U.S.A. HISTORy - Elibrary.bsu.edu.az

The most recent Ice Age was about35,000 years ago. Much of the world’swater was frozen into big sheets ofice. A land bridge—as wide as 1,500 kilometers—joined Asia and North America. By 12,000 yearsago, humans lived throughout much of what noware the Americas.Opposite: The hatched area of thispolar view of the globe shows a landbridge of Beringia which once joinedAsia and North America.Above: The Mesa Verde settlementin Colorado was built in the 1200s.The first “Americans” crossed the land bridgefrom Asia. Historians believe that they lived inwhat now is Alaska for thousands of years. Theymoved south into today’s mainland United States.They lived by the Pacific Ocean in the Northwest,in the mountains and deserts of the Southwest,and along the Mississippi River in the Midwest.3

These early groups are known as Hohokam,Adenans, Hopewellians, and Anasazi. They builtvillages and grew crops. Their lives were connectedto the land. Family and community were important to them. History shows they told stories andshared information mostly by talking, not writing. Some used a form of picture writing calledhieroglyphics. Nature was important to theirspiritual beliefs. Some groups built big piles ofearth in the shapes of snakes, birds, or pyramids.The different groups traded with each other, butthey also fought.No one knows why, but these groups disappeared.Other groups, Hopi and Zuni, later came to thisland and prospered. By the time the first Europeans arrived, about two million native people livedin what now is the United States.4spir·i·tu·al / ˈspirɪtʃəwəl /adj [more ; most ]: of or relating to a person'sspirit Doctors must considerthe emotional and spiritualneeds of their patients. I'mworking on my spiritual growth/development. [ the growth ofmy mind and spirit]Above: People of the Native-Americanfort known as Ancient Culture builtthe Great Serpent Mound in AdamsCounty, Ohio. They erected the 403meter monument between A.D. 1000and 1550.Below: About 4,000 Native Americanslived in Lakota Village near PineRidge, South Dakota. (circa 1891)

Above: Christopher Columbus at theRoyal Court of Spain Chromolithograph by Masters Cromwell andKirkpatrick, circa 1884. ChristopherColumbus is presenting his requestto Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand V and a gathering of courtiers.Historians believe that the Norse may have beenthe first Europeans to arrive. They came fromGreenland, where Erik the Red had started asettlement around 985. In 1001, Erik’s son, Leif,explored the northeast coast of what now is Canada.Remaining pieces of Norse houses were found innorthern Newfoundland.It took almost 500 years for other Europeans toreach North America, and another 100 for themto build permanent settlements. The first explorersdid not know about America. They were looking fora way to go to Asia from Europe by sea. OtherEuropeans who arrived later—mostly Spanish andPortuguese, but also Dutch, French, and British—came for land and the riches of the “New World.”The most famous explorer was ChristopherColumbus. He was Italian, but Queen Isabellaof Spain paid for his trips. Columbus landed onislands in the Caribbean Sea in 1492. He neverreached what is now the United States.5

Above: Cummod esequat, vullamconsequat, core tate minisi ea feuguedignim iriliquat. Atio eGait am vel ipexerosto elis nisit adigna feugait exeliqui euguer adigna amet luptatuefeugait, quat aliquis digna commolenim il irit lorerae ssequat ipsuscillutpat. Right: Iquat euipissequamvulpute mod magna faccum inibheu facincilit wis augiati smoloredolessed modiamet ullaortis atio delute feugue dolor incin ute dignisciliterosto commodolor at.To dionsendignit am zzriusc illaortisl ut vent nosametue dolut ut nonullummy nisimexeros alit lor sum dunt prat, si.In 1497, John Cabot, an explorer sailing for England, landed in eastern Canada. His arrival established a British claim to land in North America.During the 1500s, Spain explored and claimedmore land in the Americas than did any othercountry. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Léon landed inFlorida. Hernando De Soto landed in Florida in1539 and then explored all the way to the Mississippi River.Spain conquered Mexico in 1522. In 1540, FranciscoVázquez de Coronado wanted to find the mythicalSeven Cities of Cibola. He started looking in Mexicoand then traveled north to the Grand Canyon inArizona and into the Great Plains.Other Europeans, such as Giovanni da Verrazano,Jacques Cartier, and Amerigo Vespucci, exploredfurther north. The two American continentswere named after Amerigo Vespucci.The first permanent European settlement in NorthAmerica was Spanish. It was built in St. Augustinein Florida. Thirteen British colonies to the northmyth·i·cal / ˈmɪθɪkəl /adjective: based on or described in amyth Hercules was a mythicalhero who was half man and halfgod. gods fighting in a mythical battle in the sky a mythicalbeast/creature : existing onlyin the imagination : imaginary The sportswriters pickeda mythical all-star team.Above: John Cabot and his sonSebastian sailed from England andlanded in Newfoundland, Canada,in 1497.Right: San Juan Capistrano Missionis one of nine missions founded byFray Junipero Sera, a Franciscanpriest who led the Spanish settlement of California.6

would later form the United States. Virginia andMassachusetts were the two earliest.It wasn’t just explorers who settled in the NewWorld. People started to come to the New World tolive. These people were immigrants from Europe.Quiz1. How did the first people reach the Americas?A. Sailing from AsiaB. Walking across a frozen bridge of iceC. Sailing from SpainAbove: The Spanish built the Castillode San Marcos between 1672 and1695 to guard St. Augustine, Florida.Below: Hernando de Soto of Spainled a European expedition in 1540with plans to colonize North America.Answers: 1. B; 2. C; 3. B2. Who are believed to be the first Europeansto arrive in the New World?A. SpanishB. EnglishC. Norse3. What was Christopher Columbus looking forwhen he sailed to the New World?A. GoldB. AsiaC. Spanish settlements7

Colonial Period8

Most people who came to the Britishcolonies in the 1600s were English.Others came from The Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, France, Scotland, andNorthern Ireland. By 1690, 250,000 peoplelived in the New World. By 1790, there were2.5 million people.People came for different reasons. Some left theirhomes to escape war. Others sought political orreligious freedom. Some had to work as servants topay back the cost of their trip before gaining theirfreedom. Some, like black Africans, arrived as slaves.In time, the 13 colonies developed within threedistinct regions.rea·son / ˈri:zn̩ / nounplural rea·sons: a statement or fact thatexplains why something is theway it is, why someone does,thinks, or says something, orwhy someone behaves acertain way I can’t give youthe report for the simple reasonthat it isn’t finished yet.seek / ˈsi:k / verb seeks;sought / ˈsɑ:t / seek·ing: to search for (someone orsomething) : to try to find(someone or something) Heis seeking employment. [ he islooking for a job]trea·ty / ˈtri:ti / nounplural trea·ties: an official agreement that ismade between two or morecountries or groups Thecountry’s warring factions havesigned a peace treaty. [ anagreement to stop fighting a war]Opposite: A Puritan husband and wifewalk to church in this print of a painting by G. H. Boughton from 1884.Below: American artist Benjamin West(1738-1820) painted William Penn’streaty with the Native Americans ofPennsylvania. Pennsylvania was safefor Quakers and others who wantedreligious freedom. Penn treated theIndians well.9

The first settlements were along the Atlantic coastand on rivers that flowed into the ocean. In theNortheast, trees covered the hills and stones filledthe soil, but water power was available. The Northeast was called New England, and it includedMassachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island.The economy was based on timber, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade.The middle colonies included New York, NewJersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland.The weather was milder and the countrysidewas more varied. People worked in industry andagriculture. The society was more diverse andsophisticated. People living in New York camefrom all over Europe.di·verse / daɪˈvɚs /adjective [more di*verse;most di*verse]: different from each other The magazine covers topicsas diverse [ varied] as chemistryand sculpture. people withdiverse interests : made upof people or things that aredifferent from each other His message appealed to adiverse audience. The groupof students is very diverse.[ the students are differentages, races, etc.] a diversegroup of subjectsso·phis·ti·cat·edThe Southern colonies included Virginia, Georgia,and North Carolina and South Carolina. The growing season was long and the soil was fertile. Mostpeople were farmers. Some owned small farms thatthey worked themselves. The wealthy farmers ownedlarge plantations and used African slaves as workers.The relationships between settlers and NativeAmericans (also called Indians) were good and bad.In some areas, the two groups traded and were/ səˈfɪstəˌkeɪtəd / adjective[more so*phis*ti*cat*ed;most so*phis*ti*cat*ed]: having or showing a lot ofexperience and knowledgeabout the world and aboutculture, art, literature, etc. She was a sophisticated andwell-traveled woman. She hassophisticated tastes. : attractive to fashionable or sophisticated people a swank andsophisticated restaurantAbove: William Penn establishedPennsylvania, named for his recently deceased father William Sr., asa Quaker colony tolerating variousfaiths and races in 1682.Right: Pilgrims sign the MayflowerCompact on the ship in 1620.Opposite above: A devout Puritanelder (right) confronts patronsdrinking ale outside a tavern.Opposite below: Cotton Matherwas one of the leading Puritanfigures of the late 17th and early18th centuries.10 National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

force / ˈfoɚs / verb forces;forced; forc·ing: to make (someone) dosomething that he or shedoes not want to do Theyforced us to work long hourswithout pay. He was forced toresign from office. He wasforced out of office.par·tic·i·pate/ pɑɚˈtɪsəˌpeɪt / verbfriendly. In most cases, as the settlements grewbigger, the settlers forced the Indians to move.As time went on, all the colonies developed governments based on the British tradition of citizen participation. In Britain, the Glorious Revolution of1688–1689 limited the power of the king and gavemore power to the people. The American colonistsclosely observed these changes. Colonial assembliesclaimed the right to act as local parliaments. Theypassed laws that limited the power of the royalgovernor and increased their own authority.Disagreements between the royal governors andthe assemblies continued. The colonists realizedthat their interests often were different fromBritain’s interests. At first, the colonists wantedself-government within a British commonwealth.Only later did they want independence.Quizpar·tic·i·pates; par·tic·i·pat·ed; par·tic·i·pat·ing: to be involved with othersin doing something : to takepart in an activity or eventwith others Most peoplejoined the game, but a fewchose not to participate.—par·tic·i·pa·tion/ pɑɚˌtɪsəˈpeɪʃən / noun The show had a lot ofaudience participation.pow·er / ˈpawɚ / nounplural pow·ers: the ability or right to controlpeople or things She is froma very wealthy family with a lotof social power. The companyabused its power, forcingworkers to work overtimewithout pay. He has no powerover me.law / ˈlɑ: / noun plural laws: a rule made by the government of a town, state,country, etc. [count] A lawrequires that schools provide asafe learning environment. There is a law requiring schoolsto provide a safe learningenvironment.com·mon·wealth/ ˈkɑ:mənˌwɛlθ / noun pluralcom·mon·wealths: a group of countries orstates that have political oreconomic connections withone another — often of a commonwealth of states—the Commonwealth : thecountries that were once partof the British EmpireAnswers: 1. B; 2. C1. How many original colonies were there?A. 50B. 13C. 172. Which European country owned the colonies?A. SpainB. The NetherlandsC. Britain11

The Roadto Independence12

lib·er·al·ism / ˈlɪbərəˌlɪzəm,ˈlɪbrəˌlɪzəm / noun: belief in the value of socialand political change in orderto achieve progress politicalliberalismem·pire / ˈɛmˌpajɚ / nounplural em·pires: a group of countries orregions that are controlledby one ruler or one goverment ; especially the RomanEmpirepol·i·cy / ˈpɑ:ləsi / nounplural pol·i·cies: an officially accepted setof rules or ideas about whatshould be done [count] They voted to adopt/pursuemore liberal trade policies. American foreign policyil·le·gal / ɪˈli:gəl / adjective: not allowed by the law: not legal illegal [ illicit,unlawful] drugsOpposite: A print by famous revolutionary Paul Revere shows British soldiers firing into a crowd ofpeople in 1770.Below: The protest against Britishtaxes in 1773 was known as theBoston Tea Party.The ideas of liberalism and democracy are the basis of the U.S. political system. As the colonists builttheir new society, they believed more stronglyin these ideas. Britain’s 13 colonies grew inpopulation and economic strength duringthe 1700s. Although ruled by a distantgovernment, the colonists governed manylocal affairs.After Britain won a costly war with France in the1750s, the colonists were asked to help pay for thewar, and for Britain’s large empire. These policiesrestricted the colonists’ way of life.For example, the Royal Proclamation of 1763restricted the colonists from settling new land.The Currency Act of 1764 made it illegal to printpaper money in the colonies. The Quartering Act13

re·sis·tance / rɪˈzɪstəns /noun: effort made to stop or tofight against someone orsomething The troops metheavy/stiff resistance as theyapproached the city.del·e·gate / ˈdɛlɪgət / nounplural del·e·gates: a person who is chosen orelected to vote or act forothers : representative He’s been chosen as adelegate to the convention.of 1765 forced the colonists to provide food andhousing for the royal soldiers. The Stamp Act of1765 taxed all legal papers, licenses, newspapers,and leases.The Stamp Act united the colonists in an organized resistance. The main problem was that theyweren’t allowed to participate in the governmentthat taxed them.In October 1765, 27 delegates from nine coloniesmet in New York. They passed resolutions sayingthat the individual colonies should have the rightto impose their own taxes. This satisfied most ofthe delegates, but a small number of radicalswanted independence from Britain.One of those people was Samuel Adams of Massachusetts. He wrote newspaper articles and madespeeches. The groups he helped to organize became a big part of the revolutionary movement.By 1773, colonial traders, who were angry withBritish regulation of the tea trade, were interestedin Sam Adams’s ideas. In December 1773, a groupof men sneaked on three British ships in Bostonharbor and threw the cargo of tea overboard. Thisevent became known as the Boston Tea Party.14res·o·lu·tion / ˌrɛzəˈlu:ʃən /noun plural res·o·lu·tions: a formal statement thatexpresses the feelings,wishes, or decision of agroup The assembly passeda resolution calling for theuniversity president to stepdown.im·pose / ɪmˈpoʊz / verbim·pos·es; im·posed;im·pos·ing: to cause (something, suchas a tax, fine, rule, orpunishment) to affectsomeone or something byusing your authority Thejudge imposed a life sentence. impose [ levy] a tax onliquorrad·i·cal / ˈrædɪkəl / nounplural radicals: a person who favorsextreme changes in government : a person who hasradical political opinions He was a radical when he wasyoung, but now he’s muchmore moderate.ar·ti·cle / ˈɑɚtɪkəl / nounplural ar·ti·cles: a piece of writing abouta particular subject that isincluded in a magazine,newspaper, etc. He haspublished numerous articlesin scholarly journals.move·ment / ˈmu:vmənt /noun plural move·ments: a series of organizedactivities in which manypeople work together todo or achieve something She started a movement[ campaign] for politicalreform. : the group ofpeople who are involvedin such a movement Theyjoined the antiwar/peace/feminist movement.Above: Samuel Adams, cousin ofJohn Adams, second U.S. president,is known for his strong support ofthe U.S. revolutionary movement.

pun·ish / ˈpʌnɪʃ / verbpun·ish·es; pun·ished;pun·ish·ing: to make (someone) sufferfor a crime or for bad behavior I think that murderersshould be punished by/with lifeimprisonment.: to make someone sufferfor (a crime or bad behavior) State law punishes fraud withfines. The law states thattreason shall be punished bydeath. [ that the punishmentfor treason is death]rep·re·sen·ta·tive/ ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪv / nounplural representatives: someone who acts orspeaks for or in support ofanother person or group asales representative [ asalesperson] the actor’spersonal representative[ agent] : a member of theHouse of Representatives ofthe U.S. Congress or of astate governmentstate / ˈsteɪt / noun pluralstates: a way of living or existing We must keep our armedforces in a constant state ofreadiness.: the things that affect theway you think or feel : yourphysical or mental condition her mental/emotional stateAbove:Cummodvullamc—often of esequat,the current/onsequat,core tateminisiea feuguepresent stateof theeconomydignimiriliquat. Atioam ofvel ip The countryis ineGaita stateexerostoeliscountrynisit adignawar. [ theis atfeugaitwar] exeliqui euguer adigna amet luptatuefeugait,quat/ ˈsʌbʤɪktaliquis digna/ commosub·jectnounlenimil iritlorerae ssequat quam: a pers

different ideas and views compete to influence law and social change. Conclusion 77 The United States has dramatically changed from its beginnings as 13 little-known colonies. Index 78 T able of C on T en T s iii. Above: Cummod esequat, vullamc onsequat, core tate minisi ea feugue