Weed Control
Revegetation:Design, Planning and Preparation21Weed controlExperienced treeplanters often say that the three mostimportant stages in a revegetation project are ‘Weedcontrol, weed control, weed control ’. Of course there areother important tasks, but weed control is surely one ofthe most vital! It is important to achieve good weed controlin the 1m2 around each seedling. However the amount ofground disturbance should be kept to a minimum as openground is an invitation to fresh weed establishment.Therefore spot spraying of 1m2 plots is more advantageousthan spraying a continuous 1m strip, though the formerapproach is more time consuming. Care should also betaken not to damage any existing native grasses andherbaceous plants in the area. Weed control may include arange of methods, including grazing to reduce weed seedset, cultivating and mulching. Usually, however, herbicideswill be used at some stage to reduce weed competitionprior to planting or sowing due to their effectiveness andlow labour requirement. Many landholders will feel someresistance to the use of herbicides on environmentalgrounds, however one needs to balance any negativesagainst the vast tracts of vegetation establishment that, inpractical terms, are only possible due to the strategic useof herbicides.For seedling establishment, the first application ofherbicide should occur in the spring prior to planting, witha follow up application a couple of weeks before planting.For direct seeding, weed control is even more vital as thetiny emerging seedlings are so easily outcompeted bymore vigorous weed species. Two herbicide controls areconsidered a minimum, and a third control 6-12 weeksafter the second control (and just before seeding) isadvisable. If woody weeds are present (for exampleblackberries, boxthorn or gorse), particular herbicides willneed to be used which take several months to take effect,and this will need to be factored into your planningschedule. The exact choice of herbicide will depend on theweeds present, and should be discussed with your localfarm supplies retailer.Effective pest plant andanimal control is anessential part ofpreparation.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how22Pest animal controlFencingPest animal control, where necessary, should occur someThe need to fence out areas under revegetation needs tomonths before planting. In heavily rabbit infested areas, abe carefully considered due to the high costs involved.reduction in rabbit numbers must be achieved prior toConsideration of proposed future land use and layout willplanting. This is usually done using a combination ofhelp ensure that any new fences are located to best effect.destruction of harbour (boxthorn, gorse), shooting,baiting, fumigating and warren ripping. Individual plantsare then protected using rabbit guards. In areas with fewerrabbits, guarding alone may provide sufficient protection.In some instances guarding may not be necessary,particularly in higher rainfall areas where alternative foodSome of the factors to consider with regard to fencing andtree planting are listed below: smaller shrubs and understorey plants will alwaysrequire protection from stock larger shrubs and trees will need protection from stocksources may exist for the rabbits in the form of lushfor the first 5-6 years, possibly longer in slower-growingpastures. Rabbit guarding is an expensive and labourconditionsintensive part of your project, and consideration needs tobe given to its’ benefits. When establishing seedlings,guards not only protect plants from rabbits, they alsoserve an important role in reducing stress from high winds In a farm forestry plot, most trees will require protectionfor at least 5-10 years stock will generally inflict less damage if an area isand are therefore useful on exposed sites. Direct seeded‘crash-grazed’ for a few days at a time, rather thanareas cannot be cost effectively guarded makingbeing constantly stocked with fewer animalscomprehensive rabbit control essential. if windbreaks are exposed to stock, the lower branchesNative animals such as kangaroos and wallabies cansometimes be a problem during revegetation establishment,however the destruction of native wildlife is prohibitedwithout a permit. Exclusion fencing may be necessary ifthe problem is severe, however this is an expensiveoption. Wallabies can be deterred with the use of a spraywill be stripped of foliage, reducing the windbreak effect Consider whether a larger block planting would removethe need for additional fencing Consider the use of electric fencing for cost-effective,reusable protection.on product, WR-1, however this needs to be re-appliedevery 6-8 weeks during establishment. Various insects,including red-legged earth mite, slugs and snails canimpede plant establishment, and may require control bothbefore and during seeding or planting.AustrodanthoniaduttonianaCarex appressaLepidosperma lateralevar. majusLepidosperma lateraleLomandra longifoliaLomandra longifolia
Revegetation:Design, Planning and Preparation23Ripping and moundingPlantingOn clay soils and compacted soils, deep ripping isGood planting technique helps to get your plants off to aadvisable to aerate the soil, assist in moisture penetrationgood start. The main points to observe are as follows:and to assist root growth. Ripping should occur on dryishsoils during summer or just after the autumn break, theaim being to achieve a ‘shatter’ of the soil. Do not rip wetsoils as this will result in a ‘slicing’ rather than ‘shattering’effect. Driving a tractor tyre over the ripped line will assist Water plants thoroughly the night before planting Loosen soil in an area slightly larger than the pot toprovide a friable soil bed for the seedling Remove the plant from the pot by tapping the edge ofin breaking up large clods and reconsolidating the soil tothe pot on a hard surface (your boot, or a rock, foravoid large air pockets. A winged ripper should be used toexample). Do not pull the plant out by the stema depth of 30-60cm. Ensure the stem is planted to the same depth as in theIn poorly drained soils, mounding will improve drainagepot (i.e. don’t bury the stem, and don’t leave rootsand provide a greater depth of topsoil for the establishingexposed)seedling. This will improve establishment and growthrates, however mounding is expensive and may only befeasible in farm forestry projects where there is anexpectation of a direct monetary return. Ensure good contact between the plant root ball and thesurrounding soil (i.e. break up large clods of earth andgently ‘firm-in’ the plant to avoid large air pocketsunderground which have a drying effect).Ripping improves moisturepenetration and soil tilth,mounding improves drainageand topsoil depth.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how24WateringIdeally, seedlings should be watered (or rained upon)Don’t just walk away: the importanceof ongoing maintenancewithin one day of planting. The primary purpose of thisIt will be a very long time before a revegetated area canwatering is to reconsolidate the soil around the seedling,fully look after itself. With a history of site disturbance dueremoving large air pockets in the root zone which willto farming activities, and the disturbance which occursotherwise contribute to ongoing root drying. A secondaryduring revegetation, weed control will be necessary forpurpose is to reduce transplant shock by ensuring thesome years. The site will probably not be grazed forplant has adequate moisture for the first few days post-several years following planting, and during this timeplanting. In some cases, this initial watering is notweeds will flourish if given the opportunity. For thispossible, in which case extra care should be taken toreason, revegetation is often done in lines to allow forensure that plants are well watered the night beforeslashing for both weed control and fire prevention.planting. Extra care should also be taken to manually breakdown large clods of earth in contact with the root ball andadequately ‘firm in’ each seedling at planting time.Subsequent watering should not be necessary to thesurvival of indigenous plants, provided they are planted atthe correct time of year and assuming that droughtconditions are not prevalent. On smaller scale projects,Maintain regular surveillance of your site, checking toensure that rabbit populations are not causing excessivedamage, that tree guards and fences are in place, and thatadditional watering is not required. Monitor plant losses sothat you can plan for any follow up plantings which maybe necessary in the following season.however, a landholder may wish to water two or threeFarm forestry plantations require significant additionaltimes in the first summer to increase survival rates andmaintenance in the form of thinning and pruning overspeed growth.several years. Additional information should be soughtregarding the appropriate maintenance of farm forestry sites.Phragmites australisPhragmites australisPoa labillardieriiPoa sieberianaTetrarrhena junceaThemeda triandra
25Species SelectionThis section will assist you in choosing the correctindigenous plant species for your site. Firstly, you will needto determine which Native Vegetation Group(s) (NVG(s))originally occurred on your project site, then you can usethe species selection list to choose species belonging tothose NVG(s).
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how26A Word of Explanation:Ecological Vegetation Classesand Native Vegetation GroupsEcological Vegetation Classes (EVCs) are a classificationEach EVC includes a collection of floristic communities (i.e.system for the many different types of vegetation found ingroups based on co-occurring plant species) that occurVictoria. Areas of vegetation belonging to the same EVCacross a biogeographic range, and although differing inwill be similar in several ways:species, have similar habitat and ecological processes Vegetation structure (i.e. the way that trees, shrubs,grasses and herbs are distributed and combined in thelandscape)operating. Approximately 300 EVCs have been describedfor Victoria. For simplicity, these have been grouped intojust 20 Native Vegetation Groups (NVGs). Detailedinformation regarding EVCs and related matters is available Position in the landscape (e.g. plains, foothills, slope etc.)from DSE (see Resources and Contacts Guide, page 56). Occurrence in the landscape in terms of geology, soilThere are 35 EVCs within the Shire of Moorabool, groupedtype, aspect Floristics (i.e. the number, distribution and relationshipsof plant species).into just 14 Native Vegetation Groups. The species list inthis booklet is grouped into these NVGs, because thequality of vegetation mapping currently available in theMoorabool Shire area is insufficient to accurately define thelocations of individual EVCs.This guide will enable you to determine the NVG(s) whichoriginally occurred on your site, and to compile a specieslist which includes typical species from these NVG(s).The Shire of Mooraboolcovers many differentvegetation types which areclassified into some 35different EVCs.
Species Selection27How to select the right speciesfor your landStep 1 Try to build a picture of the kind of remnant vegetationwhich originally occurred on your land: talk to neighbours,DPI and Local Government staff (see Resources andContacts Guide on page 56). Look at local vegetationremnants which occur on similar soils and topography toyour site and try to assess the ‘percentage cover’ of trees,shrubs and groundcovers. Find out what the most commonspecies were.Step 2 Step 3 Using your knowledgeSelect the Native Vegetationfrom Step 1 and theGroup(s) which mostCatchment Descriptor oncorrespond to your situationpage 28, choose which(pages 29-36).section of the catchmentyou are in.Step 4 Step 5 Use the NVG Map on pageFinally, use the Indigenous37 to verify your NVGSpecies Selection List onselection. Note that thepages 38-55 to selectNVG map is based onspecies suitable to yourmodelling of limitedNVG, topography andaccuracy and should beproject needs.used for indicativepurposes only.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how28Catchment Description ChartWhich part of the Werribee River orMoorabool River catchment are you in?Upper ReachesProtected upper slopes,Swift flowing streamsmoist gullies andDry slopes and ridgesand riverssteep valleysGo to page 30Go to page 29Go to page 29Mid CatchmentValleys and gentle slopesStreamsidesDry slopes and ridgesGo to page 31Go to page 32Go to page 33Lower ReachesValleys and gentle slopesStreamsidesPlains above flood levelGo to page 34Go to page 35Go to page 36
Species Selection29Upper Reaches: Swift Flowing Streams and RiversYour site is likely to be in the following Native Vegetation Group:Riparian Forests orWoodlandsIncludes Riparian Forest EVC.Upper Reaches: Protected Upper Slopes, Moist Gullies and Steep ValleysYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Herb-rich WoodlandsAlluvial Terraces and/orCreeklinesIncludes Creekline Herb-rich Woodland EVC.Dry ForestsIncludes Herb-rich Foothill Forest, Shrubby Foothill Forest, Valley Grassy Forest EVCs.HeathlandsIncludes Wet Heathland EVC.WetlandsIncludes Sedge Wetlands EVC.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how30Upper Reaches: Dry Slopes and RidgesYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Box Ironbark Forests orDry/Lower FertilityWoodlandsIncludes Box Ironbark Forest and Rocky Chenopod Woodland EVCs.Dry ForestsIncludes Heathy Dry Forest, Shrubby Dry Forest, Grassy Dry Forest EVCs.Heathy WoodlandsIncludes Heathy Woodland EVC.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Plains Woodland EVC.
Species Selection31Mid-Catchment: Valleys and Gentle SlopesYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Herb-rich WoodlandsAlluvial Terraces and/orCreeklinesIncludes Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland EVC.Dry ForestsIncludes Herb-rich Foothill Forest, Shrubby Foothill Forest, Valley Grassy Forest, Grassy Forest EVCs.Lower Slopes or HillsWoodlandsIncludes Grassy Woodland EVC.Lowland ForestsIncludes Lowland Forest EVC.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Plains Grassy Woodland EVC.WetlandsIncludes Red Gum Swamp EVC.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how32Mid-Catchment: StreamsidesYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Herb-rich WoodlandsAlluvial Terraces and/orCreeklinesIncludes Creekline Herb-rich Woodland EVC.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Escarpment Shrubland EVC.Riparian Scrubs orSwampy Scrubs andWoodlandsIncludes Swamp Scrub, Swampy Riparian Woodland, Stream-bank Shrubland EVCs.Riverine GrassyWoodlands or ForestsIncludes Sedgy Riparian Woodland EVC.
Species Selection33Mid-Catchment: Dry Slopes and RidgesYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Box Ironbark Forest orDry/Lower FertilityWoodlandsIncludes Box Ironbark Forest and Rocky Chenopod Woodland EVCs.Dry ForestsIncludes Heathy Dry Forest, Grassy Dry Forest, Shrubby Dry Forest EVCs.Heathy WoodlandsIncludes Heathy Woodland EVC.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Plains Woodland EVC.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how34Lower Reaches: Valleys and Gentle SlopesYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Plains Grasslands andChenopod ScrublandsIncludes Plains Grassland EVC.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Plains Grassy Woodland, Escarpment Shrubland, and Plains Woodland EVCs.WetlandsIncludes Red Gum Swamp EVC.Lower Slopes or HillsWoodlandsIncludes Grassy Woodland and Lowland Forests EVCs.Herb-rich WoodlandsAlluvial Terraces and/orCreeklinesIncludes Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland EVC.Dry ForestsIncludes Grassy Dry Forest, Herb-rich Foothill Forest, Shrubby Foothill Forest, Valley Grassy Forest EVCs.
Species Selection35Lower Reaches: StreamsidesYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Herb-rich WoodlandsAlluvial Terraces and/orCreeklinesIncludes Alluvial Terraces Herb-rich Woodland, Creekline Herb-rich Woodland, Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland EVCs.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Plains Grassy Woodland, Escarpment Shrubland and Plains Woodland EVCs.Riparian Scrubs orSwampy Scrubs andWoodlandsIncludes Swamp Scrub, Streambank Shrubland, Swampy Riparian Woodland EVCs.Riparian Forest orWoodlandsIncludes Swampy Woodland and Riparian Forest EVCs.Riverine GrassyWoodlands or ForestsIncludes Creekline Grassy Woodland and Sedgy Riparian Woodland EVCs.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how36Lower Reaches: Plains Above Flood levelYour site is likely to be in one or more of the following Native Vegetation Groups:Plains Grasslands andChenopod ScrublandsIncludes Plains Grassland EVC.Plains Woodlands orForestsIncludes Plains Grassy Woodland, Escarpment Shrubland, and Plains Woodland EVCs.WetlandsIncludes Lignum Swamp, Plains Grassy Wetland, Sedge Wetland, Sedge-rich Wetland, Cane Grass Wetland, Red Gum Swamp,Plains Sedgy Wetland, Aquatic Herbland, Spike-Sedge Wetland EVCs.
Species Selection37Native Vegetation Groups within theShire of MooraboolNewlyn NorthSpringmountSailors FallsBullarto SouthCreswickNNewburyMacedonBlackwood PootillaBullarookNew GisborneSimmons ReefSpargo CreekClarkes HillGlenparkBarrys ReefBarksteadBullengarookClaretown BolwarrahSpringbarkCouangaitNerrinaBundingBallan nstownBallanToolern ValeNavigatorsMyrniongMount eBlakevilleLal LalFiskvilleBacchus MarshClarendonBungalYaloak ValeParwanGlenmoreMount DoranRowsleyBallarkMount WallaceElaineMorrisonsBerembokeBalliang EastCargerieDundidwarrahStaughton re 4 Native Vegetation Groups within the Shire of Moorabool.Note: At the scale of this map the Heathlands NVG is unable tobe represented.Anakie Junction
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how38Indigenous Species Selection ListTrees andTall ShrubsCommon NameAcacia dealbataSilver Wattle 15m 6mAcacia implexaLightwood8-15m4-6mAcacia mearnsiiBlack Wattle8-15m 6m Acacia melanoxylonBlackwood 15m 6mAcacia mucronatasubsp. longifoliaNarrow-leaf Wattle3-6mAcacia pycnanthaGolden WattleAcacia verniciflua(Bacchus Marshvariant)Riparian Forests orWoodlands 2-4m 3-6m2-4m Varnish Wattle1-3m1-2m AllocasuarinalittoralisBlack Sheoak6-8m2-4m AllocasuarinaluehmanniiBuloke8-15m 6mAllocasuarinaverticillataDrooping Sheoak6-8m4-6mBursaria spinosasubsp. spinosaSweet Bursaria3-6m2-4m EucalyptusaromaphloiaScentbark 15m 6m EucalyptusbauerianaBlue Box 15m 6m Plains Grasslands andChenopod ScrublandsRiparian Scrubs or SwampyScrubs and Woodlands Box Ironbark Forests orDry/Lower FertilityWoodlands Lowland Forests Heathy WoodlandsWet or Damp ForestsNative Vegetation GroupDry ForestsWidthLower Slopes or HillsWoodlandsHeight
Species Selection39Frost tolerant, prefers open to shady position, dry to moist soils. Collectseed in January. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Useful forshelter, erosion control on streamsides and valleys, honey production,butterfly and moth habitat. Drought and frost tolerant, adapts to wide range of conditions. Collectseed January-early February. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings.Useful for shelter, erosion control on hillsides, plains and drier sites,honey production. Adapts to a wide range of conditions. Collect seed late January-February.Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Useful for shelter, general erosioncontrol, timber production, butterfly and moth habitat. Frost sensitive, prefers half sun to shade, dry to waterlogged soils.Collect seed January-February. Establish via seedlings. Useful for shelter,erosion control on streamsides and valleys. Frost sensitive when young, adapts to a wide range of conditions. Collectseed in January. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Useful forshelter, erosion control on hillsides, plains and drier sites, honeyproduction, butterfly and moth habitat.Aspect and exposurevariablePredominantly southernaspect Sheltered Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun, dry to waterlogged soils.Collect seed late January-early February. Establish via direct seeding orseedlings. Useful for shelter, erosion control on hillsides, plains and driersites, butterfly and moth habitat. Open plains and foothillsTopographyHilly country, open plains,various aspectsWetlandsHeathlandsHerb-Rich WoodlandsRiverine Grassy Woodlandsor ForestsPlains Grassy Woodlandsor ForestsTolerances, Preferences, Uses, Seed Collection and Establishment Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun and dry to moist soils. Collectseed late December-January. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings.Useful for shelter, erosion control on hillsides, plains and drier sites. Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun, dry to moist soils. Collectseed January-December. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Usefulfor shelter, general erosion control. Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun, dry to moist soils. Collectseed March-early April. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Usefulfor shelter, erosion control on streamsides and valleys. Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun, drier soils. Collect seedJanuary-December. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Useful forshelter, erosion control on hillsides, plains and drier sites. Drought and frost tolerant, mildly salt tolerant, prefers half sun to shade,dry to moist soils. Collect seed April-early May. Establish via seedlings.Useful for shelter, erosion control on streamsides and valleys, honeyproduction, butterfly and moth habitat. Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun, dry to moist soils. Collectseed January-December. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Usefulfor shelter, general erosion control. Drought and frost tolerant, prefers full sun, dry to moist soils. Collect seedJanuary-December. Establish via direct seeding or seedlings. Useful forhoney production, shelter, erosion control on hillsides, plains, drier sites.
grow westRevegetation: what to plant, where and how40Indigenous Species Selection ListEucalyptus behrianaBull Mallee8-15m 6mEucalyptuscamaldulensisRiver Red-gum 15m 6mEucalyptuscypellocarpaMountainGrey-gum 15m 6mEucalyptus divesBroad-leavedPeppermint 15m 6mEucalyptus globulussubsp.pseudoglobulusGippslandBlue-gum 15m 6mEucalyptusgoniocalyx s.l.Longleaf Box 15m 6mEucalyptus leucoxylonsubsp. connataMelbourneYellow-gum 15m 6mEucalyptusmacrorhynchaRed Stringybark 15m 6mEucalyptusmelliodoraYellow Box 15m 6mEucalyptusmicrocarpaGrey Box 15m 6m Eucalyptus obliquaMessmateStringybark 15m 6m Eucalyptus ovatavar. ovataSwamp Gum 15m 6m Plains Grasslands andChenopod Scrublands 6mRiparian Forests orWoodlands 15mRiparian Scrubs or SwampyScrubs and WoodlandsBrown StringybarkWet or Damp ForestsEucalyptus baxteriDry ForestsNative Vegetation GroupLower Slopes or HillsWoodlandsWidthBox Ironbark Forests orDry/Lower FertilityWoodlandsHeightLowland ForestsCommon NameHeathy WoodlandsTrees andTall Shrubs
control, weed control, weed control '. Of course there are other important tasks, but weed control is surely one of the most vital! It is important to achieve good weed control in the 1m2 around each seedling. However the amount of ground disturbance should be kept to a minimum as open ground is an invitation to fresh weed establishment.
3.2 Chemical Weed Control 10 3.3 Thermal Weed Control 14 3.4 Biological Weed Control 15 4.0 Natural Areas Weed Management 16 4.1 Purpose 16 4.2 Limitations 16 4.3 Study Area 16 4.4 Weed Management Site Prioritisation 18 4.5 Weed Monitoring 20 4.6 Weed Prevention 22 4.7 Weed Control 24 4.8 Partnerships 28 5.0 Parks and Urban Landscaping
W-253 2018 NORTH DAKOTA WEED CONTROL GUIDE Compiled by: Rich Zollinger Extension Weed Science Contributors: Mike Christoffers Research Weed Science, Weed Genetics Caleb Dalley Research Weed Science, Hettinger R&E Center Greg Endres Extension Area Agronomist, Carrington R&E Center Greta Gramig Research Weed Science, Weed Ecology Kirk Howatt Research Weed Science, Small Grains/Minor Crops
A guide to spring weed control Spring weed control in established pasture There are three key steps to effective spring weed control in established pasture - timing, weed identification and product selection. 1. Timing One of the most common mistakes made with spring weed control is spraying too late.
Introduction to Weed Science and Weed Identification . Definition of a Weed A plant growing where it is not wanted (Oxford Dictionary) Any plant or vegetation, excluding fungi, interfering with the objectives or requirements of people (European Weed Science Society)
Cultural and mechanical weed control emove light or spotty weed infestations by hand-hoeing or R spot cultivation to prevent spreading weed rhizomes, roots, or seed. hen plowing perennial weeds, take care to prevent trans W - porting and spreading plant parts to other areas of the field. se weed-free planting seed to prevent weed infestations in U
weed control strategies in the best possible way with the goal of maintaining weed densities at manageable levels while preventing shifts in weed populations to more difficult-to-control weeds. Combining as many of the following practices as possible will allow you to design an IWM program: † Avoid weed establishment; eliminate individual .
Weed control in GraSS and ForaGe cropS Table 1 showing the cost of replacing lost grass production on 1ha with high energy concentrates ( 270/tonne) as a result of weed infestation. Table 2 showing lost sales /ha (2012 prices) from 10% weed infestation due to reduction in stock carrying capacity. Cost of weed infestations Effects
phases attained more algae for future oil extraction (Day 32 was in growing phase). After ultrasonication, the lipids were extracted by the Folchs method. The lipid content was 8.6% by weight. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 Algae Mass (grams) Time (days) Haematococcus Growth in Bolds Basal .
