UFGS 03 30 00 Cast-In-Place Concrete - WBDG
************************USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASAUFGS-03 30 00 (February 2019)Change 1 - 02/21---------------------------------Preparing Activity: NAVFACSupersedingUFGS-03 30 00 (May 2014)UFGS-03 11 13.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 11 19.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 15 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 20 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 30 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 31 01.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 35 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 39 00.00 10 (May 2014)UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONReferences are in agreement with UMRL dated January ****************************SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTSDIVISION 03 - CONCRETESECTION 03 30 00CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE02/19, CHG 1: 02/21PART 4MODIFICATION OF REFERENCES1.5DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING1.5.1Reinforcement1.5.1.1Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel1.6QUALITY ASSURANCE1.6.1Design Data1.6.1.1Formwork Calculations1.6.1.2Concrete Mix Design1.6.2Shop Drawings1.6.2.1Formwork1.6.2.2Reinforcing Steel1.6.3Control Submittals1.6.3.1Concrete Curing Plan1.6.3.2Pumping Concrete1.6.3.3Silica Fume Manufacturer's Representative1.6.3.4Finishing Plan1.6.3.5VOC Content for form release agents, curing compounds, andconcrete penetrating sealers1.6.3.6Safety Data Sheets1.6.4Test Reports1.6.4.1Fly Ash and Pozzolan1.6.4.2Slag CementSECTION 03 30 00Page 1
1.6.4.3Aggregates1.6.4.4Fiber-Reinforced Concrete1.6.5Field Samples1.6.5.1Slab Finish Sample1.6.5.2Surface Finish Samples1.6.6Quality Control Plan1.6.7Quality Control Personnel Certifications1.6.7.1Quality Manager Qualifications1.6.7.2Field Testing Technician and Testing Agency1.6.8Laboratory Qualifications for Concrete Qualification Testing1.6.9Laboratory Accreditation1.7ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS1.7.1Submittals for Environmental Performance1.8SUSTAINABLE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS1.8.1Local/Regional Materials1.8.2Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) Certification1.9QUALIFICATIONS FOR WELDING WORKPART 2PRODUCTS2.1FORMWORK MATERIALS2.1.1Wood Forms2.1.1.1Concrete Form Plywood (Standard Rough)2.1.1.2Overlaid Concrete Form Plywood (Standard Smooth)2.1.2Plastic Forms2.1.3Carton Forms2.1.4Steel Forms2.2FORMWORK ACCESSORIES2.2.1Form Ties2.2.2Waterstops2.2.2.1PVC Waterstop2.2.2.2Rubber Waterstop2.2.2.3Thermoplastic Elastomeric Rubber Waterstop2.2.2.4Hydrophilic Waterstop2.2.3Biodegradable Form Release Agent2.2.4Chamfer Materials2.2.5Construction and movement joints2.2.6Perimeter Insulation2.2.7Other Embedded items2.3CONCRETE MATERIALS2.3.1Cementitious Materials2.3.1.1Portland Cement2.3.1.2Blended Cements2.3.1.3Fly Ash2.3.1.4Slag cement2.3.1.5Silica Fume2.3.1.6Other Supplementary Cementitious ght Aggregate2.3.3.2Lightweight Aggregate2.3.3.3Recycled Aggregate Materials2.3.4Admixtures2.4MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS2.4.1Concrete Curing Materials2.4.2Nonshrink Grout2.4.3Floor Finish Materials2.4.3.1Liquid Chemical Floor Hardeners and Sealers2.4.3.2Abrasive Aggregate for Nonslip Aggregate FinishSECTION 03 30 00Page 2
2.4.3.3Dry Materials for Colored Wear-Resistant Finish2.4.3.4Aggregate for Heavy-Duty Wear-Resistant Finish2.4.3.5Aggregate for Heavy-Duty Floor Topping2.4.4Expansion/Contraction Joint Filler2.4.5Joint Sealants2.4.5.1Horizontal Surfaces, 3 Percent Slope, Maximum2.4.5.2Vertical Surfaces Greater Than 3 Percent Slope2.4.5.3Preformed Polychloroprene Elastomeric Type2.4.5.4Lubricant for Preformed Compression Seals2.4.6Vapor Retarder [and Vapor Barrier]2.4.7Dovetail Anchor Slot2.5CONCRETE MIX DESIGN2.5.1Properties and Requirements2.5.2Durability2.5.2.1Alkali-Aggregate Reaction2.5.2.2Freezing and Thawing Resistance2.5.2.3Corrosion and Chloride Content2.5.2.4Sulfate Resistance2.5.2.5Concrete Temperature2.5.2.6Concrete permeability2.5.3Contractor's Option for Material Only2.5.4Trial Mixtures2.5.5Ready-Mix Concrete2.6REINFORCEMENT2.6.1Reinforcing Bars2.6.1.1Galvanized Reinforcing Bars2.6.1.2Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Bars2.6.1.3Dual-coated Reinforcing Bars2.6.1.4Stainless Steel Reinforcing Bars2.6.1.5Headed Reinforcing Bars2.6.1.6Bar Mats2.6.1.7Headed Shear Stud Reinforcement2.6.2Mechanical Reinforcing Bar Connectors2.6.3Wire2.6.4Welded wire reinforcement2.6.5Reinforcing Bar Supports2.6.6Reinforcing Fibers2.6.6.1Synthetic Fibers2.6.6.2Steel Fibers2.6.7Dowels for Load Transfer in Floors2.6.8WeldingPART 3.2.2Subgrade Under Foundations and Footings3.2.3Subgrade Under Slabs on Ground3.2.4Edge Forms and Screed Strips for Slabs3.2.5Reinforcement and Other Embedded .3.4Forms for Standard Rough Form Finish3.3.5Forms for Standard Smooth Form Finish3.3.6Form Ties3.3.7Forms for Concrete Pan Joist ConstructionSECTION 03 30 00Page 3
3.3.8Tolerances for Form Construction3.3.9Removal of Forms and Supports3.3.10Strength of Concrete Required for Removal of Formwork3.4WATERSTOP INSTALLATION AND SPLICES3.4.1PVC Waterstop3.4.2Rubber Waterstop3.4.3Thermoplastic Elastomeric Rubber Waterstop3.4.4Hydrophilic Waterstop3.5PLACING REINFORCEMENT AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS3.5.1General3.5.2Vapor Retarder [and Vapor Barrier]3.5.3Perimeter Insulation3.5.4Reinforcement Supports3.5.5Epoxy Coated Reinforcing3.5.5.1Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel Placement and Coating Repair3.5.6Splicing3.5.7Future Bonding3.5.8Setting Miscellaneous Material3.5.9Fabrication3.5.10Placing Reinforcement3.5.11Spacing of Reinforcing Bars3.5.12Concrete Protection for Reinforcement3.5.13Welding3.6BATCHING, MEASURING, MIXING, AND TRANSPORTING 3.7PLACING CONCRETE3.7.1Footing Placement3.7.2Pumping3.7.2.1Pumping Lightweight Concrete3.7.3Cold Weather3.7.4Hot Weather3.7.5Bonding3.8WASTE MANAGEMENT3.8.1Mixing Equipment3.8.2Hardened, Cured Waste Concrete3.8.3Reinforcing Steel3.8.4Other Waste3.9SURFACE FINISHES EXCEPT FLOOR, SLAB, AND PAVEMENT FINISHES3.9.1Defects3.9.2Not Against Forms (Top of Walls)3.9.3Formed Surfaces3.9.3.1Tolerances3.9.3.2As-Cast Rough Form3.9.3.3Standard Smooth Finish3.9.4[Smooth-Rubbed][Grout-Cleaned Rubbed][Cork-Floated][ExposedAggregate] Finish3.10FLOOR, SLAB, AND PAVEMENT FINISHES AND MISCELLANEOUS loated3.10.1.3Concrete Containing Silica Fume3.10.1.4Steel Troweled3.10.1.5Nonslip ete Toppings Placement3.10.1.9Chemical-Hardener TreatmentSECTION 03 30 00Page 4
3.10.1.10Colored Wear-Resistant Finish3.10.1.11Heavy-Duty Wear-Resistant Finish3.10.2Flat Floor Finishes3.10.2.1Measurement of Floor Tolerances3.10.2.2Remedies for Out of Tolerance Work3.10.3Concrete Walks3.10.4Pits and Trenches3.10.5Curbs[ and Gutters]3.10.6Splash Blocks3.11JOINTS3.11.1Construction Joints3.11.1.1Maximum Allowable Construction Joint Spacing3.11.1.2Construction Joints for Constructability Purposes3.11.2Isolation Joints in Slabs on Ground3.11.3Contraction Joints in Slabs on Ground3.11.4Sealing Joints in Slabs on Ground3.12CONCRETE FLOOR TOPPING3.12.1Standard Floor Topping3.12.1.1Preparations Prior to -Duty Floor Topping3.12.2.1Heavy-duty Topping Mixture3.12.2.2Base Slab3.12.2.3Placing3.12.2.4Finishing3.13CURING AND PROTECTION3.13.1Requirements for Type III, High-Early-Strength Portland Cement3.13.2Curing Periods3.13.3Curing Formed Surfaces3.13.4Curing Unformed Surfaces3.13.5Temperature of Concrete During Curing3.13.6Protection from Mechanical Injury3.13.7Protection After Curing3.14FIELD QUALITY CONTROL3.14.1Sampling3.14.2Testing3.14.2.1Slump Tests3.14.2.2Temperature Tests3.14.2.3Compressive Strength Tests3.14.2.4Air Content3.14.2.5Unit Weight of Structural Concrete3.14.2.6Chloride Ion Concentration3.14.2.7Strength of Concrete Structure3.14.2.8Non-Conforming Materials3.14.2.9Testing Concrete Structure for Strength3.15REPAIR, REHABILITATION AND REMOVAL3.15.1Crack Repair3.15.2Repair of Weak Surfaces3.15.3Failure of Quality Assurance Test Results-- End of Section Table of Contents --SECTION 03 30 00Page 5
************************USACE / NAVFAC / AFCEC / NASAUFGS-03 30 00 (February 2019)Change 1 - 02/21---------------------------------Preparing Activity: NAVFACSupersedingUFGS-03 30 00 (May 2014)UFGS-03 11 13.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 11 19.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 15 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 20 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 30 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 31 01.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 35 00.00 10 (May 2014)UFGS-03 39 00.00 10 (May 2014)UNIFIED FACILITIES GUIDE SPECIFICATIONReferences are in agreement with UMRL dated January ****************************SECTION 03 30 00CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE02/19, CHG 1: *****************************NOTE: This guide specification covers therequirements for cast-in-place concrete not exposedto a marine or high chloride environment. Forconcrete exposed to a marine or high chlorideenvironment, use Section 03 31 30 MARINE CONCRETE.Adhere to UFC 1-300-02 Unified Facilities GuideSpecifications (UFGS) Format Standard when editingthis guide specification or preparing new projectspecification sections. Edit this guidespecification for project specific requirements byadding, deleting, or revising text. For bracketeditems, choose applicable item(s) or insertappropriate information.Remove information and requirements not required inrespective project, whether or not brackets arepresent.Comments, suggestions and recommended changes forthis guide specification are welcome and should besubmitted as a Criteria Change Request ****NOTE: Show the following information on the projectdrawings:1.Loading assumptions.2. Assumed temperature range when temperaturestresses are a factor in design.SECTION 03 30 00Page 6
3. Material strengths used in design for eachelement, f'c.4. Yield strength of reinforcement required 420 MPa60,000 psi or other grades available.5. Details of concrete sections, showingdimensions, reinforcement cover, and required camber.6. Locations where structural lightweight concreteor lightweight insulation or fill concrete are used.7. Details which require a depressed structuralslab for static-disseminating and spark-resistanttile, terrazzo, or other floor finishes in order toprovide finished surfaces at the same elevations.8. Indicate the locations in the finishedstructure, when exposed concrete surfaces arespecified. Indicate the type and location, if otherthan cast finish is *********************************PART *********************************************NOTE: This paragraph is used to list thepublications cited in the text of the guidespecification. The publications are referred to inthe text by basic designation only and listed inthis paragraph by organization, designation, date,and title.Use the Reference Wizard's Check Reference featurewhen you add a Reference Identifier (RID) outside ofthe Section's Reference Article to automaticallyplace the reference in the Reference Article. Alsouse the Reference Wizard's Check Reference featureto update the issue dates.References not used in the text will automaticallybe deleted from this section of the projectspecification when you choose to reconcilereferences in the publish print ********************************The publications listed below form a part of this specification to theextent referenced. The publications are referred to within the text bythe basic designation only.AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI)ACI 117(2010; Errata 2011) Specifications forTolerances for Concrete Construction andMaterials and CommentarySECTION 03 30 00Page 7
ACI 121R(2008) Guide for Concrete ConstructionQuality Systems in Conformance with ISO9001ACI 213R(2014; E2017) Guide for StructuralLightweight-Aggregate ConcreteACI 301(2016) Specifications for StructuralConcreteACI 302.1R(2015) Guide for Concrete Floor and SlabConstructionACI 304.2R(2017) Guide to Placing Concrete byPumping MethodsACI 304R(2000; R 2009) Guide for Measuring,Mixing, Transporting, and Placing ConcreteACI 305.1(2014) Specification for Hot WeatherConcretingACI 305R(2010) Guide to Hot Weather ConcretingACI 306.1(1990; R 2002) Standard Specification forCold Weather ConcretingACI 306R(2016) Guide to Cold Weather ConcretingACI 308.1(2011) Specification for Curing ConcreteACI 347R(2014; Errata 1 2017) Guide to Formworkfor ConcreteACI SP-2(2007; Abstract: 10th Edition) ACI Manualof Concrete InspectionACI SP-15(2011) Field Reference Manual: StandardSpecifications for Structural Concrete ACI301-05 with Selected ACI ReferencesAMERICAN HARDBOARD ASSOCIATION (AHA)AHA A135.4(1995; R 2004) Basic HardboardAMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY (AWS)AWS D1.4/D1.4M(2011) Structural Welding Code Reinforcing SteelASTM INTERNATIONAL (ASTM)ASTM A36/A36M(2019) Standard Specification for CarbonStructural SteelASTM A53/A53M(2020) Standard Specification for Pipe,Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated,Welded and SeamlessSECTION 03 30 00Page 8
ASTM A184/A184M(2019) Standard Specification for WeldedDeformed Steel Bar Mats for ConcreteReinforcementASTM A615/A615M(2020) Standard Specification for Deformedand Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for ConcreteReinforcementASTM A706/A706M(2016) Standard Specification forLow-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Barsfor Concrete ReinforcementASTM A767/A767M(2016) Standard Specification forZinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars forConcrete ReinforcementASTM A775/A775M(2017) Standard Specification forEpoxy-Coated Steel Reinforcing BarsASTM A780/A780M(2020) Standard Practice for Repair ofDamaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-DipGalvanized CoatingsASTM A820/A820M(2016) Standard Specification for SteelFibers for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteASTM A884/A884M(2019) Standard Specification forEpoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded WireReinforcementASTM A934/A934M(2016) Standard Specification forEpoxy-Coated Prefabricated SteelReinforcing BarsASTM A955/A955M(2020c) Standard Specification forDeformed and Plain Stainless-Steel Barsfor Concrete ReinforcementASTM A970/A970M(2018) Standard Specification for HeadedSteel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementASTM A996/A996M(2016) Standard Specification forRail-Steel and Axle-Steel Deformed Barsfor Concrete ReinforcementASTM A1022/A1022M(2016b) Standard Specification forDeformed and Plain Stainless Steel Wireand Welded Wire for Concrete ReinforcementASTM A1044/A1044M(2016a) Standard Specification for SteelStud Assemblies for Shear Reinforcement ofConcreteASTM A1055/A1055M(2016) Standard Specification for Zinc andEpoxy Dual Coated Steel Reinforcing BarsASTM A1060/A1060M(2016b) Standard Specification forZinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Welded WireReinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forSECTION 03 30 00Page 9
ConcreteASTM A1064/A1064M(2017) Standard Specification forCarbon-Steel Wire and Welded WireReinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteASTM C31/C31M(2019a) Standard Practice for Making andCuring Concrete Test Specimens in the FieldASTM C33/C33M(2018) Standard Specification for ConcreteAggregatesASTM C39/C39M(2020) Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of CylindricalConcrete SpecimensASTM C42/C42M(2020) Standard Test Method for Obtainingand Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beamsof ConcreteASTM C78/C78M(2018) Standard Test Method for FlexuralStrength of Concrete (Using Simple Beamwith Third-Point Loading)ASTM C94/C94M(2020) Standard Specification forReady-Mixed ConcreteASTM C138/C138M(2017a) Standard Test Method for Density(Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content(Gravimetric) of ConcreteASTM C143/C143M(2020) Standard Test Method for Slump ofHydraulic-Cement ConcreteASTM C150/C150M(2020) Standard Specification for PortlandCementASTM C172/C172M(2017) Standard Practice for SamplingFreshly Mixed ConcreteASTM C173/C173M(2016) Standard Test Method for AirContent of Freshly Mixed Concrete by theVolumetric MethodASTM C231/C231M(2017a) Standard Test Method for AirContent of Freshly Mixed Concrete by thePressure MethodASTM C260/C260M(2010a; R 2016) Standard Specification forAir-Entraining Admixtures for ConcreteASTM C311/C311M(2018) Standard Test Methods for Samplingand Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolansfor Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteASTM C330/C330M(2017a) Standard Specification forLightweight Aggregates for StructuralConcreteSECTION 03 30 00Page 10
ASTM C494/C494M(2019) Standard Specification for ChemicalAdmixtures for ConcreteASTM C552(2017; E 2018) Standard Specification forCellular Glass Thermal InsulationASTM C567/C567M(2019) Determining Density of StructuralLightweight ConcreteASTM C578(2019) Standard Specification for Rigid,Cellular Polystyrene Thermal InsulationASTM C591(2020) Standard Specification for UnfacedPreformed Rigid Cellular PolyisocyanurateThermal InsulationASTM C595/C595M(2020) Standard Specification for BlendedHydraulic CementsASTM C618(2019) Standard Specification for Coal FlyAsh and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolanfor Use in ConcreteASTM C803/C803M(2018) Standard Test Method forPenetration Resistance of Hardened ConcreteASTM C845/C845M(2018) Standard Specification forExpansive Hydraulic CementASTM C873/C873M(2015) Standard Test Method forCompressive Strength of Concrete CylindersCast in Place in Cylindrical MoldsASTM C900(2015) Standard Test Method for PulloutStrength of Hardened ConcreteASTM C920(2018) Standard Specification forElastomeric Joint SealantsASTM C989/C989M(2018a) Standard Specification for SlagCement for Use in Concrete and MortarsASTM C1012/C1012M(2018b) Standard Test Method for LengthChange of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposedto a Sulfate SolutionASTM C1017/C1017M(2013; E 2015) Standard Specification forChemical Admixtures for Use in ProducingFlowing ConcreteASTM C1074(2011) Standard Practice for EstimatingConcrete Strength by the Maturity MethodASTM C1077(2017) Standard Practice for AgenciesTesting Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesfor Use in Construction and Criteria forTesting Agency EvaluationSECTION 03 30 00Page 11
ASTM C1107/C1107M(2020) Standard Specification for PackagedDry, Hydraulic-Cement Grout (Nonshrink)ASTM C1116/C1116M(2010a; R 2015) Standard Specification forFiber-Reinforced ConcreteASTM C1157/C1157M(2020) Standard Performance Specificationfor Hydraulic CementASTM C1218/C1218M(2020c) Standard Test Method forWater-Soluble Chloride in Mortar andConcreteASTM C1240(2020) Standard Specification for SilicaFume Used in Cementitious MixturesASTM C1260(2014) Standard Test Method for PotentialAlkali Reactivity of Aggregates(Mortar-Bar Method)ASTM C1293(2008; R 2015) Standard Test Method forDetermination of Length Change of ConcreteDue to Alkali-Silica ReactionASTM C1567(2013) Standard Test Method for PotentialAlkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinationsof Cementitious Materials and Aggregate(Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)ASTM C1602/C1602M(2018) Standard Specification for MixingWater Used in Production of HydraulicCement ConcreteASTM C1778(2016) Standard Guide for Reducing theRisk of Deleterious Alkali-AggregateReaction in ConcreteASTM D412(2016) Standard Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber and ThermoplasticElastomers - TensionASTM D471(2016a) Standard Test Method for RubberProperty - Effect of LiquidsASTM D1751(2004; E 2013; R 2013) StandardSpecification for Preformed ExpansionJoint Filler for Concrete Paving andStructural Construction (Nonextruding andResilient Bituminous Types)ASTM D1752(2018) Standard Specification forPreformed Sponge Rubber, Cork and RecycledPVC Expansion Joint Fillers for ConcretePaving and Structural ConstructionASTM D2628(1991; R 2016) Standard Specification forPreformed Polychloroprene ElastomericJoint Seals for Concrete Pave
3.13.3 Curing Formed Surfaces 3.13.4 Curing Unformed Surfaces 3.13.5 Temperature of Concrete During Curing 3.13.6 Protection from Mechanical Injury 3.13.7 Protection After Curing 3.14 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL 3.14.1 Sampling 3.14.2 Testing 3.14.2.1 Slump Tests 3.14.2.2 Temperature Tests 3.14.2.3 Compressive Strength Tests
Review and Resolution of non-conforming CSI MasterFormat 2010 Section Titles and Numbers, the proposal to remove local or regional specifications from the UFGS as well as the status of the UFC 1-300-02 Format Standard were also discussed. (1) During the presentation Steve Freitas
Subject3: Adding UFC 1 ‐ 200 ‐ 01 to the Reference Paragraph Note. 1) Sherri McMillion proposed adding the following text to the Reference Paragraph note: 2) Aftera lengthy discussion, the UFGS Working Group decided not to incorporate this text into the Reference Paragraph note. Subject4: International Code Council
Metallography and Microstructures of Cast Iron Janina M. Radzikowska, The Foundry Research Institute, Krako w, Poland CAST IRON is an iron-carbon cast alloy with other elements that is made by remelting pig iron, scrap, and other additions. For differentia-tion from steel and cast steel, cast iron is defined
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examines the requirements of LEED v4 for BD C: New Construction and its relevance to cast stone. THE USE OF CAST STONE . Cast stone is used primarily on the exterior of buildings. Cast stone veneer may be used alone or as an integral part of a clay or concrete masonry veneer. Cast stone may also be used as an accent or trim material on the .
price list cast iron soil pipe products 3 2 4-11 cast iron hubless soil fittings price list sppl.07.02 effective: march 1, 2007 terms and conditions cast iron hubless soil pipe 11 12 12-15 15 cast iron standard & heavy duty couplings cast iron service weight (hub & spigot) soil pipeFile Size: 1MBPage Count: 17
the more recognized foundries for cast iron cookware. Cast iron cookware from these manufacturers is some of the hottest items in the antiques and collectibles market today. In many West Virginia families the cast iron skillet is a treasured heirloom passed down from generation to generation. Since cast iron cookware is now
Iron, Fe Remainder 2.2. As-Cast Gray Cast Iron The original microstructure of the as-cast GI is shown in Figure1. The main components in the matrix were graphite flakes, ferrite, and pearlite. Metals 2019, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 14 Figure 2. Table 1. Alloy content for gray cast iron. Elements Percentage Carbon, C 3.53% Silicon, Si 2.71%
