The New International Commentary On The Old Testament
The New International Commentaryon theOld TestamentGeneral EditorsE. J. Young(1965–1968)R. K. Harrison(1968–1993)Robert L. Hubbard, Jr.(1994–)
The Book ofPSALMSNANCY DECLAISSÉ-WALFORDROLF A. JACOBSONBETH LANEEL TANNERWilliam B. Eerdmans Publishing CompanyGrand Rapids, Michigan / Cambridge, U.K.
2014 Nancy deClaissé-Walford, Rolf A. Jacobson, and Beth LaNeel TannerAll rights reservedPublished 2014 byWm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.2140 Oak Industrial Drive N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49505 /P.O. Box 163, Cambridge CB3 9PU U.K.Printed in the United States of America20 19 18 17 16 15 147 6 5 4 3 2 1Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataDeClaissé-Walford, Nancy L., 1954The book of Psalms / Nancy DeClaissé-Walford, Rolf A. Jacobson, Beth Laneel Tanner.pagescm.— (The New International commentary on the Old Testament)ISBN 978-0-8028-2493-6 (cloth: alk. paper)1. Bible. Psalms — Commentaries.I. Jacobson, Rolf A. II. Tanner, Beth LaNeel, 1959- III. Title.BS1430.53.D43 2014223′.207 — dc232014012056www.eerdmans.com
To:William H. Bellinger, Jr.Patrick D. MillerJ. J. M. RobertsOur Teachers
ContentsGENERAL EDITOR’S PREFACExivACKNOWLEDGMENTSMxviPRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONSxixINTRODUCTION1I. TITLE, TEXT, AND TRANSLATIONII. AUTHORSHIP, SUPERSCRIPTIONS, AND DATEA. AuthorshipB. Superscriptions29911III. FORM CRITICISM AND HISTORICALAPPROACHES TO INTERPRETATION13IV. THE CANONICAL SHAPE OF THE PSALTER21V. THE POETRY OF THE PSALTERA. ParallelismB. Evocative LanguageVI. THEMES AND THEOLOGYVII. ANALYSIS OF CONTENTS3939424346VIII. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY47vii
ContentsTEXT AND COMMENTARYBook One of the Psalter: Psalms 1–4155Psalm 1: The Way of Life58Psalm 2: Speaking of Kings65Psalm 3: The “Many” and the “One”72Psalm 4: Room to Rest79Psalm 5: Lead Me, Guide Me90Psalm 6: The Problem and the Solution101Psalm 7: Taking Refuge in God’s Righteousness109Psalm 8: A Natural Question120Psalm 9/10: The Power and Presence of God129Psalm 11: What Can the Righteous Do?145Psalm 12: Now Shall I Arise!151Psalm 13: Waiting on the Lord158Psalm 14: Not a Stop-Gap God164Psalm 15: In the Presence of God170Psalm 16: You Are My Lord176Psalm 17: The Embodiment of a Legitimate Prayer183Psalm 18: My God, My Rock191Psalm 19: Tune My Heart to Sing Your Praise203Psalm 20: Intercession for the Day of Trouble215Psalm 21: Blessings221Psalm 22: Desperate Cries and Recounting God’s Ways227Psalm 23: You Are with Me238Psalm 24: Mutual Advents247Psalm 25: Remember, Forgive, and Teach Me254Psalm 26: Prepare to Appear260Psalm 27: Trust in the Day of Trouble264Psalm 28: Silence, Hearing, and Song273viii
ContentsPsalm 29: Ascribe to the Lord281Psalm 30: From Mourning to Morning289Psalm 31: Protect Me from Those Wishing Me Harm300Psalm 32: Celebrating Forgiveness306Psalm 33: The Hesed of the Lord Fills the Earth310Psalm 34: The Nearness of a Personal God321Psalm 35: Fight for Me, Save Me331Psalm 36: In Your Light, We See Light338Psalm 37: Advice for the Upright348Psalm 38: I Am in Need, Please Come!355Psalm 39: From Silence to Speech to Silence360Psalm 40: From Praise to Prayer371Psalm 41: A Plea for Communion384Book Two of the Psalter:Psalms 42–72393Psalm 42: Where Is Your God?399Psalm 43: Judge Me and Plead My Case404Psalm 44: O God, Why Do You Hide Your Face?408Psalm 45: I Will Cause Your Name to Be Remembered416Psalm 46: The Lord of Hosts Is with Us421Psalm 47: Clap Hands and Shout to God427Psalm 48: Walk around Zion433Psalm 49: Like the Beasts That Cease to Be439Psalm 50: Listen, My People, and Let Me Speak447Psalm 51: When Nathan Entered Unto David453Psalm 52: A Lesson on Life’s Direction459Psalm 53: A Lesson of Hope464Psalm 54: Leveling the Field469Psalm 55: But I Will Trust in God473Psalm 56: Who Can Do Me Harm?480ix
ContentsPsalm 57: Even Now My Heart Is Steadfast486Psalm 58: How the Mighty Will Fall492Psalm 59: Be My High Fortress498Psalm 60: We Will Do Valiantly505Psalm 61: In the Shelter of God’s Wings510Psalm 62: Testimony of Trust514Psalm 63: My Soul Is Satisfied519Psalm 64: They Will Tell of the Works of God522Psalm 65: God’s Great Gifts527Psalm 66: The Mystery of Grace531Psalm 67: A Prayer of Blessing538Psalm 68: From Beginning to End, the Same542Psalm 69: The Complexity of Relationships553Psalm 70: Hurry, God, My Helper!563Psalm 71: Teaching about Managing Doubt566Psalm 72: Responsibilities in the Kingdom of God573Book Three of the Psalter: Psalms 73–89581Psalm 73: Why Do the Wicked Prosper?584Psalm 74: Great God and King, Where Have You Gone?594Psalm 75: An Answer to Where God Has Gone602Psalm 76: God Is Supreme608Psalm 77: I Remember the Deeds of the Lord612Psalm 78: A Teachable History617Psalm 79: Help Us, God of Our Salvation626Psalm 80: God, Bring Us Back630Psalm 81: God’s Side of the Story636Psalm 82: King of the Gods641Psalm 83: God, Arise Against Our Enemies645Psalm 84: A Pilgrim’s Prayer650x
ContentsPsalm 85: God Will Restore Us655Psalm 86: Hear My Prayer659Psalm 87: A Song of Zion664Psalm 88: I Am As One Dead668Psalm 89: A History Lesson for God674Book Four of the Psalter: Psalms 90–106685Psalm 90: Change Your Mind Regarding Your Servants690Psalm 91: God Is Still My Protector697Psalm 92: Sabbath Day Thanksgiving702Psalm 93: God Is King on High706Psalm 94: God Will Judge the World709Psalm 95: A History Lesson in the Midst of the Celebration715Psalm 96: God Will Judge Us; Let’s Celebrate719Psalm 97: The King Is Coming; Let’s Prepare!723Psalm 98: Let Us Sing a New Song!726Psalm 99: The King Listens and Answers729Psalm 100: Praise the One True God734Psalm 101: The Way of Integrity741Psalm 102: “In-Time” Deliverance748Psalm 103: God Is Good!759Psalm 104: God Is Great!769Psalm 105: Chosen for God’s Mission782Psalm 106: Chosen by a Faithful Lord796Book Five of the Psalter: Psalms 107–150809Psalm 107: Whoever Is Wise812Psalm 108: I Will Give Thanks to You among the Peoples821Psalm 109: O God of My Praise, Do Not Be Silent827Psalm 110: Sit at My Right Hand834Psalm 111: The Memory of God’s Wondrous Acts839xi
ContentsPsalm 112: Our Response to God’s Wondrous Acts843Psalm 113: Praise the Name of the Lord847Psalm 114: Tremble, O Earth850Psalm 115: We Will Praise Yah853Psalm 116: I Will Walk in the Land of the Living858Psalm 117: The Lord’s Hesed Has Become Strong863Psalm 118: The Lord Is for Me; I Will Not Fear864Psalm 119: Cause Me to Live in Your Instruction870The Songs of the Ascents: Psalms 120–134887Psalm 120: I Am for Well-Being891Psalm 121: The Lord Will Guard You895Psalm 122: Let Us Go to the House of the Lord899Psalm 123: Show Favor to Us, O Lord903Psalm 124: Our Help Is in the Name of the Lord906Psalm 125: Do Good to the Upright in Heart910Psalm 126: Restore Our Lives913Psalm 127: The Inheritance of the Lord Is Children917Psalm 128: The Lord Bless You from Zion921Psalm 129: The Lord Is Righteous923Psalm 130: From the Depths I Cry to You926Psalm 131: Like a Sated Child930Psalm 132: Remember, O Lord, on Account of David933Psalm 133: Like Good Oil on the Head937Psalm 134: Final Words of Blessing940Psalm 135: Praise the Lord, for Good Is the Lord943Psalm 136: Because for All Time Is the Lord’s Hesed948Psalm 137: Beside the Rivers of Babylon953Psalm 138: Because of Your Hesed and Your Faithfulness958Psalm 139: You Have Searched Me Out and You Know Me962xii
ContentsPsalm 140: Keep Me from the Hands of the Wicked967Psalm 141: Watch Over My Mouth, Guard the Door of My Lips972Psalm 142: You Are My Refuge and My Portion976Psalm 143: Cause Me to Know the Way I Should Go980Psalm 144: Content Are the People Whose God Is the Lord984Psalm 145: My Mouth Will Speak the Praise of the Lord990Psalm 146: The Lord Will Reign for All Time996Psalm 147: Sing to the Lord with Thanks999Psalm 148: Praise the Lord from the Heavens and from the Earth1002Psalm 149: Sing to the Lord a New Song1005Psalm 150: Let Every Breathing Thing Praise the Lord1009INDEX OF AUTHORS1011INDEX OF NAMES AND SUBJECTS1016INDEX OF SCRIPTURE AND OTHER ANCIENT LITERATURE1029xiii
General Editor’s PrefaceLong ago St. Paul wrote: “I planted, Apollos watered, but God gave thegrowth” (1 Cor. 3:6 NRSV). He was right: ministry indeed requires a teameffort — the collective labors of many skilled hands and minds. Someone digsup the dirt and drops in seed, while others water the ground to nourish seedlings to growth. The same team effort over time has brought this commentaryseries to its position of prominence today. Professor E. J. Young “planted” itnearly fifty years ago, enlisting its first contributors and himself writing its firstpublished volumes. Professor R. K. Harrison “watered” it, signing on otherscholars and wisely editing everyone’s finished products. As General Editor, Inow tend their planting, and, true to Paul’s words, through four decades Godhas indeed graciously “[given] the growth.”Today the New International Commentary on the Old Testament enjoys a wide readership of scholars, priests, pastors, rabbis, and other seriousBible students. Thousands of readers across the religious spectrum and incountless countries consult its volumes in their ongoing preaching, teaching,and research. They warmly welcome the publication of each new volumeand eagerly await its eventual transformation from an emerging “series” intoa complete commentary “set.” But as humanity experiences a new centuryof history, an era commonly called “postmodern,” what kind of commentaryseries is NICOT? What distinguishes it from other similarly well-establishedseries?Its volumes aim to publish biblical scholarship of the highest quality.Each contributor writes as an expert, both in the biblical text itself and inthe relevant scholarly literature, and each commentary conveys the results ofwide reading and careful, mature reflection. Ultimately, its spirit is eclectic,each contributor gleaning interpretive insights from any useful source, whatever its religious or philosophical viewpoint, and integrating them into hisor her interpretation of a biblical book. The series draws on recent methodological innovations in biblical scholarship, for example, canon criticism, thexiv
General Editor’s Prefaceso-called “new literary criticism,” reader-response theories, and sensitivityto gender-based and ethnic readings. NICOT volumes also aim to be irenicin tone, summarizing and critiquing influential views with fairness while defending their own. Its list of contributors includes male and female scholarsfrom a number of Christian faith-groups. The diversity of contributors andtheir freedom to draw on all relevant methodologies give the entire series anexciting and enriching variety.What truly distinguishes this series, however, is that it speaks fromwithin that interpretive tradition known as evangelicalism. Evangelicalismis an informal movement within Protestantism that cuts across traditionaldenominational lines. Its heart and soul is the conviction that the Bible isGod’s inspired Word, written by gifted human writers, through which Godcalls humanity to enjoy a loving personal relationship with its Creator andSavior. True to that tradition, NICOT volumes do not treat the Old Testamentas just an ancient literary artifact on a par with the Iliad or Gilgamesh. They arenot literary autopsies of ancient parchment cadavers but rigorous, reverentwrestlings with wonderfully human writings through which the living Godspeaks his powerful Word. NICOT delicately balances “criticism” (i.e., theuse of standard critical methodologies) with humble respect, admiration,and even affection for the biblical text. As an evangelical commentary, it paysparticular attention to the text’s literary features, theological themes, andimplications for the life of faith today.Ultimately, NICOT aims to serve women and men of faith who desire tohear God’s voice afresh through the Old Testament. With gratitude to God fortwo marvelous gifts — the Scriptures themselves and keen-minded scholarsto explain their message — I welcome readers of all kinds to savor the goodfruit of this series.Robert L. Hubbard, Jr.xv
AcknowledgmentsOn a snowy night in 2001 at the Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting in Denver, Robert Hubbard and Allen Myers met with three relativelyyoung psalm scholars to discuss the possibility of their authoring the NICOTcommentary on the book of Psalms: Nancy deClaissé-Walford of the McAfeeSchool of Theology; Rolf Jacobson, then of Augsburg College; and BethLaNeel Tanner of New Brunswick Theological Seminary. Commentary writing can be something of a rite of passage for those of us in biblical studies.What a relief to share the task with others: none of us would have to providetranslation, notes, and commentary on all 150 psalms! The euphoria quicklywore off as we each embarked on our self-assigned portions of the Psalter.What an undertaking! Years in the accomplishing.With gratitude, we each acknowledge those who have supported andprovided space, who have undertaken research and proofing work, and whohave simply “been there.” A myriad of students and members of the Societyof Biblical Literature Book of Psalms Section have patiently and supportively listened to our lectures and presentations on the book of Psalms. Weare grateful to all of them. Their questions and lively minds forced us to newhorizons of interpretation that we would never have explored on our own.From Nancy deClaissé-Walford:I wish to express a debt of gratitude to three groups. First, for support andspace, to Mercer University and to the Dean of the McAfee School of Theology, R. Alan Culpepper. In an academic environment of shrinking budgets,sabbatical leaves are coveted commodities. A sabbatical leave in the springof 2007 allowed me to complete my portion of the commentary. Second, toWill Abney and Ben Curry, student workers who contributed valuable research and editing work. Third, and perhaps, most importantly, to those whohave simply “been there.” My husband Steve has been a relentlessly constantxvi
Acknowledgmentssupporter of my vocation. My children, Calvin and Aaron, now adults, havealways been interested in “what Mom is doing.” To them, my undying love.And a final word of thanks for the wonderful collegial relationship with RolfJacobson and Beth Tanner that this project has fostered. It is a gift I will carrywith me.From Rolf Jacobson:I am grateful to have the opportunity to thank the colleagues and administration at both Augsburg College and Luther Seminary. At Augsburg, I especiallywant to thank the scholarly writing group, who supported me and gave feedback early on during the process of writing the commentary. I am grateful toLuther Seminary for a sabbatical leave to work on the project. I am gratefulto department colleagues at both Augsburg and Luther for their support andencouragement. I wish to express great gratitude to Megan Torgerson, Rachel Fuller Wrenn, and Daniel Stark — three of the best research assistants aperson could ever have. Thanks also to the Wabash Center for Teaching andLearning in Theology and Religion for a study grant that helped fund earlywork on this commentary. Thanks also go to Beth and Nancy — for partnership, patience, and friendship. And my deepest thanks to my family, whoselove means more to me than any career accomplishment: mom and dad, myfirst and best teachers; my sisters and brother — fellow students and greatfriends; and especially to my wife Amy and our children Ingrid and Gunnar,whose love sustains me. Finally, thanks be to God, who guides all our workand in whom we live, and move, and have our being.From Beth Tanner:I wish to add thanks to those who have guided me, especially KatharineSakenfeld, mentor and friend who encouraged me to bring my insights as awoman to this work, and the anti-racism team at New Brunswick that showedme the importance of declaring myself as active anti-racist and to bring thatperspective to my academic work. Many thanks to my colleagues at NewBrunswick Theological Seminary for sabbatical support and encouragementand the Wabash Center for Teaching and Learning for providing a study grantfor this work. Thanks also to all of my students who over the years have enlivened my work and taught me a great deal. Also to all members, past andpresent, of the SBL Book of Psalms group who have nurtured me from mygraduate school days. I have a very fond place in my heart for all of you andI am proud to call you friends. Of course, many, many thanks to my family,Dan, Allison, and Nicholas, who have lived with this project along with me.I see your love for me every day, and that makes me truly blessed. Finally, toxvii
Acknowledgmentsmy Dad who set me on this course of academic study of religion by engagingme in theological debates at every opportunity.Years removed from that snowy night in Denver, Nancy, Rolf, Beth, not soyoung anymore, are still grateful for the opportunity to participate in thisundertaking. To Allen Myers and Robert Hubbard — your patience is aboveand beyond the call of duty. To Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. — thankyou for trusting such an important volume to the three of us. To the readers ofthis commentary — all biblical commentary is conversation; you are invitedto add your voices.Nancy L. deClaissé-WalfordAtlanta, GeorgiaRolf A. JacobsonSt. Paul, MinnesotaBeth LaNeel TannerNew Brunswick, New Jerseyxviii
Principal RBDBBeOBHQBHSBibBRL2BRSBZAWCADCBQCCConBOTCOSAnchor BibleAnchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. NewYork, 1992Anchor Bible Reference LibraryAmerican Journal of Semitic Languages and LiteratureAncient Near East(ern)Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, ed.James B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton, 1969Analecta orientaliaAbhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen TestamentsW. Bauer, W. F. Arndt, F. W. Gingrich, and F. W. Danker,Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Early ChristianLiterature. 2nd ed. Chicago, 1979Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental ResearchF. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew and EnglishLexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford, 1907Bibbia e OrienteBiblia Hebraica QuintaBiblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaBiblicaBiblisches Reallexikon, 2nd ed. Ed. Kurt Galling. Tübingen, 1977Biblical Resource SeriesBeihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche WissenschaftThe Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Universityof Chicago. Chicago, 1956–Catholic Biblical QuarterlyContinental CommentariesConiectanea biblica: Old Testament SeriesThe Context of Scripture, ed. William W. Hallo and K. LawsonYounger, Jr. 3 vols. Leiden, 1997-2003xix
Principal upJSSJTSKATKBLKTULHB/OTSLWLXXMBSCorpus des tablettes en cunéiformes alphabétiques découvertes à RasShamra-Ugarit de 1929 à 1939, ed. Andrée Herdner. Paris, 1963Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, ed. Karel vander Toorn, Bob Becking, and Pieter W. van der Horst. 2nd ed.Leiden and Grand Rapids, 1999Discoveries in the Judaean DesertEerdmans Critical CommentaryEvangelical QuarterlyExpository TimesForschungen zum Alten TestamentFacet Books, Biblical SeriesForms of the Old Testament LiteratureForschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und NeuenTestamentsGuides to Biblical ScholarshipGesenius’ Hebrew Grammar, ed. Emil Kautzsch, trans. A. E.Cowley. 2nd ed. Oxford, 1910Ludwig Koehler, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann JakobStamm, The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5vols. Leiden, 1994-2000Handbuch zum Alten TestamentHorizons in Biblical TheologyHandkommentar zum Alten TestamentHarvard Semitic MonographsHarvard Theological ReviewHarvard Theological StudiesHebrew Union College AnnualInterpretationJournal of Biblical LiteratureJournal for the Study of the Old TestamentJournal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement SeriesJournal of Semitic StudiesJournal of Theological StudiesKommentar zum Alten TestamentL. Koehler and W. Baumgar
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