The Prophet Muhammad A Simple Guide To His Life
The Pophet Muhammad:A Simple Guide to His LifeMAULANA WAHIDUDDIN KHAN
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeTable of ContentsTABLE OF CONTENTSTable of Contents.2The Life of the Prophet .7The Prophet in the Qur’an.31A Seeker of Truth.31The Prophet As a Human Being.33The Prophet – A Test for People.35The Knowledge of the Unseen .38Ease in Difficulty.40The Sustenance of God.41Basic Task .43Four Responsibilities .44Communicating God’s Message .46Unilateral Well-Wishing .48A Positive Response .49The Patient Attitude .51 2
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeTable of ContentsRising Above the Psychology of Reaction.52The Personality of the Prophet of Islam .56Trust in God .58The Prophet’s State of Mind During Worship .60Great Concern over Giving Guidance .61Courage and Fearlessness.63Sense of Equality.66Concern about the Hereafter .68Respect for Human Beings.69Humanitarian Feeling .70Trust in Realities .71An Uncompromising Attitude .73Despite Victory .75A Prayer.76Prophetic Wisdom.78On the Occasion of Confrontations.79 3
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeTable of ContentsThe Starting Point .81Tolerating Insult.82No Premature Action .84Avoiding Confrontation.85Concession to Others.86Secrecy .88Accepting the Status Quo .89Ease in difficulty .91Strategic Retreat .92The Policy of Gradualness in Reform .94Making Concessions as the Situation Requires .95Future Vision.98The Policy of the Prophet .100Verbal Dawah .104The Principle of Differentiation.106The Example of Husain.112 4
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeTable of ContentsStatus Quoism .115The Prophet of Islam and other Prophets .121Sunnah Hudaybiya .142The Prophetic Mission .159The Prophet as a Model .174Implementation According to Circumstances .183The Finality of Prophethood .189Trusting Human Nature.202Studying the Prophet’s Life in the Light of his Message.216A Great Potential .222Islam and the Modern Age .224Dawah Activism .230The Power of Peace .234Peaceful Beginning .237The Benefits of Non-Violent Activism .239 5
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeTable of ContentsSuccess Through the Non-violent Method.241Political Insurrection Unlawful .246The Command of War in Islam .249The Present Age and Non-Violence.254Prophetic Guidance for the Modern Age.257THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD A SIMPLE GUIDE TOHIS LIFE.272 6
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetTHE LIFE OF THE PROPHETThe Prophet of Islam, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibnAbdul Muttalib, who was born in Makkah in 570A.D. and died in Madinah in 632 A.D. received theprophethood at the age of forty. We give here abrief sketch of his life.Muhammad, may peace be upon him, was still inhis mother’s womb when his father Abdullah died.A few years after his birth, his mother too passedaway. In accordance with the ancient Arab custom,he was looked after by a Bedouin woman, HaleemaSadia. Being an orphan, he was taken charge of byhis grandfather, Abdul Muttalib. After the latter’sdeath, Muhammad’s uncle, Abu Talib, who was amerchant, became his guardian. The Prophetaccompanied him on certain trading journeys. Atthe age of twenty-five he married a Makkan widow,Khadijah bint Khowailid, who was forty years oldat the time.When the Prophet was forty years old, he receivedhis first revelation from God, in the cave of Hiranear Makkah, where he often used to go in search of 7
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetsolitude. It was here that the Angel Jibril (Gabrial)came to him for the first time and gave him thegood tidings that God had chosen him as HisProphet. The first few verses revealed to him on thisoccasion form part of chapter 96, titled ‘The Clot’ inthe Qu’ran.The Qur’an was not revealed in the form of a book,all at once, but in parts, very gradually over aperiod of 23 years. Extraordinary arrangementswere made for the preservation of the Qur’an fromthe very first day of its revelation. Whenever anypart of the Qur’an was to be revealed, Jibril(Gabrial) would visit the Prophet and recite therelevant verses to him. He would first of all committhem to memory, then dictate them to his scribes, sothat they could be preserved for posterity. TheProphet possessed an excellent memory, but beingunable to read and write, he appointed a number ofhis companions as “transcribers of revelation.” Oneor the other transcriber always remained in hiscompany so that he could immediately write downthe passages of the Qur’an as soon as they wererevealed. The Prophet took such great care in thismatter that even during such a critical and 8
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetprecarious journey as that of emigration, he wasaccompanied by a scribe, Abu Bakr. Along withother necessary items he always kept pen and paperwith him in order that the revealed passages couldbe immediately recorded.Another special arrangement made along with theirpreservation in writing was the memorizing of theverses by most of the companions. These memorizedverses were then recited daily in their prayers. In thisway the preservation of the Qur’an wassimultaneously being done in two fool-proof ways.When the entire Qur’an had been revealed, Jibril(Gabrial) came to the Prophet and recited the entirescriptures from the opening chapter to the last,(titled ‘Men’), in exactly the same order in whichthey exist today. The Prophet then recited the entireQur’an in this revised order to his companions. Alarge number of them, who had already memorisedthe entire Qur’an in its initial order, now adhered tothe new arrangement. They used to recite theQur’anic verses again and again in their dailyprayers and at the same time read out passages toothers. 9
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetIn this way the Qur’an was compiled during the lifeof the Prophet, and to this day it has remained inthe same form. Subsequently the first Caliph, AbuBakr, had this compilation prepared in the form of abound volume. Gradually, copies of it werecirculated to all the provincial centres.After Muhammad “received the prophethood, hislifestyle changed completely. He stopped going tothe cave of Hira, and engaged himself fully in thecommunication of the message he had receivedfrom God. At that time, idolatry being prevalent inMakkah, the Prophet began to tell people thatidolatry was the practice of empty rituals. The truereligion was the worship of one God, obedience toHis commands alone, and a life lived in accordancewith His will. He stressed that the idolatrousreligions would not be acceptable in the Hereafter;only to monotheism would any value be attached.The true monotheists would be rewarded by Godwith heaven in the Hereafter.His method of propagating the true faith (dawah)consisted mostly of reciting a passage from a part ofthe Qur’an to the people (madu). Sometimes he 10
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetwould go to a place where people had gathered andwould say: “O people, say there is no Being worthyof worship save God and you will be successful.” Inthis way the Prophet continued to communicate themessage of monotheism to the idolaters aroundhim.In the beginning the Prophet adopted the method ofconveying the message privately to people at anindividual level. About three years later he beganpublicly to invite people to accept monotheism. Itwas then that he met with opposition. At that timethe Makkans as well as other tribes of Arabia hadadopted idolatry as a religious practice. Theyapprehended that the Prophet wanted them toabandon the religion of their ancestors and follow anew religion. But this was something they couldnever tolerate. In that case it was but natural forthem to oppose the message of monotheism.Furthermore, there was another dimension toidolatry for the Makkans. No economic resources oragriculture existed in Makkah. The only thing ofvalue that it possessed was the sacred house builtby Abraham and Ismail. The Makkan leaders had 11
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetplaced therein all the idols, numbering 360, whichwere worshipped by different Arab tribes. The Arabswould visit the Kabah all the year round to makeofferings to these deities. Over and above this, thelarge gathering of pilgrims was also responsible forthe flourishing of trade in Makkah. These were thetwo main reasons for the majority of Makkansbecoming staunch opponents of the Prophet of Islam.However, the serious-minded people of Makkahdid not fail to realize the truth of his message, andgradually began to accept Islam. About 200 peoplefrom Makkah as well as the surrounding areasentered the fold of Islam after a 13-year period ofdawah activity.The Makkan leadership was in the hands of theQuraysh tribe. Such leaders as Abu Jahal, AbuLahab, etc., turned hostile to the Prophet. First theywanted to stop the spread of the religion byopposing it. But very soon they realized that theiropposition was ineffective. In the meantime, theProphet’s uncle, Abu Talib, died. He had been aleader of the Quraysh, and the Prophet’s guardianand supporter. 12
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetAfter the death of Abu Talib the Makkan leadersintensified their opposition. They began openlyindulging in hostile activities. At that time theProphet, feeling that the situation in Makkah wasnot favourable for spreading his message, allowedhis companions to temporarily leave Makkah andmigrate to Abyssinia, a neighbouring country. Asfor himself he decided to go in search of supportersin an Arabian town, called Taif. He wasaccompanied only by his servant Zayd.This journey did not yield any positive result. Theleaders of Taif, turning against him like the Makkanleaders, treated him very badly. Therefore, theProphet returned to Makkah. However, the supportof a Makkan leader was necessary if he was to stayin the city. So when he was still on the outskirts ofhis hometown, he sent his servant to the Makkanleader Mutim ibn Adi, still an idolater, with therequest that he extend his patronage so that hemight stay in Makkah. This protection wasnecessary according to the ancient Arab system.Only when Mutim ibn Adi agreed to do so was theProphet able to enter the city. But now theopposition of the Makkan leaders had so greatly 13
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetintensified that it had become impossible for him tostay there. Therefore, after thirteen years ofProphethood, he quietly left Makkah for Madinah.After reaching Madinah the first sermon he gave atthe Friday prayer has been recorded in full by hisbiographer, Ibn Hisham: After praising God, theProphet said:O people, prepare yourself for the Hereafter. Youmust know that the hour of death is sure to come toeveryone. Then you will leave your herds withouta herdsman. Then surely the Lord will speak toyou. And then there will be no mediator, no veil tocome between him and his Lord. The Lord will ask:Did My messenger not come to you? Did he notconvey My message to you? I gave you wealth,and blessed you. Then why did you not prepareyourself for this day? Then that person will looktowards his left, and towards his right, but he willnot see anything. Then he will look in front of him,but he will see nothing but hell. Therefore, ifanyone of you is eager to save his face from the fireof hell he ought to do so, even if it is by giving apiece of a date (by spending in charity for those 14
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetwho are really in need). One who does not possesseven that should try to save himself by speaking agood word. For each good action will be rewardedfrom tenfold to 700 fold. May God bless you. MayGod’s mercy be upon you.”During the thirteen years that the Prophet lived inMakkah after he received prophethood, prayer incongregation had not been made obligatory. It wasinMadinah,afterhisemigration,thatcongregational prayer was made a religious duty.Therefore, on reaching Madinah, the first of themost important tasks in which the Prophet engagedhimself was to find a piece of land on which tobuild a mosque. The mosque he built has seenseveral extensions since then, and is now known asMasjid-e-Nabawi.On the subject of mosques the Prophet observed:“The mosques are the home of the God-fearing.”That is, the mosques are the training centres for aGod-fearing life for the believers.After the construction of the mosque, the Prophetstayed in a room adjacent to it. Here he organizedcongregational prayers to be said five times in the 15
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetday: Fajr (dawn prayer), Zuhr (midday prayer), Asr(afternoon prayer) Maghrib, (after sunset prayer)and Isha (evening prayer). In addition to this, theProphet established weekly prayer on Fridays. Thisprayer was congregational and wider in scope, for itincluded a sermon, a weekly discourse for thespiritual development of the believers.In Madinah the Prophet undertook many tasks forthe organisation and consolidation of the MuslimUmmah. For instance, after the emigration the smalltown of Madinah saw, all of a sudden, the additionof several hundred people. This was a major socialproblem. For its solution the Prophet adopted astrategy known in Islamic history as ‘fraternizing.’The form it took was a bond of brotherhoodestablished between one Ansar (a Madinan Muslim)and a Muhajir (emigrant from Makkah). Each one ofthe emigrants was connected with a member of theAnsari Muslims in a bond of mutual assistance. TheAnsaris shared their wealth and property with theMuhajirs as if they were the members of their ownfamilies. The Ansar and Muhajirs thus fraternized,living together like real brothers, without everquarrelling over anything. 16
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetAfter some time, there was no further need for thisfraternity. Since the Muhajirs did not feelcomfortable in becoming a burden on others, theyengaged themselves in different activities. Sometook to farming, others to trade and yet others choseto labour in the fields owned by the Ansar. In thisway after a very short period of time, everyone wasable to stand on his own feet.Madinah was also inhabited by some idolaters andJews, who were in a minority. The Prophet decidedthat some form of law should be established so thatthere would be no misunderstanding or hostility ofany sort, in the future between them and theMuslims. To solve this problem the Prophet ofIslam issued a charter commonly known as thecovenant of Madinah. Since the Muslims were inthe majority, the Prophet’s position became that of aleader, or a head of state. In this capacity hedeclared in this charter that all the inhabitants ofMadinah would enjoy equal rights. Everyonewould be free to follow the religion and culture ofhis or her choice: the affairs of the Muslims wouldbe decided according to the Shariah, while theaffairs of the Jews and idolaters would be decided 17
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetaccording to their traditions, laws and customs.Unlike Makkah, Madinah proved to be veryfavourable to the Prophet’s propagation ofmonotheism. Even prior to his coming to the town,Islam had already entered Madinah. After hisarrival, the dawah process was intensified and themajority of the Madinan people accepted Islam,becoming his supporters.This situation was not to the liking of the Makkans.They found it intolerable that someone they hadexpelled from Makkah should have found astronghold in Madinah, for now the Prophet poseda far greater threat to their idolatrous religion. Onthe basis of this thinking, they decided to takemilitary action against him. The religion they hadfailed to extirpate by simple opposition, they nowresolved to wipe from the face of the earth by thesword.After the emigration, therefore, the Makkan leadersopened hostilities. One of the skirmishes came to beknown as “Badr the first.” However, the first bigarmed confrontation, initiated by the Makkanleaders, took place, eighty-five miles south-west of 18
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetMadinah in 624 A.D. (2 A.H.), and is known as theBattle of Badr. With special divine succour thebattle resulted in complete victory for the Prophetand his Companions. Seventy Makkans, most ofthem leaders, were killed and the same numberwere taken prisoner.The defeat at Badr provoked the Makkan leadersmore than ever. They incited the Makkans to dobattle by saying that they had to avenge the killingof their people at Badr. (In ancient Arabia theavenging of killings was considered a sacred dutydevolving upon the survivors). Consequentlyseveral skirmishes took place between the twoparties. In the following year the Makkans underAbu Sufyan collected a large army and reached theborders of Madinah. The two armies engaged in afierce battle near the Uhud mountain. The believershad actually won the battle but then, takingadvantage of a mistake inadvertently committed bythe Companions, the Makkans managed to chargeagain. The Muslims, confounded by this suddenattack, suffered great loss in terms of lives. TheProphet himself was wounded. The Makkans couldavenge at Uhud their defeat at Badr. 19
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetThe Prophet of Islam felt that war was not thesolution; therefore, he adopted another strategy.Guided by a dream, he announced in 6 A.H. that heintended to leave for Makkah in order to performUmra, (circumambulation of the Kabah) and otherrites. Accordingly, about 1400 of his Companionsaccompanied him. It was a peaceful march, with nomilitary overtones.Arrivals of such peaceful delegations were nothingnew for Makkah. Various tribes of Arabia regularlyused to come to visit the Kabah. But the Makkanscould not tolerate this influx of Muslims, whomthey considered their bitterest enemies. When theProphet reached a place called Hudaybiya, whilestill on the march, the Makkan leaders objected tohis advancing any further. They felt it wasdamaging to their prestige that the very people whohad been expelled by them from Makkah shouldcome to the city again and perform the rights ofUmra openly and in such large numbers.Now the Prophet halted at Hudaybiya and begannegotiating for peace with the Makkan leaders.Finally, after lengthy parleys an agreement was 20
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetreached which came to be known as the Treaty ofHudaybiya. In this, the Prophet of Islam unilaterallyaccepted all the conditions of the Makkan leaders.However, at the Prophet’s suggestion a clause wasincluded in it, specifying that for the next ten yearsno war would take place between Muslims and theMakkans, directly or indirectly. After thefinalization of this document the Prophet leftHudaybiya for Madinah.The danger of war taking place at any time wasthus precluded, and now that peace prevailed, theProphet set about the strengthening of dawah work.One task in this connection entailed the sending ofdawah letters to the rulers and kings whosekingdoms lay around the borders of Arabia, forinstance, to the rulers respectively of Syria andEgypt.The Prophet’s companions were sent to deliver adawah letter to each of these rulers, only one ofwhom showed any adverse reaction to its receipt,namely, the King of Persia. He considered itbeneath his dignity to accept such a letter, so he toreit apart. When the Prophet received this news, he 21
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetsaid: “The Emperor of Persia has himself torn hiskingdom in pieces.”With this one exception all the kings and rulersshowed due respect to the letters sent by theProphet. Many rulers sent the messengers back withgifts for the Prophet and some of them evenaccepted Islam, like for instance, Negus the king ofAbyssinia.The Hudaybiya treaty, although apparently infavour of the Makkans, proved of tremendousbenefit to Islam. This was so, because when peoplecame to know that a no-war pact had been arrivedat between the Quraysh and the Prophet of Islam,an atmosphere of peace prevailed between the twoparties. As a result people began moving from placeto place without any obstacle in their way. TheMakkan and other Arabian tribes began visitingMadinah, while the Madinans began visiting othernon-Muslim tribes.During this free interaction Islam inevitably becamea subject of general discussion. Consequently, thecall of Islam spread rapidly everywhere. The Arabs,becoming acquainted with the virtues of Islam, 22
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetbegan to enter its fold in large numbers. Eventuallywithin a mere two years, the number of Muslimsincreased enormously.Now, two years after the signing of this treaty, theQuraysh of Makkah committed an act of aggressionagainst an ally of the Prophet, and in so doingviolated the Hudaybiya treaty. After this incidentthe Prophet announced that the peace agreementhad been repealed. Later, along with ten thousandof his companions, he left for Makkah. It is worthnoting that there were only fourteen hundredMuslims to accompany the Prophet on his earlierjourney to Hudaybiya, whereas on the presentjourney his companions numbered ten thousand.Faced with this strength in numbers, the Makkansfound themselves helpless. Therefore they concededtheir defeat without any resistance. Makkah wasthus conquered in 8 A.H. without any armedencounter.The Makkan idolaters had formerly put up severeresistance to the Prophet of Islam. They had evenplanned to kill him. They had contrived to involvehim in many battles and had many heinous crimes 23
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetto their credit. They were the worst types ofcriminals. Therefore, even if all these people hadbeen put to death, this punishment would havebeen fully justified. But the Prophet of Islam, thanksto his sublime character, did not take any actionagainst them. He did not even reproach them. Heunilaterally declared a general amnesty, saying:“Go, you are all free.”Given those circumstances, this was anextraordinary treatment. The Makkan idolaterswere sure that, after the victory of Makkah, theywould all be slaughtered on account of theirunpardonable crimes. But the “Prophet of Islamforgave all of them unconditionally. Thisexceptional latitude deeply convulsed theirconsciences. Suddenly brought to their senses, theyfelt within their heart of hearts that their stance ofopposition was in no way justified. After such adisplay of human greatness, they felt that theyought to enter the religious fold of the Prophet ofIslam. And this is exactly what happened. All theinsolent Makkans surrendered and joined him inhis mission as his companions. 24
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetAfter the victory, the Prophet appointed a governorto represent him in Makkah and then left for Taif,accompanied by ten thousand people. During thejourney he reached a place, which in those days wascalled Hunayn. Here the path lay between two hills.The tribe of Hawazin of Taif lived on the upperslopes. They had not yet accepted Islam. TheProphet was quietly going along this path and theMuslims were still between the two hills, when20,000 archers of the Hawazin, who had concealedthemselves in a ravine, all of a sudden startedraining their arrows down on them.The Prophet and his companions were in no wayprepared for this sudden attack. In the initial stage,the Muslims were confounded and began to flee. Butthe Prophet remained steadfast. He called out: “Oservants of God, come to me.” When the Muslimssaw that their leader was standing firm in the face ofthe enemy, they returned with new determination‘and bravely fought their foes. Suddenly, the courseof the battle changed. Now it was the enemy’s turnto take flight. The Prophet and his companionsemerged victorious. This incident is known inIslamic history as the battle of Hunayan. 25
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetAfter this victory, six thousand members of theHawazin tribe were taken prisoner along withbooty amounting to 24,000 camels, 40,000 goats and40,000 ounces of silver. These six thousandprisoners were proven war criminals. According tothe prevailing custom, they should all have beenput to death. But the Prophet of Islam pardonedthem all and set them free without imposing anyconditions. This extraordinary treatment gave asevere jolt to their consciences. They had the mostprofound sense of how wrong their aggressivenesswas; having been shown such unusual clemency byMuhammad, the Prophet of Islam, they werehonour-bound to enter the fold of the religionbrought by him to mankind. And that is preciselywhat they did. All the people of the Hawazin tribeboth men and women-accepted Islam.Now the Prophet reached Taif, which was the onlyfortified town in the Arabian Peninsula. At hisapproach, the townspeople barricaded themselvesinside the city. The Prophet and his companionsstayed there for three weeks. When there was nosign of their surrendering, the Prophet retreatedand left for Madinah. 26
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the ProphetMakkah enjoyed the central position in ancientArabia, playing the role of the leader. Now whenMakkah was brought into the fold of Islam underthe leadership of the Prophet, the entire situationchanged. Now the other tribes of Arabia felt thatthey too should adopt the same religion, i.e. Islam,as had been adopted by the Makkans.Subsequently, Arabia witnessed the widespreadand novel development of far-flung tribes sendingtheir representatives in the form of delegations toMakkah in order that they might enter the fold ofIslam, and thus, by entering into a new covenantwith the Prophet of Islam, regularize their relationswith the Islamic state. That year, delegations of thisnature came in such large numbers that it becameknown as the year of delegations. In this way, oneafter another, all the tribes of Arabia, including theTaif, entered the fold of Islam.After having consolidated the power of Islam inArabia, the Prophet decided to perform the Hajjpilgrimage. This is known in the history of Islam asHajj at al-Wida, the final pilgrimage. In the last yearof his life the Prophet left Madinah for Makkah, 27
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his LifeThe Life of the Prophetaccompanied by the Madinan Muslims. When thenews spread that the Prophet was going to performthe pilgrimage, various tribes living in Arabia alsobegan thronging Makkah.Therefore, when the Prophet of Islam performed hisfirst
The Prophet Muhammad A simple Guide to his Life The Life of the Prophet 7 THE LIFE OF THE PROPHET The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib, who was born in Makkah in 570 A.D. and died in Madinah in 632 A.D. received the prophethood at the age of forty. We give here a brief sketch of his life.
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THE LIFE OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD The Life of the Prophet T he Prophet of Islam, Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul Muttalib, who was born in Makkah in 570 A.D. and died in Madinah in 632 A.D. received the prophethood at the age of forty. We give here a brief sketch of his life. Muhammad, may peace be upon him, was still in
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