Interconnecting Cisco (ICND2)
Interconnecting CiscoNetwork Devices, Part 2(ICND2)Foundation Learning Guide,Fourth EditionJohn TisoCisco Press800 East 96th StreetIndianapolis, IN 46240
iiInterconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionInterconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2(ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionJohn TisoCopyright 2014 Cisco Systems, Inc.Published by:Cisco Press800 East 96th StreetIndianapolis, IN 46240 USAAll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrievalsystem, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in areview.Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0First Printing September 2013Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946147ISBN-13: 978-1-58714-377-9ISBN-10: 1-58714-377-1Warning and DisclaimerThis book is designed to provide information about interconnecting Cisco network devices, the ICND2portion of the CCNA exam. Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate aspossible, but no warranty or fitness is implied.The information is provided on an “as is” basis. The author, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shallhave neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arisingfrom the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it.The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems,Inc.
iiiTrademark AcknowledgmentsAll terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc. cannot attest to the accuracy of this information. Use of aterm in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.Corporate and Government SalesThe publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact:U.S. Corporate and Government or sales outside of the U.S. please contact:International Salesinternational@pearsoned.comFeedback InformationAt Cisco Press, our goal is to create in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value. Each bookis crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise ofmembers from the professional technical community.Readers’ feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we couldimprove the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us throughemail at feedback@ciscopress.com. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message.We greatly appreciate your assistance.Publisher: Paul BogerAssociate Publisher: Dave DusthimerDevelopment Editor: Marianne BartowProject Editor: Mandie FrankCopy Editor: Bill McManusProofreader: Dan KnottIndexer: Larry SweazyBusiness Operation Manager, Cisco Press: JanCornelssenExecutive Editor: Brett BartowManaging Editor: Sandra SchroederTechnical Editors: Marjan Bradeško and Diane TeareEditorial Assistant: Vanessa EvansCover Designer: Mark ShirarCompositor: Bronkella Publishing
ivInterconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionAbout the AuthorJohn Tiso, CCIE #5162, holds a variety of industry certifications in addition to hisCisco CCIE. These include the Cisco CCDP, Cisco CCNP-Voice, Cisco CCT, and severalspecializations from Cisco. He is a Microsoft MCSE and also holds certifications fromCompTIA, Nortel Networks, Novell, Sun Microsystems, IBM, and HP.John has a Graduate Citation in Strategic Management from Harvard University and a B.S.degree from Adelphi University. His writing has been published in a variety of industryjournals and by Cisco Press. He has served as a technical editor for McGraw-Hill andCisco Press. John is a past Esteemed Speaker for Cisco Networkers (Live!) and was aspeaker at the National CIPTUG Conference. He has been an expert on Cisco’s “Ask theExpert” NetPro forum and a question developer for the CCIE program.John’s current role is as a senior engineer at a Cisco Partner. He has a quarter of a centuryexperience in the technology industry, after deciding to stop carrying refrigerators inthe family business. Prior to his current position, he held multiple roles while working atCisco, including TAC Engineer, Systems Engineer, and Product Manager. While at Cisco,one of John’s last projects was as a member of the team that developed the recent updatesto the CCNA program. Prior to joining Cisco, he was a lead architect and consultant for aCisco Gold Partner.John currently resides in Amherst, New Hampshire, with his wife Lauren and their threechildren, Kati, Nick, and Danny. John is a nine-time marathon finisher and also a TherapyDog International certified handler of his therapy dog and running partner, Molly. He canbe reached at johnt@jtiso.com.
vAbout the Technical ReviewersMarjan Bradeško has always practiced this principle: If you know something, if youexperienced something, if you learned something—tell. That’s exactly what he has donethroughout his many years at NIL Ltd., and he continues to strive to do it today in hisrole of Content Development Manager.Marjan was involved in learning services even prior to joining NIL in 1991. He came fromthe Faculty of Computer and Information Science at the University of Ljubljana, wherehe achieved his M.Sc. in computer science and was a teaching assistant. Soon after hejoined NIL, the company became a Cisco Systems VAR, and Marjan’s subsequent yearsare all “flavored” with Cisco. In all his various roles—from network engineer, consultant,or instructor to various management positions—Marjan’s major goal has always been toeducate, teach, and help people to achieve competencies in whatever they do. He hasalways been passionate about the importance of enthusiastic presentation of high-qualitycontent to motivated people. He has long aided NIL employees in excelling at presentation skills and creating content to help NIL customers achieve competencies in IT andcommunications technologies. Marjan has also been heavily involved in promoting networking, Internet, cloud, and similar new technologies and publishing articles in numerous magazines.Through his transitions from software engineer to his current position selling learningservices as Content Development Manager, Marjan has gained broad knowledge andmany competencies that he gladly shares with customers and coworkers. Marjan becamea CCIE in 1995, stayed a CCIE for 16 years, and is now CCIE Emeritus. As a networkingveteran, he has seen frequent technology reinventions, and he has had to learn and relearnrepeatedly as innovative solutions have revolutionized the industry.Marjan’s passion for sharing his experiences is reflected in his private life as well. As anenthusiastic traveler and nature lover, especially of mountains, he has published manyarticles and books on nature and beautiful places of the world. In addition, he writesarticles and books on presentation skills and sales, showing everyone that competenciesare not given, but rather are a merging of talent, learning, and hard work.Diane Teare, CCNP, CCDP, PMP, is a professional in the networking, training, projectmanagement, and e-learning fields. She has more than 25 years of experience in designing, implementing, and troubleshooting network hardware and software, and has beeninvolved in teaching, course design, and project management. She has extensive knowledge of network design and routing technologies, and is an instructor with one of thelargest authorized Cisco Learning Partners. She was the director of e-learning for thesame company, where she was responsible for planning and supporting all the company’se-learning offerings in Canada, including Cisco courses. Diane has a bachelor’s degree inapplied science in electrical engineering and a master’s degree in applied science in management science.
viInterconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionDedicationTo everyone who helped me find my way back.
viiAcknowledgmentsI’d like to thank the crew at Cisco Press. This includes Brett Bartow, Chris Cleveland,Marianne Bartow (who was my savior, yet again), and Mandie Frank. Your support andsticking with me through the difficulties and challenges I faced during this project meanta lot to me, and was much appreciated. Thank you.I’d like to thank the technical editors, Marjan and Diane. I’m happy I had the opportunityto meet you in person before I left Cisco and ask you to work on this project. I foundyour experience with the ICND2 course, your industry experience, and your diligentattention to detail invaluable. I really made you earn your money on this one! Thanks somuch!Lauren, Danny, Nick, and Kati; Thank you for bearing with me under both our normalday-to-day life, as well as when I had to disappear to work on this project. I’d also like tothank Lauren for her photography on several of the photos as well.I’d also like to thank you, the reader and certification candidate, for your selection of thisbook.For everyone else who I did not directly mention, thanks for everything. I keep the wordsof “The Boss” in my head, “It ain’t no sin to be glad you’re alive.”
viii Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionContents at a GlanceChapter 1Implementing Scalable Medium-Sized NetworksChapter 2Troubleshooting Basic ConnectivityChapter 3Implementing an EIGRP SolutionChapter 4Implementing a Scalable Multiarea Network with OSPFChapter 5Understanding WAN TechnologiesChapter 6Network Device ManagementChapter 7Advanced TroubleshootingAppendix AAnswers to Chapter Review QuestionsAppendix BBasic L3VPN MPLS Configuration and VerificationGlossary of Key TermsIndex40337514791185269339363369143
ixContentsIntroductionChapter 1xviiiImplementing Scalable Medium-Sized Networks1Understanding and Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN TrunkingVLAN Overview22Trunk Operation6Configuring Trunks7Dynamic Trunking ProtocolVLAN Troubleshooting9Trunk Troubleshooting108Building Redundant Switch Topologies11Understanding Redundant TopologiesBPDU Breakdown1215STP Types Defined20Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus21Analyzing and Reviewing STP Topology and OperationExamining Spanning-Tree Failures2426STP Features: PortFast, BPDU Guard, Root Guard, UplinkFast, andBackboneFast 28Improving Redundancy and Increasing Bandwidth with EtherChannelEtherChannel Protocols31Port Aggregation Protocol31Link Aggregation Control ProtocolConfiguring EtherChannel3233Checking EtherChannel Operation34Understanding Default Gateway RedundancyHot Standby Router ProtocolHSRP Interface TrackingHSRP Load Balancing373839HSRP in Service DeploymentsHSRP in IPv63940Gateway Load-Balancing ProtocolChapter Summary42Review Questions42403629
xInterconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionChapter 2Troubleshooting Basic Connectivity47Troubleshooting IPv4 Basic Connectivity48Components of End-to-End IPv4 TroubleshootingVerification of ConnectivityCisco Discovery Protocol5158Verification of Physical Connectivity IssuesIdentification of Current and Desired PathDefault Gateway Issues606366Name Resolution IssuesACL Issues486871Understanding Networking in Virtualized Computing EnvironmentsTroubleshooting IPv6 Network ConnectivityUnderstanding IPv6 AddressingIPv6 Unicast Addresses757576Components of Troubleshooting End-to-End IPv6 ConnectivityVerification of End-to-End IPv6 ConnectivityNeighbor Discovery in IPv67980Identification of Current and Desired IPv6 PathDefault Gateway Issues in IPv682Name Resolution Issues in IPv683ACL Issues in IPv684IPv6 in a Virtual EnvironmentA Last Note on TroubleshootingChapter 3Chapter Summary88Review Questions888686Implementing an EIGRP SolutionDynamic Routing ReviewRouting919292Routing Domains92Classification of Routing Protocols93Classful Routing Versus Classless RoutingAdministrative Distance95EIGRP Features and FunctionEIGRP Packet TypesEIGRP Path Selection98100101Understanding the EIGRP Metric10394827872
xiEIGRP Basic Configuration105Verification of EIGRP Configuration and OperationEIGRP Passive Interfaces106108Load Balancing with EIGRP111Variance 112Traffic Sharing113EIGRP AuthenticationTroubleshooting EIGRP114115Components of Troubleshooting EIGRP115Troubleshooting EIGRP Neighbor Issues118Troubleshooting EIGRP Routing Table IssuesIssues Caused by Unadvertised RoutesIssues Caused by Route Filtering121121122Issues Caused by Automatic Network SummarizationImplementing EIGRP for IPv6123124EIGRP IPv6 Theory of Operation124EIGRP IPv6 Feasible Successor 128EIGRP IPv6 Load Balancing 129EIGRP for IPv6 Command Syntax130Verification of EIGRP IPv6 Operation131EIGRP for IPv6 Configuration ExampleTroubleshooting EIGRP for IPv6Chapter 4Chapter Summary136Review Questions137133135Implementing a Scalable Multiarea Network with OSPFUnderstanding OSPF143143Link-State Routing Protocol Overview144Link-State Routing Protocol Data StructuresUnderstanding Metrics in OSPF145146Establishment of OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies 147Building a Link-State Database 149OSPF Area Structure150OSPF Area and Router TypesLink-State Advertisements150153Multiarea OSPF IPv4 ImplementationSingle-Area vs. Multiarea OSPF154155Stub Areas, Not So Stubby Areas, and Totally Stub Areas155
xii Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionPlanning for the Implementation of OSPF 158Multiarea OSPF ConfigurationMultiarea OSPF Verification158160Troubleshooting Multiarea OSPFOSPF Neighbor States162162Components of Troubleshooting OSPF166Troubleshooting OSPF Neighbor Issues168Troubleshooting OSPF Routing Table IssuesTroubleshooting OSPF Path Selection174Examining OSPFv3 176OSPFv3 Key CharacteristicsOSPFv3 LSAs176177Configuring OSPFv3178OSPFv3 Verification 179Chapter 5Chapter Summary180Review Questions181Understanding WAN TechnologiesUnderstanding WAN TechnologiesWAN Architecture186188Hub-and-Spoke NetworksPartial-Mesh NetworksFull-Mesh Networks188189189Point-to-Point NetworksWAN Devices185191192Serial WAN Cabling195WAN Layer 2 ProtocolsOther WAN Protocols197199Integrated Services Digital NetworkX.25199199Multiprotocol Label Switching200Service Provider Demarcation Points200T1/E1 200DSL TerminationCable Termination201202Other WAN TerminationWAN Link Options203203Private WAN Connection Options204172
xiiiPublic WAN Connection OptionsMetropolitan-Area NetworksExtranet205207209Configuring Serial Interfaces209Configuration of a Serial InterfaceIntegrated CSU/DSU Modules213214Back-to-Back Routers with an Integrated CSU/DSUHDLC Protocol217218Point-to-Point Protocol220PPP Authentication: PAP 222PPP Authentication: CHAPPPP Configuration222223Configuring PPP Authentication with CHAPVerifying CHAP Configuration227Configuring Multilink PPP over Serial LinesVerifying Multilink PPP225228230Troubleshooting Serial Encapsulation232Establishing a WAN Connection Using Frame RelayUnderstanding Frame RelayFrame Relay Topologies233233236Frame Relay Reachability and Routing Protocol IssuesFrame Relay Signaling237239Frame Relay Address MappingsConfiguring Frame Relay240243Point-to-Point and Multipoint Frame Relay244Configuring Point-to-Point Frame Relay SubinterfacesConfiguring Point-to-Multipoint Frame RelayVerifying Frame Relay ConfigurationIntroducing Cisco VPN SolutionsIntroducing IPsecGRE Tunnels249252255256Configuring a GRE Tunnel258GRE Tunnel Verification 260Understanding MPLS Networking261Basic Troubleshooting of MPLS Services 263Chapter Summary264Review Questions265247245
xiv Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionChapter 6Network Device Management269Configuring Network Devices to Support Network ManagementProtocols 270SNMP Versions270Obtaining Data from an SNMP AgentMonitoring Polling Data in SNMPMonitoring TRAPs in SNMP272273Sending Data to an SNMP AgentSNMP MIBs271274275Basic SNMP Configuration and Verification 276Syslog Overview279Syslog Message FormatSyslog ConfigurationNetFlow Overview281281283NetFlow Architecture285NetFlow Configuration286Verifying NetFlow Operation287Router Initialization and Configuration288Router Internal Component Review289ROM Functions291Router Power-Up SequenceConfiguration Register292293Changing the Configuration Register294Locating the Cisco IOS Image to LoadLoading a Cisco IOS Image File295297Selecting and Loading the ConfigurationCisco IOS File System and DevicesManaging Cisco IOS Images305Interpreting Cisco IOS Image FilenamesCreating a Cisco IOS Image BackupUpgrading the Cisco IOS ImageCisco IOS Licensing315Licensing Overview315306308Managing Device Configuration FilesCisco IOS Password Recovery300302313311305
xvCisco IOS Licensing and Packaging Prior to Cisco IOS 15Cisco IOS 15 Licensing and PackagingObtaining Licensing318License Verification320Permanent License Installation321Evaluation License Installation322317Backing Up Licenses 325Uninstalling Permanent Licenses 325Rehosting a License 327Cisco IOS-XR, IOS-XE, and NX-OSCisco IOS-XRCisco IOS-XECisco NX-OSChapter 7328329330331Chapter Summary332Review Questions333Advanced Troubleshooting339Advanced Router Diagnostics340Collecting Cisco IOS Device Diagnostic InformationUsing the Output Interpreter to Detect IssuesResearching Cisco IOS Software DefectsDevice Debugging343345Capturing Debugging Output345Verifying and Disabling DebuggingLimiting Debugging Output351ACL Triggered Debugging351Conditionally Triggered Debugging350356Troubleshooting an Issue with Debugging357Verifying Protocol Operation with DebuggingChapter Summary361Review Questions361359Appendix AAnswers to Chapter Review QuestionsAppendix BBasic L3VPN MPLS Configuration and VerificationGlossary of Key TermsIndex 403340341375363369316
xvi Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionIconsWanSwitchNetFlowCollectorWAN SwitchTelecommuterMobile /RemoteWorkerEnd ccessServerCSU/DSUNexus(NX-OS) orkstationNetwork Cloud,WhiteCisco SBCPortfolioFile ServerRouterPIX RightLayer 3Remote SwitchIBM Mini(AS400)Home oute/SwitchProcessorHost (generic)Branch OfficeHeadquartersModem(new)
xviiCommand Syntax ConventionsThe conventions used to present command syntax in this book are the same conventionsused in the Cisco IOS Command Reference. The Command Reference describes theseconventions as follows: Boldface indicates commands and keywords that are entered literally, as shown. Inactual configuration examples and output (not general command syntax), boldfaceindicates commands that are manually input by the user (such as a show command). Italics indicates arguments for which you supply actual values. Vertical bars ( ) separate alternative, mutually exclusive elements. Square brackets ([ ]) indicate optional elements. Braces ({ }) indicate a required choice. Braces within brackets ([{ }]) indicate a required choice within an optional element.
xviii Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionIntroductionThe purpose of this book is to enable readers to obtain a higher level of foundationalknowledge beyond the ICND1 books and course. This book provides numerous illustrations, examples, photographs, self-check questions, and additional background information for reinforcement of the information presented. I have drawn on real-world experience and examples for some of the information.Cisco develops the career certifications, such as CCNA, to align to job roles. CiscoPress introduced the Foundation Learning Guide Series as a learning tool and a parallelresource for the instructor-led Cisco courses. This book is intended both to teach thefundamentals that a CCNA needs in their job role and to provide the knowledge requiredto pass the ICND2 exam (or the ICND2 components in the CCNA Composite exam).In my last role at Cisco, I was involved in the development of the updates to the CCNAprogram. Based on this experience, I have included some fundamental information inthis book that is not directly part of the current ICND2 or CCNA composite exams orthe ICND2 instructor-led training (however, it may very well be included in subsequentupdates to the CCNA). I included this information (that you will not find in any otherCCNA book) to help create and support the foundation necessary for both the job roleand to obtain the certification. Areas that I have included that are not necessarily part ofthe CCNA certification are: MPLS, virtualization, and advanced troubleshooting techniques such as information on IOS debugging.Debugging is a useful skill for diagnosing network problems. It is also key to understanding how protocols and features work, by using debugging in a lab environment (examplesof both uses are given in Chapter 7, “Advanced Troubleshooting”). Improper use ofdebugging can also cripple a network (also discussed in Chapter 7). Therefore, this typeof supplemental knowledge helps support both the job role of a CCNA and the use ofalternate techniques and technologies as a study tool.If you are a certification candidate, I strongly suggest you check the exam blueprints onthe Cisco Learning Network (https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/) before embarking onyour studying adventure.Thanks for selecting this book as part of your library, and all the best of luck in yourquest for knowledge and certification.
xixWho Should Read This Book?There are four primary audiences for this text: The network engineer who needs to review key technologies that are important intoday’s networks The reader who is interested in learning about computer networking but might lackany previous experience in the subject The reader in the job role targeted for a CCNA who needs to obtain and update fundamental knowledge The reader who is interested in obtaining the Cisco CCNA certificationHow This Book Is OrganizedCertainly, this book may be read cover to cover. But it is designed to be flexible and toallow you to easily move between chapters and sections of chapters to cover only thematerial you need to learn or would like to revisit. If you do intend to read all of thechapters, the order in which they are presented is an excellent sequence.Chapter 1: Implementing Scalable Medium Sized Networks. This chapter explores thebasic foundational topics of internetworking. VLANs, EtherChannel, Spanning-TreeProtocol, and router redundancy (HSRP, VRRP, GLBP).Chapter 2: Troubleshooting Basic Connectivity. Tools, techniques, and understandingbasic error messaging and using host based and Cisco IOS Software are reviewed. IPv4,IPv6, and Virtualization are explored.Chapter 3: Implementing an EIGRP Solution. EIGRP theory, operation, and troubleshooting for both IPv4 and IPv6 are discussed.Chapter 4: Implementing a Scalable Multiarea Network with OSPF. The OSPF routingprotocol is introduced. OSPF terminology, operation, configuration, and troubleshootingare explored.Chapter 5: Understanding WAN technologies. WAN technologies are explored. Thisincludes terminology, theory, configuration, and basic troubleshooting. VPNs are included as part of the chapter. This includes their comparison and integration with traditionalWAN technology.Chapter 6: Network Device Management. This chapter explores the various protocolssuch as SNMP, SYSLOG, and Cisco Flexible NetFlow. The architecture of the CiscoIntegrated Service Routers is discussed. The management of configurations, Cisco IOSSoftware images, and licensing is explored.
xx Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionChapter 7: Advanced Troubleshooting. This chapter explores fundamental theory aroundadvanced troubleshooting. It involves advanced diagnostics, Cisco IOS Software bugs,and Cisco IOS Debugging. The topics in this chapter are all directly outside the scope ofthe CCNA exam. However, understanding these topics will help the reader in both the jobrole as a CCNA and in exam preparation.Appendix A : This appendix contains answers to the end of chapter questions.Appendix B: This appendix contains information on very basic (customer side) configuration and troubleshooting of the MPLS WAN protocol. Again, the topics in this appendixare all directly outside the scope of the CCNA exam. However, understanding these topics will help the reader in both the job role as a CCNA and in exam preparation.Glossary: Internetworking terms and acronyms are designed to assist the reader in theunderstanding of the text.
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Chapter 3Implementing an EIGRP SolutionThis chapter contains the following sections:QDynamic Routing ReviewQEIGRP Features and FunctionQTroubleshooting EIGRPQImplementing EIGRP for IPv6QChapter SummaryQReview QuestionsEIGRP, Enhanced Interior Gateway Protocol, is an advanced distance vector routingprotocol that was developed by Cisco over 20 years ago. It is suited for many differenttopologies and media. EIGRP scales well and provides extremely quick convergencetimes with minimal overhead. EIGRP performs in both well-designed networks andpoorly designed networks. It is a popular choice for a routing protocol on Cisco devices.EIGRP did have a predecessor, Interior Gateway Protocol (IGRP), which is now obsoleteand is not included in Cisco IOS 15.EIGRP was historically a Cisco proprietary and closed protocol. However, as of thiswriting, Cisco is in the process of releasing the basic functions to the IETF as an RFC(Request For Comments, a standards document; see his chapter begins with a review of dynamic routing. It then examines the operation,configuration, and troubleshooting of EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6.
92 Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth EditionChapter Objectives:Q Review key concepts for Dynamic Routing ProtocolsQ Understand how a Cisco Router populates its routing tableQ Understand the features, operation, theory, and functions of EIGRPQ Configure and troubleshoot EIGRP for IPv6 and IPv4Dynamic Routing ReviewA dynamic routing protocol is a set of processes, algorithms, and messages that is usedto exchange routing and reachability information within the internetwork. Without adynamic routing protocol, all networks, except those connected directly with the router,must be statically defined. Dynamic routing protocols can react to changes in conditionsin the network, such as failed links.RoutingAll routing protocols have the same purpose: to learn about remote networks and toquickly adapt whenever there is a change in the topology. The method that a routing protocol uses to accomplish this purpose depends upon the algorithm that it uses and theoperational characteristics of the protocol. The performance of a dynamic routing protocol varies depending on the type of routing protocol.Although routing protocols provide routers with up-to-date routing tables, there are coststhat put additional demands on the memory and processing power of the router. First,the exchange of route information adds overhead that consumes network bandwidth.This overhead can be a problem, particularly for low-bandwidth links between routers.Second, after the router receives the route information, the routing protocol needs to process the information received. Therefore, routers that employ these protocols must havesufficient resources to implement the algorithms of the protocol and to perform timelypacket routing and forwarding.Routing DomainsAn autonomous system (AS), otherwise known as a routing domain, is a collection ofrouters under a common administration. A typical example is an internal network of acompany and its interconnection to the network of an ISP. The ISP and a company’s internal network are under different control. Therefore, they need a way to interconnect. Staticroutes are often used in this type of a scenario. However, what if there are multiple linksbetween the company and the ISP? What if the company uses more than one ISP? Staticrouting protocols would not be suitable. To connect the entities, it is necessary to establish communication with the bodies under different administration. Another examplewould be a merger, acquisition, or development of a subsidiary that maintains its own ITresources. The networks may need to be connected, but they also may need to be main-
Chapter 3: Implementing an EIGRP Solution 93tained as separate entities. There must be a way to communicate between the two. Thethird example, which is intimated by the first, is the public Internet. Many different entities are interconnected here as well. Figure 3-1 is a representation of three autonomoussystems, one for a private company and two ISPs.AS 100ISP1AS 300 ISP2External LinkAS 200Company’s PrivateNetworkFigure 3-1External LinkConnection of Three Distinct Autonomous Systems (AS)To accommodate these types of scenarios, two categories of routing protocols exist:Q Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP): These routing protocols are used to exchangerouting information within an autonomous system. EIGRP, IS-IS (IntermediateSystem-to-Intermediate System) Protocol, RIP (Routing Information Protocol), andOSPF (Open Shortest Path First) P
iv Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices, Part 2 (ICND2) Foundation Learning Guide, Fourth Edition About the Author John Tiso, CCIE #5162, holds a variety of industry certifications in addition to his Cisco CCIE. These include the Cisco CCDP, Cisco CCNP-Voice, Cisco CCT,
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Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) Course Overview This course will teach students about implementing scalable medium-sized networks, troubleshooting basic connectivity, implementing an EIGRP-based solution, implementing a scalable, multiarea network, OSPF-based sol
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