Basic Computer Information Technology-I Basic Computer Information .
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - ISYLLABUSClass – B.Com. V Sem. (Hons.)Subject – Basic Computer Information Technology-IBasic Computer Information ODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION-I : History of development ofcomputer system concepts. Characteristics, capability and limitations. Generationof computer. Types of PC’s desktop. Laptop. Notebook. Workstation & theirCharacteristics.INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ORGANIZATION-II : Basic components of acomputer system control Unit, ALU, Input/output function and characteristics,memory RAM, ROM, EPROM, PROM.INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES : Input Devices-Keyboard, Mouse, Trackball, Joystick,Digitizing tablet, Scanners, Digital Camera, MICR, OCR, OMR, Bar-Code Reader,Voice Recognition, Light Pen, Touch Screen. Output Devices-MonitorsCharacteristics and types of monitor, Video standard VGA, SVGA, XGA, LCD Screenetc. printer, Daisy wheel, Dot Matrix, Inkjet, Line Printer. Plotter, Sound Card andSpeakers.STORAGE DEVICES: Storage fundamental primary Vs. secondary, various storagedevices magnetic tape, data drives, hard drives, floppy disks, CD, VCD, CD-R, CDRW, Zip Drive, DVD, DVD-RW.INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM: Introduction to operating systems, itsfunctioning and types, basic commands of dos & windows operating system.DOS – Introduction, History and Versions of DOS.DOS Basics – Physical structure of disk, drive name, FAT, file & directory structureand naming rules, booting process, DOS system files.DOS commands – Internal DIR, MD, CD, RD, COPY, DEL, REN, VOL, DATE, TIME,CLS, PATH, TYPE etc.External CHKDSK, SCOPE, PRINT, DISKCOPY, DOSKEY, TREE, MOVE, LABEL,APPEND, FORMAT, SORT, FDISK, BACKUP, MODE, ATTRIB, HELP, SYS etc.45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com1
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IUNIT-ICOMPUTERComputer System is an electronic data processing device which does the following:first, Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, and symbolthen, Processes data into information (Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful )finally, Produces and stores results.Information Processing Cycle The sequences of events, which make up the information processing cycle, tering data into the computer.Processing—performing operations on the data.Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future use.Output—presenting the results.History Of Computers Before the 1500s, in Europe, calculations were madewith an abacus Invented around 500BC, availablein many cultures (China, Mesopotamia, Japan,Greece, Rome, etc.) In 1642, Blaise Pascal (French mathematician, physicist,philosopher) invented a mechanical calculator called thePascaline In 1671, Gottfried von Leibniz (German multiplications,divisions, square roots: the Stepped ReckonerNone of these machines had memory, and they required45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com2
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - Ihuman intervention at each step.In 1822 Charles Babbage (English mathematician,philosopher), sometimes called the “father ofcomputing” built the Difference Engine Machine designed to automate the computation(tabulation) of polynomial functions (which areknown to be good approximations of many usefulfunctions)– Based on the “method of finite difference”– Implements some storage In 1833 Babbage designed the Analytical Engine,but he died before he could build itIt was built after his death, powered by steamComputer GenerationsGeneration in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was beingused. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardwaretechnologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, whichtogether make up an entire computer system.There are totally five computer generations known till date.S.N. Generation & Description1First GenerationThe period of first generation: 1946-1959. Vaccum tube based.2Second GenerationThe period of second generation: 1959-1965. Transistor based.3Third GenerationThe period of third generation: 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit based.4Fourth GenerationThe period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI microprocessor based.5Fifth GenerationThe period of fifth generation : 1980-onwards.ULSI microprocessor basedFirst GenerationThe period of first generation was 1946-1959.First generation of computer started with using vacuum tubes as the basic components for memoryand circuitry for CPU(Central Processing Unit). These tubes like electric bulbs produced a lot of heatand were prone to frequent fusing of the installations, therefore, were very expensive and could beafforded only by very large organizations.In this generation mainly batch processing operating system were used. In this generation Punchedcards, Paper tape, Magnetic tape Input & Output device were used.There were Machine code and electric wired board languages used.The main features of First Generation are:Vacuum tube technologyUnreliableSupported Machine language onlyVery costly45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com3
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IGenerate lot of heatSlow Input/Output deviceHuge sizeSome computers of this generation were:ENIACEDVACUNIVACNeed of A.C.Non portableConsumed lot of electricityIBM-701IBM-650Second GenerationThe period of second generation was 1959-1965.This generation using the transistor was cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, morereliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation,magnetic cores were used as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondarystorage devices.In this generation assembly language and high level programming language like FORTRAN, COBOL wasused.There was Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating system used.The main features of Second Generation are:Use of transistorsReliable as compared to First generation computersSmaller size as compared to First generation computersGenerate less heat as compared to First generation computersConsumed less electricity as compared to First generation computersFaster than first generation computersStill very costlyA.C. neededSupport machine and assmebly languagesSome computer of this generation were:IBM 1620IBM 7094CDC 1604CDC 3600UNIVAC 1108Third GenerationThe period of third generation was 1965-1971.The third generation of computer is marked by the use of Integrated Circuits (IC's) in place oftransistors. A single I.C has many transistors, resistors and capacitors along with the associatedcircuitry. The I.C was invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliableand efficient.In this generation Remote processing, Time-sharing, Real-time, Multi-programming Operating Systemwere used.High level language (FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used duringthis generation.The main features of Third Generation are:IC usedMore reliableSmaller sizeGenerate less heatFasterLesser maintenanceStill costlyA.C neededConsumed lesser electricitySupport high level language45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com4
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - ISome computer of this generation were:IBM-360 seriesHoneywell-6000 seriesPDP(Personal Data Processor)IBM-370/168TDC-316Fourth GenerationThe period of Fourth Generation was 1971-1980.The fourth generation of computers is marked by the use of Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)circuits.VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other circuit elements and their associatedcircuits on a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation. FourthGeneration computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave riseto personal computer (PC) revolution.In this generation Time sharing, Real time, Networks, Distributed Operating System were used.All the Higher level languages like C and C , DBASE etc. were used in this generation.The main features of Fourth Generation are:VLSI technology usedVery cheapPortable and reliableUse of PC'sVery small sizePipeline processingNo A.C. neededConcept of internet was introducedGreat developments in the fields ofnetworksComputers became easily availableSome computer of this generation were:DEC 10STAR 1000PDP 11CRAY-1(Super Computer)CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)Fifth GenerationThe period of Fifth Generation is 1980-till date.In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology,resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.AI is an emerging branch in computer science, which interprets means and method of makingcomputers think like human beings.All the Higher level languages like C and C , Java, .Net etc. are used in this generation.AI includes:RoboticsNeural networksGame PlayingDevelopment of expert systems to make decisions in real life situations.Natural language understanding and generation.45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com5
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IThe main features of Fifth Generation are:ULSI technologyDevelopment of true artificial intelligenceDevelopment of Natural language processingAdvancement in Parallel ProcessingAdvancement in Superconductor technologyMore user friendly interfaces with multimedia featuresAvailability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper ratesTypes of ComputerSome computer types of this generation are: DesktopLaptopNoteBookUltraBookChromeBookComputer can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power.Sr.No.1TypeSpecifications2PC (PersonalComputer)WorkStation3Mini Computer4Main Frame5SupercomputerSingle user computer system. Moderately powerfulmicroprocessor.Single user computer system. Similar to Personal Computerbut have more powerful microprocessor.Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundredsof users simulaneously.Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundredsof users simulaneously.Software technology is different fromminicomputer.An extremely fast computer which can perform hundreds ofmillions of instructions per second.PC (Personal Computer) A PC can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensivecomputer designed for an individual user. PCs are based on the microprocessor technology thatenables manufacturers to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing,accounting, desktop publishing, and for runningspreadsheet and database management applications. At home, the most popular use for personal computers is forplaying games and surfing the Internet. Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems arenormally linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days High-end models of the Macintosh and PC offer the samecomputing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by SunMicrosystems, Hewlett-Packard, and DELL.45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com6
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IWorkStation Workstation is a computer used for engineeringapplications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, softwaredevelopment. They require a moderate amount of computing power andrelatively high quality graphics capabilities. Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolutiongraphics screen, large amount of RAM, inbuilt networksupport, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as adisk drive, but a special type of workstation, called adiskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. Common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. Like PC, Workstations are also single-user computers. workstations are typically linked together to form a local-area network, although theycan also be used as stand-alone systems.Minicomputer It is a midsize computer. A minicomputer is a multi-processing system capable of supportingfrom up to 250 users simultaneously.Mainframe Mainframe is a very large in size and is an expensivecomputer capable of supporting hundreds, or eventhousands, of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many programs concurrently. Mainframes support many simultaneous programs execution.Supercomputer Supercomputers are one of the fastest computerscurrently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and areemployed for specialized applications that requireimmense amounts of mathematical calculations(number crunching). For example, weather forecasting , scientificsimulations, (animated) graphics, fluid dynamiccalculations, nuclear energy research, electronicdesign, and analysis of geological data (e.g. inpetrochemical prospecting).45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com7
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IUnit IIAll types of computer follows a same basic logical structure and perform the following five basicoperations for converting raw input data into information useful to their usersSr. No.1OperationTake Input2Store Data3Processing Data4Output Information5Control theworkflowDescriptionThe process of entering data and instructions into the computersystem.Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processingas and when required.Performing arithmetic , logical operations on data in order to convertthem into useful information.The process of producing useful information or results for theuser,such as a printed report or visual display.Direct the manner and sequence in which all of the above operationsare performed.Basic components of a computer system Input UnitOutput UnitStorage UnitCentral Processing Unit (CPU)Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)Control Unit45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com8
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IInput UnitThis unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into computer. This unit makeslink between user and computer.The input devices translate the human being information into the form understandable bycomputer.CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data , intermediate results and instructions(program) .It controls the operation of all parts of computer. Converts data into information Control center Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored program instructions Two partso Control Unit (CU) Part of the hardware that is in-charge Directs the computer system to execute stored program instructions Communicates with other parts of the hardwareo Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Performs arithmetic operations Performs logical operationsRAM A RAM constitutes the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program andprogram result. It is read/write memory. It is called random access memory (RAM). RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when weswitch off the computer or if there is a power failure. RAM is small , both in terms of its physical size and inthe amount of data it can hold. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) isoften used with computers Keeps the instructions and data for current program Data in memory can be accessed randomly Easy and speedy access Volatile Erased Written overTypes of RAM Static RAM (SRAM) Dynamic RAM (DRAM)45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com9
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - IStatic RAM (SRAM) The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power remainsapplied. Data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not have to berefreshed on a regular basis. Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the sameamount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. Static RAM is used as cache memory needs to be very fast and small.Characteristic of the Static RAM It has long data lifetime There is no need to refresh Faster Used as cache memory Large size Expensive High power consumptionDynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data severalhundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells. These cells are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.Characteristic of the Dynamic RAM It has short data lifetime Need to refresh continuously Slower as compared to SRAM Used as RAM lesser in size Less expensive Less power consumptionROMROM stands for Read Only Memory.We can only read but cannot write on it.This type of memory is non-volatile.The information is stored permanently in suchmemories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instruction as are required tostart computer when electricity is first turned on,this operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chip are not only used in the computer butalso in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com10
B.Com 5th Sem. (Hons.)Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - ITypes of ROM MROM (Masked ROM) The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set ofdata or instructions. These kinds of ROMs are known as masked ROMs. It is inexpensive ROM. PROM (Programmable Read only Memory) PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROMprogrammer. Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once . It is not erasable. EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for duration of up to 40minutes. During programming an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no leakage path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window (lid). This exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a sticker. EEPROM(Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically.It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (milli second).In EEPROM, any location can be selectively erased and programmed.EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip.Hence, the process of re-programming is flexible but slow.Advantages of ROM Non-volatile in nature These cannot be accidentally changed Cheaper than RAMs Easy to test More Reliable than RAMs These are static and do not require refreshing Its contents are always known and can be verified45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com11
Subject- Basic Computer Information Technology - I 45, Anurag Nagar, Behind Press Complex, Indore (M.P.) Ph.: 4262100, www.rccmindore.com 2 UNIT-I COMPUTER Computer System is an electronic data processing device which does the following: first, Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, and symbol
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1. Computer Fundamentals by P.K.Sinha _ Unit I: Introduction to Computers: Introduction, Definition, .Characteristics of computer, Evolution of Computer, Block Diagram Of a computer, Generations of Computer, Classification Of Computers, Applications of Computer, Capabilities and limitations of computer. Unit II: Basic Computer Organization:
An Overview of Basic Computer Literacy Skills Basic Computer Skills In order to properly use a computer or computing device it is necessary to have a basic understanding of what a basic computer is and how it operates. All computers have two things in common, hardware and software. Hardware is what the
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Computer Basics I Class Objectives: 1. Computer parts and terms 2. Ergonomics 3. Turning on the computer/Logging on to the library's desktop computers 4. Learning to use the mouse . A Tablet Computer is a portable computer in a single pane accessed by a touch screen. Servers and Clients. In information technology, a server is a computer pro
Department of Computer and Information Science Colloquium Chair, 2004{2005. Computer and Information Science, Graduate Admissions, 1997{2000. Chair, 2000. Computer and Information Science, MS Curriculum Revision and initiation of the new Master of Computer and Information Technology Program, 1999-2000.
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