JP-8 And Other Military Fuels - DTIC

UNCLASSIFIED: Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release.JP-8 and other Military FuelsJoel SchmitigalJill TebbeDisclaimer: Reference herein to any specific commercial company, product, process, or service by trade name,trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation, orfavoring by the United States Government or the Department of the Army (DoA). The opinions of the authors expressedherein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the DoA, and shall not be used foradvertising or product endorsement purposes.

Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188Report Documentation PagePublic reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.1. REPORT DATE2. REPORT TYPE01 DEC 2011Briefing Charts3. DATES COVERED01-12-2011 to 01-12-20114. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5a. CONTRACT NUMBERJP-8 AND OTHER MILITARY FUELS5b. GRANT NUMBER5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER6. AUTHOR(S)5d. PROJECT NUMBERJoel Schmitigal; Jill Tebbe5e. TASK NUMBER5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)U.S. Army TARDEC ,6501 E.11 Mile Rd,Warren,MI,48397-50008. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER#224919. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)U.S. Army TARDEC, 6501 E.11 Mile Rd, Warren, MI, 48397-5000TARDEC11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORTNUMBER(S)#2249112. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release; distribution unlimited13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESBriefing to Program Manager PAWS14. ABSTRACTNA15. SUBJECT TERMS16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:a. REPORTb. ABSTRACTc. THIS PAGEunclassifiedunclassifiedunclassified17. LIMITATION OFABSTRACT18. NUMBEROF PAGESSame asReport (SAR)2119a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSONStandard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

UnclassifiedMilitary Fuels What is JP-8? WhyWh ddo we use it?Unclassified

UnclassifiedPetroleum Distillation Gasoline– Avgas– Mogas 0.690 kg/L 0.740 kg/LKerosene Fuels– Jet Fuels– No.No 1 Diesel http://www.energyinst.org/UnclassifiedNo 2 DieselNo. 0.8500 850 kg/L

UnclassifiedCommercial Aviation Fuels JET A - Kerosene cut of fuel normally only available in the U.S.for civil aviation use.––––– ASTM D1655Freeze Point: -40ºC (- 40ºF)Density @15ºC: 0.775 to 0.840 kg/LFlash Point: 38ºC (100ºF)8 to 16 carbon atoms per moleculeJET A-1 - Kerosene grade cut of fuel suitable for most turbineengine aircraft. It is produced to a stringent internationallyagreed standard. It is widely available outside the U.S.–––––ASTM specification D1655, DEF STAN 91-91Freeze Point: -47ºC (- 53ºF)Density @15ºC: 0.775 to 0.840 kg/LFlash Point: 38ºC (100ºF)8 to 16 carbon atoms per moleculeUnclassified

UnclassifiedMilitary Aviation Fuels JP-8 or NATO F-34 - Jet A-1 specification fuel containing militaryfuel additive package: static dissipater additive (SDA), corrosioninhibitor/lubricity improver (CI/LI), and fuel system icing inhibitor(FSII) and may contain antioxidant (AO) and metal deactivators(MDA). Single Fuel on the Battlefield used by the Army and AirForce per AR 70-12.–––– MIL-DTL-83133, DEF STAN 91-87Freeze Point: -47ºC (-52.6ºF)Density @15ºC: 0.775 to 0.840 kg/LFlash Point: 38ºC (100.4ºF)JP-8 100JP8 100 or NATO FF-3737 - JP-8JP 8 additized with 100 thermalstability improver additive (NATO S-1749). Army – No Use Policy In EffectUnclassified

UnclassifiedMilitary Aviation Fuels JP-5 or NATO F-44 - Kerosene based fuel that is the primaryfuel for Navy shipboard aircraft operations containing militaryfuel additive package: SDA, CI/LI, FSII, (AO) and (MDA).–––– MIL-DTL-5624, DEF STAN 91-86Freeze Point: -46ºC (-50.8ºF)Density @15ºC: 0.788 to 0.845 kg/LFlash Point: 60ºC (140ºF)JAA – JET A with Additives - Air Force with support from DLAEnergy is moving toward eliminating the use of JP-8 at CONUSmilitary installations and replacing it with JET A fuel that isadditized at the point of use.use This effort is to reduce the price offuel and simplify the logistics of obtaining the fuel used byCONUS installations by allowing for Jet A fuel to be pulled ofmultiproduct pipelinespipelines.– Freeze Point: - 40ºC (-40ºF)Unclassified

UnclassifiedMilitary Fuel Additives Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improver (CI/LI) – Additive containsa polar group that adheres to metal surfaces, forming a thinsurface film of the additive, thereby improving lubricity andinhibiting corrosion. Most CI/LI additives contain dilinoleic acid. Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) - FSII is chemically composedof di-ethylene glycol monomethylether (di-EGME) whichcontains both a hydrophobic (water hating) and hydrophilic(water loving) portion. This structure allows the molecule to besoluble in both nonpolar fuel and in highly polar water. Having ahigher solubility in water the FSII works by combining with anyfree water that forms and lowering the freezing point of themixture so that no ice crystals are formed. It also has bio-statproperties thus preventing bio-material from growing.Unclassified

UnclassifiedMilitary Fuel Additives Static Dissipater Additive (SDA) - Stadis 450 increases theconductivity of the fuel, thereby increasing the rate of staticcharge dissipation. 100 Additive - Increases the thermal stability of the fuel by100ºF to 425ºF in an effort to prevent engine deposits causedby fuel being used as a heat sink. The additive is a combinationof a dispersant, antioxidant, and metal deactivator, whichprevents oxidation reactions and keeps potential insolubles insolution rather than depositing out on the engine surfaces.– Army NO USE POLICY - The currently used 100 additive has aDispersant/Detergent component that affects Army fuel/water separatorsincreasing risk of water to enter fuel tanks. In addition, no benefit has beenidentified for Army systems.Unclassified

UnclassifiedMilitary Fuel Additives Antioxidants (AO) - Required in fuels that have hydrotreatedcomponents. Antioxidants improve storage stability bypreventing the formation of peroxides, gums, and insolubleparticulates. Peroxides attack elastomeric fuel system parts,gums can cause engine deposits, and insoluble particulates cancause engine wear and plug fuel filters. AOs function ashydrogen atom donors that stop the oxidation process. Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA) - The only approved metaldeactivator is N,N -disalicylidene-1,2- propane diamine. Metalslike copper and zinc can act as catalysts for oxidative reactionsof fuel. MDA inhibits the catalytic activity of the metals bycreating stable complexes with the metal ions. Cu Unclassified

UnclassifiedOther Fuels No. 2 Diesel Fuel or NATO F-54 - Middle distillate fuel used forautomotive diesel and gas turbine engines.–––– ASTM D975Density @15ºC: 0.820 to 0.840 kg/LFlash Point: 52ºC (125.6ºF)12 to 21 carbon atoms per moleculeNo. 1 Diesel Fuel or NATO F-44 - A special-purpose,pp plightgmiddle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applicationsrequiring a fuel with a volatility higher than that provided by No.2 Diesel Fuel.––––ASTM D975Density @15ºC: 0.775 to 0.840 kg/LFlash Point: 38ºC (100ºF)8 to 16 carbon atoms per moleculeUnclassified

UnclassifiedOther Fuels TS-1 – Wide cut kerosene fuel supplied at all airports within theformer Soviet Union and in some Eastern European countries.–––– GOST 10227Freeze Point: -60ºC (-76ºF)Density @15ºC: 0.787 kg/LFlash Point: 28ºC (82.4ºF)F-65 - 50/50 blend of No. 2 Diesel fuel (F54) and aviationturbine fuel JP-5 or JP-8. The fuel mixture, termed “M1 fuel mix”was developed in 1981 after turbine power plant of the M1Abrams tank experienced waxing and filterability problems inGermany The fuel mixture reduces waxing tendency and theGermany.viscosity of the diesel fuel in cold temperature environments.This fuel has not been needed since the implementation of theSingle Fuel PolicyPolicy, ii.e.,e JP-8Unclassified

UnclassifiedOther Fuels Avgas - Aviation fuel for use in spark ignition piston-engineaircraft.–––––ASTM D 910Freeze Point: -58ºC (-72.4ºF),Density @15ºC: 0.690 – 0.715 kg/L4 to 10 carbons per molecule.Similar to Mogas except : Composed of lighter distillation fractions that are more stable to oxidation Lower vapor pressure than Mogas Some grades still use Tetraethyl Lead additive to prevent engine knock Mogasg - Automotive ggasoline used in sparkpignitiongengines.g– ASTM D 4814– Density @15ºC: 0.715 to 0.770 kg/L,– 4 to 12 carbons per molecule.Unclassified

UnclassifiedOther Fuels JET B - A wide cut fuel covering portions of the gasoline andkerosene fractions of distillation. Used in cold climates where itsbetter cold weather performance is required. Similar to JP-4 fuel.–––– ASTM D6615Freeze Point - 50ºC (- 58ºF)Density @15ºC: 0.751 to 0.802 kg/L5 to 15 carbon atoms per molecule.JP-4JP4 or NATO FF-4040 - A distillatedi till t fuelf l coveringi ththe gasolineli anddkerosene fractions of distillation including military fuel additivepackage: SDA, CI/LI, FSII and may contain OA and MDA. In useby USAF from 1951 to 19961996.––––MIL-DTL-5624Freeze Point: - 58ºC (-72.4ºF)Density:y 0.751 - 0.802 kg/Lg5 to 15 carbon atoms per molecule.Unclassified

UnclassifiedAlternative Fuels 1st Generation Alternative Fuels–––– Largely made from edible sugars, starches, animal fats and vegetable oilsFood based cropsExamples: Biodiesel, EthanolNot cost competitive with fossil fuels2nd Generation Alternative Fuels– Fischer-Tropsch Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (FT-SPK) andHydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA)– MoreMhihighlyhl refinedfi d or maded ffrom synthesisth i process tto makek ffuel.l Largely made from inedible plant materials, agricultural, wood waste Jatropha, switchgrass, camelina 3rd Generation Alternative Fuels– Genetically modified crops that have a carbon-neutral output– Must be processed using FT or HEFA process.– Example:El AlAlgall biofuelsbi f l 4th Generation Alternative Fuels - ?Unclassified

Unclassified1st Generation Alternative Fuels Biodiesel – a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chainfatty acids derived from Vegetable oils or animal fats (Fatty AcidMethyl Esters, FAME).– ASTM D 6751 – blend stock– B5 is allowed in ASTM D 975– B6 to B20 allowed in ASTM D7467– Problems Storage stabilityMaterial compatibilityCostWater affinity and microbial growthUnclassified

Unclassified2nd Generation Alternative Fuels**CTL / GTL / BTL / CBTL: All use Fischer-Tropsch Processes**Fischer-TropschFischerSynthesisSyngas manufactureCoal, NG, BiomassFeedstocksO2/ AirSyngasCO finsVery similar processes also used in traditionalpetroleumJP-8 tallow,fats,tallow fatslardwood waste &by-productsDeoxygenation ionBiomass Feedstock(renewables)H2OCO2Because of the similar end-processing, FT SPK and HEFA are chemically similar blendstocksUnclassified

Unclassified3rd Generation Alternative FuelsSynthetic BiologyUsed with permission from Mark Rumizen, FAAGenetically EngineeredMicrobesJet Fuel-LikeProductFermentationsugarcaneAlcohol OligomerizationSugarswitchgrassFermentation Dehydration OlefinsConventional RefineryProcessesPolymerizationPyrolysiscorn stoverforest ydroprocessingJet Fuel-LikeProduct