Humane Alternatives To ANIMAL DISSECTION
Humane Alternatives toANIMAL DISSECTION:Prepared by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Foundation1 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection iStock.com/MarquesPhotographyA Practical Guide to Cutting Out Dissection
CONTENTSIntroduction.3Benefits of Non-Animal Teaching Methods in Science Education.3Ethical Considerations and Student Perspectives.3Endorsements of Non-Animal Methods by Scientists,Educators, and Legislators.4Suggested Activities.5PLANT DISSECTION.5Resources.5DIGITAL DISSECTION.5Free Resources.5Commercially Available Resources.6VIRTUAL EXPERIMENTS.6Free Resources.6Commercially Available Resources.6THREE-DIMENSIONAL ORGANS, MODELS, AND PREPARED SLIDES.7Resources.8References.82 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection
IntroductionEducators all over the world are modernising their teachingprogrammes by replacing crude animal dissection withsome of the many humane and effective non-animalteaching methods available. Such humane methodswill allow students to reach their educational goals Emantras Inc 2016and equip them with the scientific skills, knowledge,and understanding required for higher-level learningand progression into the biosciences profession whilstengendering respect for animal life and ensuring that noanimals are harmed. As an educational professional, youhave the autonomy to choose meaningful activities for yourstudents while meeting the required learning outcomes foryour programme. This teaching resource details many ofthe modern, educationally effective non-animal teachingthat only animals who have died of natural causes ormethods that will help you enhance the education ofhave been euthanised on veterinary grounds canyour students.be dissected.Benefits of Non-Animal TeachingMethods in Science EducationNon-animal teaching methods benefit educators byFor educational, economic, and ethical reasons, a growingalso affording enhanced potential for the customisationnumber of educators at all levels are choosing to teachand repeatability of teaching exercises. There is also noscience without harming non-human animals in classroomexpensive disposal of hazardous material, no set-updissection. This humane curricular decision is supportedor clean-up time, no obligatory safety lessons, andby extensive research showing the educational efficacy ofno misbehaviour involving animal cadavers, scissors,these non-animal methods.and scalpels.Nearly every peer-reviewed comparative study publishedhas concluded that the educational outcomes of studentsEthical Considerations andStudent Perspectiveswho are taught basic and advanced biological concepts andStudies show that many students reluctantly participate inskills using non-animal methods are equivalent or superioranimal dissection perhaps out of fear of real or perceivedincreasing teaching efficiency and lowering costs whileto those of their peers who use animal-based laboratories.punishment or ostracism from their teachers or peers, andThe authors of one systematic review concluded thatmany do not speak up about their ethical objections.4,5 Forstudents taught using non-animal methods demonstratedthis reason, educators must clearly convey the message“superior understanding of complex biological processes,that students need not compromise their personal beliefsincreased learning efficiency, and increased examinationin order to learn science.6 Replacing animal dissectionresults”.3 It also reported that students’ confidenceopens the door for a new generation of students who canand satisfaction increased as did their preparednessapproach science without harming animals.71,2for laboratories and their information-retrieval andcommunication capabilities.Basic ethics teaches us that if there are two ways toaccomplish a goal – one that involves causing others harmAnimal dissection is not a core skill consideredand one that does not – the ethical decision is to choosenecessary for pursuing a career in either human ornot to do harm. When discussing the ethics surroundingveterinary medicine. Today, many students becomethe dissection of animals, one must consider the animalsregistered surgeons without ever having cut into anthemselves. All animals used for classroom dissection wereanimal – dead or alive – and the leading veterinaryonce living and many were killed specifically for classroomschools have opted for dissection policies stipulatinguse. Schools usually purchase them through biological3 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection
supply companies, which may either breed and kill theincluding Argentina, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway,animals themselves – typically after keeping them in barrenand Slovakia – have banned dissection at the elementarycages for the entirety of their short lives – or acquire themand secondary levels, while countries such as Australia,from pet shops, abattoirs, or animal dealers. Even the useIndia, and Italy no longer include dissection as a curricularof animal parts (such as eyes and other organs) obtainedrequirement.9 The government of India has issued guidelinesfrom an abattoir, where animals have been killed forto the Medical Council of India, the Pharmacy Council ofanother purpose, reflects the notion that animals’ lives areIndia, and the University Grants Commission, instructingexpendable and have little value except insofar as they arethem to halt all dissection and experimentation on animals inuseful to humans.both undergraduate and postgraduate courses and insteaduse non-animal teaching methods. In a January 2012Many teachers, too, are opposed to animal dissection indirective, the government stated that non-animal teachingthe classroom, citing concerns about health and safety,methods such as computer simulations and manikins areclassroom management, learning and retention, cost, and“not only effective and absolute replacements to the use ofthe inability to justify killing animals for this purpose.animals in teaching anatomy/physiology but they are alsoFortunately, educators can help prevent this suffering andsuperior pedagogic tools in the teaching of Pharmacy/Lifeenhance students’ learning experience and compassionsciences”.108for animals by using any of the modern, life-affirming,educationally effective non-animal teaching methods thatNon-animal methods include prepared histology slides,are discussed in this informational pack.digital dissection simulations, and videos or images ofEndorsements of Non-Animal Methodsby Scientists, Educators, and Legislatorsanimal dissection, which are preferable to single-useInternationally, because of the various benefits of virtualand viewed by millions of students without harming anydissection and the inherent ethical concerns associatedadditional animals. Please pass this information along towith animal use, many schools and school districts haveyour colleagues and contact PETA if you have any questionsended animal dissection. In addition, several countries –or comments.4 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissectionpreserved animals. Indeed, videos and images may bedigitally enhanced, expanded to show intricate detail,
Suggested ActivitiesPLANT DISSECTIONStudents may dissect a plant stem, such as a celery stalk,to prepare and stain longitudinal and transverse sectionsprior to mounting on a slide. Using a microscope, studentswill then be able to locate vascular bundles and the xylem,phloem, and sclerenchyma or collenchyma in additionto developing their scientific drawing skills. Furthermore,students will learn to use traditional dissection tools,such as scalpels, forceps, and a dissecting (stereo)microscope, in a safe manner.Resources Teaching Plant Anatomy Through CreativeLaboratory Exercises full-colour textwww.amazon.co.uk/gp/ Emantras Inc 2016 ‘A-Level Set Practicals – Dissection and Microscopyof a Plant Stem’ sample teaching notes for d-microscopy-of-aplant-stemDIGITAL DISSECTIONComputer software packages offer great benefits, savingstructure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries,staff both time and money and presenting studentsvenules, and veins; and investigate respiratory rate, capillarywith an effective and enjoyable mode of learning.11,12,13flow, and dissolved oxygen levels in fish through virtualUnlike animal dissection, in which students have just onephysiology experiments. Students can also view prepared/opportunity to perform a procedure and learn the requisitefixed microscope slides of different tissue types.content, non-animal methods allow students to repeat theexercises until they are proficient and confident withoutFree Resourcesthe distraction of dissecting or harming an animal. Some Cornell University tracheal systems of insectsprogrammes, such as Froguts, also allow teachers tocustomise lessons and include built-in test and l ‘How Do Insects Breathe? An Outline of themodules that can track student performance, and someTracheal System’are completely free and available online, including ne-of-Whitman College virtual dissection. Furthermore, manysoftware programmes, such as Digital Frog, includethe-tracheal-system/ Whitman College virtual dissection of foetal pig urinarymodules that demonstrate the inner workings of the livingsystem including high-quality images of the kidneysbody side-by-side with comparative anatomy modules nt about ecology and behaviour, none of which canbe taught with an animal tem Niagara Community College virtual anatomy labcovering the urinary system in detail with imagesBy using an interactive computer programme, studentsand discussioncan complete the digital dissection of an invertebrate andwww.niagaracc.suny.edu/academics/shm/val/a mammalian heart and kidney; compare and contrast theurine.html5 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection
Commercially Available Resources eMind Fish software programme includes the investigationand dissection of three fish, the lamprey, the dogfish,and the yellow perch as well as a section comparing andcontrasting the features of these three types of fish. Threeminilabs allow students to investigate respiratory rate,capillary flow, and dissolved oxygen levels.www.emindweb.com/ eMind Invertebrate software programme provides an indepth study of four common invertebrates. Students willobserve and dissect three views of the squid, earthworm,crayfish, and sea star and can also compare and contrastthe major systems of each of the four invertebrates. In theminilabs, students will inquire into the effects of differentdrugs on the heart rate of a daphnia. Also included is adata, which can be supplemented by viewing a video ofsurvey of over 20 other different invertebrates.preserved rabbit muscle fibres reacting to the addition ofwww.emindweb.com/ATP and examining prepared/fixed microscope slides of Froguts software covers the sea star, cow eye, squid,skeletal muscle in comparison to other muscle types.frog, owl pellet, and foetal pig as well as Mendeliangenetics. The foetal pig module includes an interactive andFree Resourcesdetailed dissection of the circulatory system. Rabbit muscle fibre video allows students to view awww.froguts.com/ Digital Frog International includes a module on theprepared skeletal muscle fibre react to the addition of ATP.www.youtube.com/watch?v BqCj-S6cQgkcirculatory system of frogs, comparative anatomy, anda detailed comparison of the structure and function ofCommercially Available Resourcesarteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Pearson’s PhysioEX includes virtual experiments onwww.digitalfrog.com Emantras Inc iPad rat dissection software app allowsskeletal muscle physiology and neurophysiology that allowstudents to collect and interpret data.students to virtually dissect a rat using digital tools, sioEx-as pins, scalpels, and forceps, and has logy-with-91-images of the mammalian heart that may be manipulatedUpdate/9780321929648.pagein three dimensions. Sheffield Biosciences offers multiple grammes that provide virtual physiology experiments,id418516605?mt 8including blood physiology, blood coagulation, nerve eMind Cat is an in-depth study of the anatomy andphysiology, muscle physiology, frog heart, exercisephysiology of the cat. Students will identify and labelphysiology, intestinal absorption, cellular respiration,the muscles in four different views. They will alsoguinea pig ileum, Langendorff heart, intestinal motility,dissect the digestive, cardiorespiratory, urogenital,Finkleman preparation, and rat blood pressure.and skeletal systems.www.sheffbp.co.ukwww.emindweb.com/ Virtual Physiology programmes include severalcompletely customisable classical laboratory simulations:VIRTUAL EXPERIMENTSSimNerv, SimHeart, SimVessel, Drug Laboratory,As with virtual dissection, interactive computer softwareSimMuscle, and SimNeuron.allows students to investigate the respiratory rate, capillarywww.virtual-physiology.com/flow, and dissolved oxygen levels in fish by collecting Benjamin Cummings’ PhysioEx 9.0 is a softwareand analysing data. Students may also complete virtualset that includes 63 lab activities, covering topics suchneuromuscular experiments, collecting and analysingas cell transport, skeletal muscle contraction, irritability6 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection
and conductivity of neurons, hormones and metabolism,THREE-DIMENSIONAL ORGANS, MODELS,cardiovascular dynamics, respiratory processes, digestion,AND PREPARED SLIDESglomerular filtration, acid/base balance, serologicalForming clay models of organs or examining plastinatedtesting, and more.specimens, such as the mammalian heart or kidney, ioEx-help supplement information learnt during a lecture -offers significant educational advantages over animalUpdate/9780321929648.pagedissection. For example, three recent studies at universities A.D.A.M. Interactive Physiology System Suiteacross the United States found that students who modelledInteractive Physiology 10-System Suite Student Editionbody systems out of clay were significantly better atcovers anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular,identifying the constituent parts of human anatomy thanmuscular, respiratory, nervous, urinary, endocrine,their classmates who performed animal dissections.14,15,16digestive, and immune systems. Each physiologicalAnother study found that students preferred clay modellingconcept is preceded by a set of goals and an anatomyover animal dissection and performed just as well as theirreview and is followed by a thorough quiz that testscohorts who dissected animals.17mastery of those goals through engaging activities thatask students to predict outcomes, manipulate variables,and measure responses.www.adameducation.com/ip10s The British Pharmacological Society’s “pharmaCAL-ogy” is a state-of-the-art, computer-assistedteaching platform that features more than 50 softwareand teacher-workbook titles produced bypharmacologists. The titles cover various areas ofstudy, including drug metabolism, drug targets,neuropharmacology, the cardiovascular system,simulations, clinical development, asthma, andinflammation.www.pharmacalogy.com EduMedia offers a software set that covers humananatomy, physiology, and metabolism. The trialversion is free and available online.www.edumedia-sciences.com eMind Fish software programme provides three minilabsthat allow students to investigate respiratory rate, capillaryflow, and dissolved oxygen levels in fish.www.emindweb.com/ eMind Invertebrate software programme providesan in-depth study of four common invertebrates.In the minilabs, students will inquire into theeffects of different drugs on the heart rate of adaphnia. Also included is a survey of over 20 otherdifferent invertebrates.www.emindweb.com/ eMind Frog software programme provides a musclecontraction experiment that allows students to collect,plot, and interpret data.www.emindweb.com/7 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection
Resources Free lesson plans and detailed instructions for creatinga clay model of the human heart and other -ofhuman-body-parts/ Human heart models available through scienceeducation vendors Practice Anatomy Lab 3.0 (PAL), which includeshigh-quality images of human anatomical modelsand mammalian actice-Anatomy-Lab-30/9780321682116.page Health and Care plastinated hearts and other tml Prepared microscope slides of arteries, arterioles,capillaries, venules, and veins, available at variousscience education p?category 240&class 500ReferencesPatronek GJ, Rauch A. Systematic review of comparative studies examining alternatives to theharmful use of animals in biomedical education. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2007;230(1):37-43.2Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Dissection alternatives. pcrm.org/research/edtraining/dissectionalt. Published 5 June 2013. Accessed 9 September 2016.3Knight A. The effectiveness of humane teaching methods in veterinary education. ALTEX.2007;24(2):91-109.4Oakley J. Dissection and choice in the science classroom: student experiences, teacherresponses, and a critical analysis of the right to refuse. J Teach Learn. 2012;8(2).5Oakley J. “I didn’t feel right about animal dissection”: Dissection objectors share their scienceclass experiences. Soc Ani. 2013;21(1):360-378.6Lopresti-Goodman SM. Towards plasticity in brain science pedagogy. Psy Ed. 2012;49:25-28.7Kramer MG. Humane education, dissection, and the law. Ani Law, 2006;13:281.8Dewhurst D, Jenkinson L. The impact of computer-based alternatives on the use of animals inundergraduate teaching: A pilot study. ATLA. 1995;23:521-530.9Oakley J. Science teachers and the dissection debate: Perspectives on animal dissection andalternatives. Int J Env Sci Ed. 2012;7:253-267.10Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. Dissection ned/education.cfm. Published 5 June 2013.Accessed 9 September 2016.11The Indian Ministry of Environment and Forests. Directive No. 1/1/2011-AWD. 2012.12Predavec M. Evaluation of E-Rat, a computer-based rat dissection, in terms of studentlearning outcomes. J Bio Ed. 2001;35(2):75-80.13Youngblut C. Use of Multimedia Technology to Provide Solutions to Existing CurriculumProblems: Virtual Frog Dissection [Doctoral dissertation]. 2001.14Waters JR, Van Meter P, Perrotti W, Drogo S, Cyr RJ. Cat dissection vs. sculpting humanstructures in clay: An analysis of two approaches to undergraduate human anatomy laboratoryeducation. Adv Physiol Educ. 2005;29(1):27-34.15Motoike HK, O’Kane RL, Lenchner E, Haspel C. Clay modeling as a method to learn humanmuscles: A community college study. Anat Sci Ed. 2009;2(1):19-23.16Waters JR, Van Meter P, Perrotti W, Drogo S, Cyr RJ. Human clay models versus catdissection: How the similarity between the classroom and the exam affects studentperformance. Adv Physiol Educ. 2011;35(2):227-236.17DeHoff ME, Clark KL, Meganathan K. Learning outcomes and student-perceived value of claymodeling and cat dissection in undergraduate human anatomy and physiology. Adv PhysiolEduc. 2011;35(1):68-75.1People for the Ethical Treatmentof Animals FoundationPO Box 70315, London N1P 2RG, United Kingdom 44 (0) 207 837 6327PETA.org.ukText “PETA” to 70660 to donate 5 to People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)Foundation, Charity No 1056453, and subscribe to PETA’s text-messaging service. PETA receives100 per cent of your donation. Text and subscription are free, but network charges may apply.Your donationwill appear on mobile bill. Must be 18 or older. Obtain bill payer’s permission.Text “STOP” to end subscription. Full terms: PETA.org.uk/sms. Support: 020 7837 6327.8 Humane Alternatives to Animal Dissection
dissection and the inherent ethical concerns associated with animal use, many schools and school districts have ended animal dissection. In addition, several countries – including Argentina, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, and Slovakia – have banned dissection at the elementary
ZOOLOGY DISSECTION GUIDE Includes excerpts from: Modern Biology by Holt, Rinehart, & Winston 2002 edition . Starfish Dissection 10 Crayfish Dissection 14 Perch Dissection 18 Frog Dissection 24 Turtle Dissection 30 Pigeon Dissection 38 Rat Dissection 44 . 3 . 1 EARTHWORM DISSECTION Kingdom: Animalia .
Dissection Exercise 2: Identification of Selected Endocrine Organs of the Rat 333 Dissection Exercise 3: Dissection of the Blood Vessels of the Rat 335 Dissection Exercise 4: Dissection of the Respiratory System of the Rat 337 Dissection Exercise 5: Dissection of the Digestive System of the Rat 339 Dissection Exercise 6: Dissection of the .
Sheep Brain Dissection Guide 4. Find the medulla (oblongata) which is an elongation below the pons. Among the cranial nerves, you should find the very large root of the trigeminal nerve. Pons Medulla Trigeminal Root 5. From the view below, find the IV ventricle and the cerebellum. Cerebellum IV VentricleFile Size: 751KBPage Count: 13Explore furtherSheep Brain Dissection with Labeled Imageswww.biologycorner.comsheep brain dissection questions Flashcards Quizletquizlet.comLab 27- Dissection of the Sheep Brain Flashcards Quizletquizlet.comSheep Brain Dissection Lab Sheet.docx - Sheep Brain .www.coursehero.comLab: sheep brain dissection Questions and Study Guide .quizlet.comRecommended to you b
1) Radical neck dissection (RND) 2) Modified radical neck dissection (MRND) 3) Selective neck dissection (SND) Supra-omohyoid type Lateral type Posterolateral type Anterior compartment type 4) Extended radical neck dissection Classification of Neck Dissections Medina classification - Comprehensive neck dissection Radical neck dissection
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