EIT IDC Electrical Power System Fundamentals - Online
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesElectrical PowerSystemFundamentals forNon-ElectricalEngineersbySteve Mackaywww.eit.edu.auEIT Micro-CourseSeries Every two weeks we present a35 to 45 minute interactivecourse Practical, useful with Q & Athroughout PID loop Tuning / Arc FlashProtection, Functional Safety,Troubleshooting conveyorspresented so far Upcoming:– Electrical Troubleshooting andmuch much more . Go tohttp://www.eit.edu.au/freecourses You get the recording andslideswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers1
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesOverall PresentationThe focus of this session is the buildingblocks of electrical engineering, thefundamentals of electrical design andintegrating electrical engineeringknow-how into the other disciplineswithin an organisation.www.eit.edu.auObjectives The basics Design rules Selection,installation andcommissioning ofelectrical systemswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers2
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesTopics1. Generation,Transmission &Distribution2. Transformers3. Earthing/grounding4. Power Quality5. Protectionwww.eit.edu.au1.0Electrical PowerGeneration, Transmission &Distributionwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers3
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEnergy Conversion¾ Process of transforming one form of energyinto another¾ In physics and engineering, energytransformation is often referred to asenergy conversion¾ Energy of fossil fuels, solar radiation, ornuclear fuels can be converted into otherenergy forms¾ Such as electrical, propulsive, or heatingthat are more useful to us.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Energy¾ Electrical energy is undoubtedly the primarysource of energy consumption in any modernhousehold.¾ Most electrical energy is supplied bycommercial power plants.¾ The most common sources of power plantsare: Fuel energy Hydro-potential energy Nuclear energywww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers4
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesTurbine¾ Rotary engine that extracts energy from afluid flow¾ Has a number of blades, like a windmill¾ Blades rotate when a liquid or gas (steam) isforced through it under pressure.¾ The rotating turbine is connected to ageneratorwhich produces alternating currentelectricitywww.eit.edu.auElectrical Generator¾ Device that converts kinetic energy toelectrical energy, using electromagneticinduction.¾ Reverse conversion of electrical energy intomechanical energy is done by a motor¾ The source of mechanical energy may be A turbine steam engine, Water falling through a turbine orwaterwheel, An internal combustion engine, Or any other source of mechanical energy.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers5
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesElectrical Generator(contd )¾ The generators are the key to gettingelectricity¾ These are very large containing magnetsand wires¾ Power lines are connected to the generatorto carry eria.comElectrical Generator(contd )¾ A metal shaft connected to aturbine is being turned byfalling water or steam.¾ As the turbine rotates, theshaft coupled to thegenerator also rotates¾ Therefore the generatorcomponents also rotate andproduces electricity.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers6
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesCoal-Fired Power Plantwww.eit.edu.auwww.tva.govCombustion Turbine PowerPlantwww.eit.edu.auwww.tva.govElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers7
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesHydroelectric Power Plant¾ Hydro-electric power plants convert thekinetic energy contained in falling waterinto electricity.¾ There are two types:¾ Hydroelectric dam¾ Pump-storage plantwww.eit.edu.auNuclear Power Plant(contd )www.eit.edu.auwww.snapshot-net.euElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers8
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesModern Power StationOverviewwww.eit.edu.auAlternative Energy Sources¾ Renewable energy sources are thealternative sources to generate electricity Solar energy Geothermal energy Biomass energy Ocean energy Wind energywww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers9
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesTransmission of ElectricPower¾ Generated electricity at power plant is sentout over a power grid through transmissionlines.¾ Transmission – Transporting high-voltageelectricity using a giant network of cables(the National Grid)¾ Power transmission is between powerstation and substation.¾ Transmission is carried out by bareoverhead conductors strung betweentall steel towers.www.eit.edu.auTransmission(contd )¾ When electricity leaves the power station, itis transformed upwards to 400,000 volts(400kV)¾ Transmission takes place at very highvoltages to minimise losses.¾ Super Grid is a giant network of overheadlines and underground cables¾ It transports the electricity to substationsand then distributed.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers10
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesTransmission Losses¾ Lightning strokes cause huge current flow,therefore produces I2R losses.¾ Tree limbs falling across the power linescause short circuits.¾ Due to the interference of thecommunication cables losses occur.¾ Accumulation of ice on the conductors incold countries cause damage to theconductors.¾ Environmental conditions also effect thetransmission efficiency.www.eit.edu.auDistribution of Power¾ Taking electricity to homes, industries andschools in towns and cities in different areas.¾ Then supplied to homes at 230V,50Hz or110V, 60Hz by local distribution¾ Power is transformed down from the ultra high transmission voltages to lower voltagesby series of substations¾ When higher voltages (132kV) are used, thisarea of supply is called 'Sub-Transmission‘.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers11
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesDistribution(contd )¾ Typical distribution voltages vary from34,500/19,920 volts to 4,160/2400 volts.¾ The end point of this supply is a "Zone"Sub-station¾ Here the electricity is transformed down to11kV or 22kV for distribution to theimmediate vicinity of customers.¾ Power is carried through overhead wires orthrough underground cables.www.eit.edu.auDistribution(contd )¾ For supply to residential consumers -- thevoltage has to be transformed down againto 415/240 volts¾ This occurs at local sub-stations which arelocated close to customers.¾ “Padmount Transformers” are transformerswhich supply small voltages at this localsub-station.¾ From here power is carried directly to thecustomer's premiseswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers12
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesDistribution(contd )www.eit.edu.auDistribution(contd )www.eit.edu.auwww.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric power/illustrated glossary/substation.html#DistributionElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers13
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesAC Power¾ AC power flow has the three components:– Real power (P) It is in phase with the applied voltage(V) Also known as the active component. Measured in watts (W)– Reactive power (Q) It is not in phase with the appliedvoltage (V) Also known as Idle or wattless power Measured in reactive volt-amperes (VAr)www.eit.edu.auPower Factor¾ It is the ratio of the real power to theapparent power.¾ An ideal power factor is unity or 1.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers14
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesPower FactorFig.1(Contd )Fig.2Fig.3www.eit.edu.au2.0 Transformerswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers15
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesTransformers A transformer efficiently raises orlowers AC voltages It cannot increase power so that if thevoltage is raised, the current isproportionally lowered and vice versa For an Ideal Transformer– The voltage ratio is equal to the turnsratio– Power In is equal to Power Outwww.eit.edu.auTransformers Internal losses reduce the power OutVsVp NsNpPp Vp Ip Vs Is Pswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers16
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesLarge power transformerswww.eit.edu.auDistribution Boards Serve as the point at which electricityis distributed within a building. Usually consists of breakers or fuses .www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers17
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC d for Earthing The primary goal of earthing system isSAFETY. Secondary goals are effective lightningprotection, diminishing electromagneticcoupling (EMC), and the protection againstelectromagnetic pulses (EMP).www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers18
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesNeed for Earthing Earthing reduce the risks of fires andpersonnel injuries. To provide a low impedance route forhigh frequency leakage currents.www.eit.edu.auElectric shock (Direct andindirect) An electric shock occurs when electric currentpasses through human body Two categories of electric shocks are: Direct contact shock Indirect contact shockwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers19
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesDirect contact shock A direct contact shock occurs when conductorsthat are meant to be live such as bare wire orterminals are touched.www.eit.edu.auIndirect contact shock Indirect contact shock is touching an exposedconductive part that has become live under faultconditions.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers20
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEffects of electrical shockThe effects depend upon the following: The amount of current The path of the current The length of time the body remains incontact with the circuit The frequency of the currentwww.eit.edu.auEffects of electrical shock Muscular contractions “freeze” the body– when the amount of current flowingthrough the body reaches a level atwhich person cannot let go– increases length of exposure– current flow causes blisters, reducessurface resistance to current flow,increases current flow, causes severeinjury or deathwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers21
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEffects of electrical shock Extensor muscles “fling” the body “Jerk” reaction results in falls, cuts, bruises,bone fractures, and even deathwww.eit.edu.auTouch and Step voltagewww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers22
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesProtection From the Hazardsof Ground-PotentialGradientswww.eit.edu.auProtection From the Hazardsof Ground-PotentialGradients The use of insulated equipment can protectemployees handling grounded equipment,and conductors. Restricting employees from areas wherehazardous step or touch potentials couldarise can protect employees not directlyinvolved in the operation being performedwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers23
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEarth conductors andElectrodes There are two main types of earthconductor, "bonding" conductors and earthelectrodes. Bonding and Protective Conductors are twotypes:¾Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC)¾Bonding Conductorswww.eit.edu.auEarth conductors andElectrodesBonding Conductors These ensure that exposed conductive partsremain at the same potential duringelectrical fault conditions. The two forms of bonding conductor are:¾ Main equipotential bondingconductors¾ Supplementary bonding conductorswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers24
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEarth conductors andElectrodesBonding Conductors The conductor size is capable of dealingwith anticipated fault current. If a fault develops, the whole of the faultcurrent may flow through via the earthconductor through to the "in ground"electrode system. Once there, it will normally be split upbetween the various electrodes.www.eit.edu.auEarth conductors andElectrodesEarth Electrodes Direct contact with the ground provides ameans of releasing or collecting anyearth leakage currents. Earthed systems requires to carry quite alarge fault current for a short period oftime and, It has a cross-sectional area largeenough to carry fault current safely.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers25
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEarth conductors andElectrodes Electrodes must have adequate mechanicaland electrical properties. To meet demand for long period of time. During which actual testing or inspection isdifficult. The material should have good electricalconductivity and should not corrode in awide range of soil conditions.www.eit.edu.auEarth conductors andElectrodes Materials used include copper,galvanized steel, stainless steel and castiron. Copper is generally the preferredmaterial Aluminium is sometimes used for ground“bonding”. The corrosive product - an oxide layer is non-conductive. Corrosive product reduce theeffectiveness of the earthing.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers26
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC Technologies4.0 PowerQualitywww.eit.edu.auPower QualityIt is defined with respect to three primarycomponents¾ Continuity¾ Quality¾ Efficiencywww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers27
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesCauses of Power QualityProblems¾ Voltage fluctuations (flicker)¾ Voltage dips and interruptions¾ Voltage Imbalance (unbalance)¾ Power frequency variations¾ Harmonicswww.eit.edu.auVoltage Variations¾ Short duration (sag, swell)¾ Long duration Undervoltage Overvoltage¾ Voltage Imbalance¾ Voltage Fluctuations.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers28
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesShort Duration VoltageVariationsVoltage Sags (dips):Causes: Decrease between 0.1 and0.9 p.u. in rms voltage orcurrent at the powerfrequency for duration from0.5 cycles to 1 min. Local and remote faults.www.eit.edu.au(contd )Impacts:¾ Dropouts of sensitive customer equipmentsuch as Computer crashes Bulbs glow dim Fan speed reduces Effect on motor speed Poor video quality of televisions etc.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers29
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesVoltage Swells (surges): Increase to between 1.1 and1.8 p.u in the rms voltageor current at the powerfrequency for durationsfrom 0.5 cycle to 1 min.Causes: Single-line-to-groundfaults. Equipment over voltage.www.eit.edu.au(contd )¾ Impacts: Electronic equipments such astelevision, computers will mis-operate Small fuses in electronic equipmentwill blow off Bulbs of low power rating will blow off Failure of MOVs forced intoconduction etc.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers30
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesLong Duration Voltage variationsOvervoltage: Increase in the rms ac voltagegreater than 110 percent at thepower frequency for a durationlonger than 1 min.Causes: Load switching off Capacitor switching on System voltage regulation.www.eit.edu.au(contd )¾ Impacts: Electronic devices will burn Refrigerator will blow off Winding of motors of fan mixers andgrinders will burn Over heating of equipment Bulbs will blow off Fuses will blow off Causes short circuits which will resultsparks in the circuit etc.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers31
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesUnder Voltage (Brown out) Decrease in the rms acvoltage to less than 90percent at the powerfrequency for a durationlonger than 1 min.Causes: Load switching on Capacitor switching off System voltage regulation.www.eit.edu.au(contd )¾ Impacts: Video on the TV will not appear but onecan still hear the audio Mixers and grinders may not start Computer crashes Filament bulbs will glow dim butfluorescent bulbs may not glow. Mis-operation of refrigerators etc.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers32
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesVariation of frequency¾ The deviation of the power systemfundamental frequency from its specifiednominal value (e.g. 50 or 60 ups power sag.gif(contd )¾ Causes: Poor speed regulations of localgeneration Faults on the bulk power system Large block of load being disconnected Disconnecting a large source ofgeneration.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers33
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC Technologies(contd )¾ Impacts: Equipment Failure Black outs Transformers will blow off Motor windings will burn due to overheating. Motors in mixers, grinders, fans willburn.www.eit.edu.auInterruptionsMomentary Interruption: 1/2 - 3secsTemporary Interruption: 3 - 60 secsLong-Term interruption (outage): 1minwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers34
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC Technologies¾ Causes:(contd ) Temporary faults. Lightning stroke. Tree limbs falling across conductors.¾ Impacts: Operation interruption. Production losses. Revenue losses.www.eit.edu.auSurge¾ An unexpected increase in voltage i.e. aincrease of 110% of normal voltage formore than three nanoseconds is considereda s/ups power sag.gifElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers35
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesSurge Protector¾ A device that shields electronic devices fromsurges in electrical power, or transient voltage,that flow from the power supply.www.eit.edu.auSwitching Surges¾ A transient disturbance caused due toswitching on/off of reactive load. Load switchingOscillatory switchingCapacitor switchingMultiple re-strike switchingPower system switchingArcing faultsFault clearingPower system recovery.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers36
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesLightning Surges¾ A high voltage transient in an electric circuitdue to ntd )¾ Lightning surges in electrical systemscan in general be classified accordingto their origin as follows: Direct flashes to overhead lines Induced over voltages on overhead lines Over voltages caused by coupling fromother systems.www.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers37
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesEffects of Surges¾ Electronic devices may operate erratically.Equipment could lock up or producedgarbled results.¾ Electronic devices may operate atdecreased efficiencies.¾ Integrated circuits may fail immediately orfail prematurely. Most of the time, thefailure is attributed to "age of theequipment".www.eit.edu.au(contd )¾ Motors will run at high temperaturesresulting in motor vibration, noise,excessive heat, winding insulation is lost.¾ Degrade the contacting surfaces ofswitches, disconnects, and circuit breakers.¾ Electrical and electronic appliances willblowwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers38
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesLightning Arrestors¾ A device that protects from lightning surges.Lightning arrestorswww.eit.edu.au5.0 Protection ofElectrical Systemswww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers39
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesIncipient faults A fault that takes a long time todevelop into a breakdown ofinsulation caused by:– Partial discharge currents– Normally become solid faults intime.Breakdown of Insulationwww.eit.edu.auSolid fault Immediate, complete breakdown ofinsulation causing:– High fault currents / energy– Danger to personnel– High stressing of all networkequipment due to heating andelectromechanical forces andpossibility of combustion– Dips on the network voltageaffecting other partieswww.eit.edu.au– Faults spreading to other phasesElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers40
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesNeed for protection Protection is also needed to avoid– Electric shocks– Electrical burns– Arc blast injuries– Firewww.eit.edu.auTHANK YOU FOR ATTENDINGIf you are interested in further training please visit;IDC TechnologiesTwo-day practical workshops available to the public:www.idc-online.com/course schedule/On-site customised workshops:www.idc-online.com/training/Technical w.idc-online.com/cons/The Engineering Institute of TechnologiesPractical online Certificate, Advanced Diploma and Graduate ectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers41
The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC TechnologiesIf you are interested in further training in the areaElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical EngineersUKManchester 3 & 4 NovemberBirmingham 7 & 8 NovemberLondon 10 & 11 Novemberhttp://www.idconline.com/training courses/electrical engineering/?code EN&South AfricaJohannesburg 8 & 9 Septemberwww.idc-online.com/training courses/electrical engineering/?code ENCanadaToronto 28 & 29 NovemberCalgary 1 & 2 Decemberhttp://www.idconline.com/training courses/electrical engineering/?code ENNew ZealandAuckland 5 & 6 Decemberwww.idc-online.com/training courses/electrical engineering/?code ENwww.eit.edu.auElectrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers42
source of energy consumption in any modern household. ¾Most electrical energy is supplied by commercial power plants. . by series of substations ¾When higher voltages (132kV) are used, this . Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers. 25 www.eit.edu.au Bonding Conductors
* Resume included Josh Lund, PE* Sam White, PE* David Kull, PE* Theresa McAuliffe, PE Ron Joy, PE Tim Aguilar, PE Steve Delia, EIT Mike Altieri, EIT Dan White, EIT Chris Gagne, EIT Dante Guzzi, EIT Brian Colburn, PE* Scott Ozana, PE* Brian Patinskas, PE* Steve Ireland, PE Melanie Haskins, EIT Connor Golde
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