fh a n d in h a n d w i t h the W o r l d - G o d (i.e., w i t h the i m a g e o f this g o dw h i c h w a s u s u a l l y w o r s h i p e d in the t e m p l e ) so as to recreate in a rit u a l p e r f o r m a n c e the p r i m o r d i a l struggle o f this g o d w i t h the p o w e r so f c h a o s , the e v e n t u a l triumph o v e r this adversary b y the f o r c e s o forder, a n d the e n s u i n g creation o f the w o r l d . M e s o p o t a m i a n rulersl e g i t i m i z e d t h e m s e l v e s not o n l y b y t r a c i n g their d e s c e n t f r o m an" e t e r n a l s e e d , " 1 3 f r o m a " p r e c i o u s s e e d f r o m the t i m e b e f o r e theF l o o d , " 1 4 a n d f r o m " f a m i l i e s f r o m the b e g i n n i n g o f t i m e , " 1 5 b u t ,a c c o r d i n g to a w e l l - k n o w n m y t h f r o m the N e o - B a b y l o n i a n p e r i o d ,the g o d s created " t h e K i n g " i m m e d i a t e l y after creating h u m a n k i n d inorder that he m i g h t " l e a d [ them] r i g h t e o u s l y . " 1 6 T h e g o d - w i l l e d tasko f a k i n g c o n s i s t e d i n preserving, d e f e n d i n g and r e n e w i n g the w o r l das h a dbeenorderedinthe act o fcreation.ThusreformsinM e s o p o t a m i a w e r e f u n d a m e n t a l l y s e e n as the r e s t o r a t i o n o f thisorder, w h i c h h a d f l a g g e d o v e r time. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t s w i t n e s s e d b yM e s o p o t a m i a n s o c i e t y in the c o u r s e o f c e n t u r i e s a n d m i l l e n n i a —d e v e l o p m e n t s that w e r e o f e n o r m o u s i m p o r t a n c e f o r h u m a n history
Walking Backwardsinto theFuture21—were virtually never described as "progress" but mostly as restora tion. The ideal society and state for the Mesopotamians—their Utopia,as it were—always had its settled place in a long-ago age and neverin the future. It is therefore hardly surprising that in the first millen nia B.C. Assyrian kings, through sub tle allusions, portrayed theircampaigns against the enemies of the empire as the ever recurringprimeval b attle of the World-God against the forces of chaos, endingwith the triumph of world order in the work of creation.It was not only this mythical period which provided the Babyloni ans and Assyrians with a paradigm for ordering history. In the cultur al memory of Mesopotamia those kings of "distant yore" who hadachieved military conquest and expanded their power sphere farb eyond the Fertile Crescent were seen as outstanding figures andeven "Savior Kings" whose works were the expression of an idealmonarchy it b ehooved one to emulate. Among these was Sargon ofAkkade, who was the first to unite the Mesopotamian city-states intoan empire (c. 2350 B.C.). Also personifying the kingly ideal wasHammurab i, who in the eighteenth century B.C. once more united aMesopotamia that had lapsed into a farrago of petty states. It waschiefly in the first millennium B.C. that the methods were passeddown b y which these kings succeeded in maintaining harmoniousrelations with the world order as established by the gods in the act ofcreation—thus fostering the kings' memorable successes, along withan extensive epic literature on the "Savior Kings" and the originalinscriptions of these rulers (which were always b eing scrupulouslycollected). In medical texts, for example, a certain medicine is extolled ashaving helped Hammurab i.17 To preserve the health of their monarch,royal scholars of the first millennium B.C. compiled lists of suchthings as what amulet Sargon of Akkade wore into b attle, or whatstones were contained in the amulet chain fastened to Hammurab i'sb ed.18 Also conscientiously collated were omens which portendedthe victories or successes of these kings. Posterity was not concernedwith the personality of a "Savior King" b ut rather with his relation ship to the gods, which was revealed in his successes, his proper per formance of the rituals and in those cosmic phenomena interpretedas favorable signs. Royal successors of the "Savior Kings" wished topartake of the divine grace b estowed upon their historical modelsand thus sought to emulate them. For Mesopotamian society the pastalready contained (pre-formed) all possib ilities for the future, and
22Stefan M.Maulhence its preoccupation with bygone mythical or historical epochswas simultaneously a preoccupation with the future. No text illus trate s this be tte r than a fictitious autobiographical account of thede e ds of Sargon of Akkade . 19 This docume nt probably originate d inthe late e ighth ce ntury B.C. at the court of the Assyrian King SargonII, who, upon asce nding the throne , like ly chose his name so as toinve st his re ign with the glorious aura of the gre at Old-Akkadianking:. .1 exercised kingship for [5]4 years.I mastered and re[igned over] the black-headed people.20(Through) the rockie st mountains [I] he [we d (a path)] withbronze pickaxes.I repeatedly climbed the highest mountains [(.)].I repeatedly crossed all the low mountain ranges.The lands of the sea I circled three times.[I] sfubjugated] Dilmun.21I [climbe d] the great wall of Heaven and Earth.21I did remove [its sto]nes [ ].Irrespective of which king comes after me,[May he exercise kingship for 54 years].May he masfter and reign over] the black-headed people.(Through) the rockie st mountains may he [he w] (a path) withbronze pickaxes.May he repeatedly climb the highest mountains.[May he repeatedly cross all the low mountain ranges].May he circle three times the lands of the sea.[May he subjugate Dilmun].May he climb the great wall of Heaven and Earth.[May he remove its stones ].
Walking Backwardsinto theFuture23Notes1A k k a d i a n is the o l d e s t k n o w n S e m i t i c l a n g u a g e , c o m i n g d o w n to u s in thef o r m o f c u n e i f o r m d o c u m e n t s f r o m the p e r i o d ca. 2 8 0 0 B . C . t o the firstc e n t u r y A . D . A k k a d i a n has t w o dialects: B a b y l o n i a n a n d A s s y r i a n .2S u m e r i a n is an a g g l u t i n a t e t o n g u e unrelated to a n y other k n o w n l a n g u a g ef a m i l y . S u m e r i a n itself is k n o w n to us t h r o u g h c u n e i f o r mdocumentsr a n g i n g f r o m the late fourth m i l l e n n i u m B . C . to the first c e n t u r y A . D .A s a s p o k e n l a n g u a g e it d i e d out in the early s e c o n d m i l l e n n i u m B . C .3See G . G o o s e n s , " L e s recherches historiques a l ' e p o q u ee n n e , " Revued'assyriologieet d' archeologie4 9 - 5 9 ; a n d P a u l - A l a i n B e a u l i e u , TheBab ylon,4556-539B.C.neo-babyloni-orientateReign42of Nab onidus,(1948):KingS e e W . G . L a m b e r t , " A N e w S o u r c e f o r the R e i g n o f N a b o n i d u s , " infur Orientforschungof( N e w H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y Press 1989).Archivvol. 22 (1968-69): 1-8.5K u r i g a l z u r e i g n e d in the fourteenth century B . C .6N e b u c h a d n e z z a r reigned f r o m 6 0 4 - 5 6 2 B . C .7W . G . L a m b e r t , " A N e w S o u r c e , " p. 5, line 2 4 ; and a l s o see W . v o n S o d e n ,8ki - bi - s h e g i 4 ( S u m e r i a n ) ana ashrishu9S e e , f o r e x a m p l e , J . J . A . v a n D i j k , " I n a n n a raubt d e n ' g r o s s e n H i m m e l ' :AkkadischesHandwdrterb uchE i n M y t h o s , " in Festschriftam 24.Mai1994:tikip1399a.fur RyklesantakkiturruBorger(Akkadian).zu seinemmala b ashmu65.bGe urtstaged. Stefan M .Maul,( C u n e i f o r m M o n o g r a p h s 10: G r o n i n g e n 1998): 9 - 3 8 .10S e e P a u l S c h n a b e l , Berossos(Leipzig: B . G . Teubner,und die b ab ylonisch-hellenistische1923) (reprint: H i l d e s h e i mt r a n s l a t i o n o f S t a n l e y M a y e r B u r s t e i n , The Bab yloniacaSourcesfromthe AncientNearEastLiteratur1 9 6 8 ) ; a n d theofBerossus:1/5 ( M a l i b u : U n d e n a P u b l i c a t i o n s ,1978) 1 4 3 - 8 1 ( 1-39).11F o r O a n n e s in the c u n e i f o r m literature, see W . W . H a l l o , JournalAmericanOrientalnal of CuneiformNear EasternlonianSocietyStud iesStud iesTopographical13S e e A . L . O p p e n h e i m et al., The Assyriantionsundd ie babylonisch-hellenistischeDictionaryLiteraturof Assyrianof Mesopotamia,of Babylonia:DominationBabylonianFromthe Second(1157-612Period s,B.C.)—TheDynasty5ofof IsinRoyaltoInscrip vol. 2 (Toronto: Universityo f T o r o n t o Press, 1 9 9 5 ) 2 5 , N e b u c h a d n e z z a r I B . 2 . 4 . 8 , l i n e 8: zerusha lam253.of the Universityv o l . Z , 9 5 f . s.v. zeru 4b.S e e G r a n t F r a m e , Rulersthe EndofBaby Texts ( L e u v e n : Peeters, 1992), 2 6 9 .S e e S c h n a b e l , Berossos14theJour v o l . 16 ( 1 9 7 2 ) : 7 4 ; and R . B o r g e r , Journal33 ( 1 9 7 4 ) : 1 8 3 - 9 6 ; as w e l l as A . R . G e o r g e ,12Chicago,of83 ( 1 9 6 3 ) : 176, f n . 7 9 ; W . G . L a m b e r t ,na§ruabubi.T h e A s s y r i a n K i n g A s a r h a d d o n ( 6 8 0 - 6 6 9 B . C . ) d e s i g n a t e d h i m s e l f and theA s s y r i a n r o y a l d y n a s t y as zer sharrutikisittisd ti( " S e e d o f the K i n g -
24Stefan M. Mauldom, Eternal Family Tree")- S ee Riekele Borger, Die In schriften Asarhaddon s, Konigs von Assyrien, Archiv fur Orien tforschun g, supplement9 (Graz 1956): 32, Brs. A, line 17 (here translated as "koniglicher S ame,Uradliger").16See W. R. Mayer, "Ein Mythos von der Erschaffung des Menschen und desKonigs," Orientalia Nova Series 56 (1987): 55-68.17See, for example, E. von Weiher, Spatbabylonische Texte aus Uruk, part II(Berlin 1983), 194ff., Text No. 50.18See, for example, E. von Weiher, Uruk: Spatbabylon ische Texte aus demPlanquadrat U18, part IV (Berlin 1993) 28ff., Text No. 129.19See Joan Goodnick Westenholz, Legends of the Kings of Akkade (WinonaLake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 38-49.20"Black-headed people" is an appellation for the people of Mesopotamia.21Dilmun was the name of the island known today as Bahrain.22This reading is uncertain. S ee the commentary of Westenholz, Legen ds ofthe Kings of Akkade 42f.
Sumerian, the oldest known language of Mesopotamia, was still regarded as a sacred tongue used to address the gods. Sumerian songs, hymns and prayers that had their origin in the third millenni um B.C. were always being copied down and accompanied by Akka dian translat
DAY 1: ARRIVE BUDAPEST. Upon arrival in Budapest, meet our representative and transfer to hotel. The rest of the day is free. Overnight in Budapest (B) DAY 2: BUDAPEST CITY TOUR Breakfast at hotel. Budapest is one of Eastern Europe's most lively cities. On your morning tour, your guide will introduce you to the history and sights of the city.
JOUR 7 : BUDAPEST Journée libre pour découverte de Budapest à sa guise. JOUR 8 : BUDAPEST / FRANCE Transfert à l'aéroport. Retour pour la France. Hébergement Liste de vos hébergements (ou similaires) : PRAGUE - ELYSEE**** VIENNE - STRUDLHOF*** BRATISLAVA - ART HOTEL WILLIAM**** BUDAPEST - IBIS STYLE BUDAPEST CITY*** Le prix comprend
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N Earth Science Reference Tables — 2001 Edition 3 Generalized Bedrock Geology of New York State modified from GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 1989 N i a g a r R i v e r GEOLOGICAL PERIODS AND ERAS IN NEW YORK CRETACEOUS, TERTIARY, PLEISTOCENE (Epoch) weakly consolidated to unconsolidated gravels, sands, and clays File Size: 960KBPage Count: 15Explore furtherEarth Science Reference Tables (ESRT) New York State .www.nysmigrant.orgNew York State Science Reference Tables (Refrence Tables)newyorkscienceteacher.comEarth Science - New York Regents January 2006 Exam .www.syvum.comEarth Science - New York Regents January 2006 Exam .www.syvum.comEarth Science Textbook Chapter PDFs - Boiling Springs High .smsdhs.ss13.sharpschool.comRecommended to you b
Garden Lofts Hoboken,New York Soho Mews 311 West Broadway, New York 8 Union Square South, New York 129 Lafayette St., New York The Orion Building 350 West 42nd St., New York Altair 20 15 West 20th St., New York Altair 18 32 West 18th St., New York The Barbizon 63rd St. & Lexington Ave., New York T
Budapest One Phase 2 South Buda 14,140 Pre-lease Budapest One South Buda 8,000 Pre-lease Budapest One South Buda 4,730 New Váci Greens E Váci Corridor 7,450 Pre-lease Park Átrium Central Pest 6,300 Renewal Avg. rent: 14.50 EUR/sq m Prime rent: 25.00 EUR/sqm
1465 Budapest, Pf. 1676 telefon: 411-0509 fax: 266-0150 www.levego.hu Budapest, 2013. április 4. Dr. Fazekas Sándor vidékfejlesztési miniszter
Budapest Bank Gold Cards — Automatically 7,800 5,200 11,900 Budapest Bank consumer credit cards (except for Gold Cards) — 3,900 9,900 5,900 15,900 Busin ess cards Embossed business debit and credit cards Automatically 3,900 — 5,900 —
