Environmental Risk Assessment, Health Hazards And Aspect .
Volume 4, Issue 8, August – 2019International Journal of Innovative Science and Research TechnologyISSN No:-2456-2165Environmental Risk Assessment, Health Hazards andAspect of Eco-Labeling of Cement Dust PollutionCharu Vyas*1AKS University: Department of BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology,Faculty of Life Science and TechnologySatna, (M.P.), IndiaDr. Ashwini A. Waoo2AKS University: Department of BiotechnologyDepartment of Biotechnology,Faculty of Life Science and TechnologySatna, (M.P.), IndiaAbstract:- Cement industries is among the primarysectors of the Indian economic system. Surely that thecommercial units are dependable for the total socioeconomic progress of the locality, even as it contributesconsiderably to the pollution drawback of the subjectaround. Trendy cement industries have taken measuresto manage the air pollution outcomes. These constructingindustries are probably the most leaders in deteriorationof atmosphere via depleting assets, energy consumptionor production of waste inflicting giant amount ofemissions of acidifying and greenhouse gases. Cementbeing one of the crucial world’s most large manufacturedsubstances most commonly used as building and civilengineering building material. Considering that of itsneeds and abundance on the global market, working outon the environmental implications of cementmanufacturing is fitting increasingly most important.Cement enterprise is a power and energy giant intensiverich and products many odors, noise and emissions. Theemissions of gaseous pollutants from cement plants whichmotive finest problem and which need to be handled arecarbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, dirt and nitrogen oxide.This review paper deals and connects the readers with thediscussions of the most important environmentalmisfortunes involving the cement production. Evaluationof cement have an effect onto atmosphere is a veryfundamental method. There are new methods ofevaluation on this area. Environmental evaluation andeco-labeling of cements has been preceded.there may be rapid industrialization and urbanization goingon, the negative blessings of pollution closer to theenvironmental deterioration can also be popping up at analarming rate. Cement enterprise would deteriorates air, landand water by means of its quite a lot of pursuits, as from thequarrying and mining undertaking of the raw resourcesmaterial (dolomite, limestone, and so on) to its crushing,grinding, and other relevant systems in cement plant. Noiseemissions too occur during the entire cement manufacturingsystem from making ready and processing of raw material,from the cement production method and clinker burningapproach, from resources storage as good as from thedispatch and shipping of the final products. The neighboringatmosphere (air, water and soil) across the cement enterprisesis being polluted by many industrial effluents popping out ofcement plants. Carcinogenic and noxious pollutants whichare tremendously poisonous are emitted from cement kiln.Adversarial respiratory wellness results are also visible insidethe men and women uncovered to cement dirt.Keywords:Air, Cement, Cement Industry, Clinker,Effluents, Emissions, Environment, Rotary Kiln AndPreheater System, Solid Waste, Trade Waste, Waste Lime,Water.I.INTRODUCTIONCement industries is one in all the key sectors of theIndian financial process has been swiftly developing andprogressing and it is envisioned to develop additional.Cement is a most important product for the society providingeffortless, comfortable and dependable today’s infrastructureand housing. In establishing nations, building work goes atvery excessive charge and cement essentiality is at prime. AsIJISRT19AUG670Cement is an inorganic, finely powdered, non-metallicin nature, which on mixing with water forms a paste that unitand hardens. This kind of hydraulic hardening is most likelybecause of the formation of hydrates of calcium silicateconsequently of the response between mixing water and theelement factors of the cement. Cement is a mixture ofaluminates and silicates of calcium. Within the case ofaluminous cements, hydraulic hardening entails the formationof calcium aluminates hydrates. Usual Portland cement ismade up of peculiarly of calcium silicate minerals. Mostlycement producing enterprise use dry technique (approx. 96%)and very few use the semi dry method and the wet approach.Mostly unit produces Portland cement at the same time onlya few are concerned in white cement. Effluents from cementindustries must be handled with no trouble to shrink the airpollution. A current pattern within the area of cementconstruction is the point of interest on using waste material incement production, the related reduction of carbon-dioxideemissions and on low-energy cements. Cement plant entailsfollowing input and output process as raw resources; energyfuels; water and air consumption and Clinker; approachlosses/waste (filter dusts); air emissions (e.g. NOx, dust,SOx); water emissions (in rare cases) respectively [1].www.ijisrt.com172
Volume 4, Issue 8, August – 2019International Journal of Innovative Science and Research TechnologyISSN No:-2456-2165The primary steps in cement production incorporate mainly raw materials preparation; clinker creation and finish grinding areillustrated in figure 1.Fig 1:- Process flow diagram for the manufacture of cement [2]II.HEALTH HAZARDS AND ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS FROM CEMENT DUSTThe dirt emitted from cement plant would becategorized as nuisance dust or inert dirt & can also bedescribed as dirt that includes lower than 1% quartz. Cementfilth involves heavy metals such as lead, cobalt, nickel, andchromium pollution noxious to the Mother Nature [3], withhostile, have an effect on for human and animal wellness,vegetation and ecosystems. Waoo et. al. (2014) studiedExtraction and Analysis of Heavy Metals from Soil andPlants around industrially contaminated soils, Govindpura,Bhopal. Sediment concentrations had been characterized withthe aid of the increased values of Cr (209.1mg/kg), Pb (199.5mg/kg) at the same time Cd (70.2 mg/kg). The toxic degreeof chromium in soil is approximately 2-50 ppm, and inassessment with this value range chromium measurementswere very excessive in the investigation subject. Imperativelevels of chromium for the vegetation are 5-10 ppm, 0.006-18ppm and their outcome confirmed that the investigatedsubject area runs a danger of chromium pollution in soilsamples. More than a few plants were additionally analyzedand tested for heavy metal evaluation and they usuallyconfirmed the higher storage and accumulation of heavymetals [4].Cement dust causes irritation in the mucous membraneof the eyes, the skin and the respiratory approach [5]. Anyresponse that can arise from such dirt is potentiallyreversible. Nevertheless, immoderate concentrations ofcement dirt within the work and site place may just cut downvisibility, could intent unpleasant deposits in ears, nasalpassages and eyes, and could motive damage to the epidermisor mucous membranes via mechanical or chemical-motionIJISRT19AUG670[6]. Right waste manage and remedy procedure is wanted foreffluent popping out from cement enterprises so damaginginfluence of those pollutants will also be lessen to holdatmosphere and reusing the waste resources in other method.The most important environmental disordersconcerning cement creation are consuming energy and rawresources, as well as its emissions to air. The kind andamount of air pollution depend on certain parameters, e.g.inputs (the fuels and raw materials used) and the variety ofprocedure implemented. The clinker burning system is themain, a part of the approach, in phrases of the keyenvironmental disorders for cement production. Cementindustry in India is mostly location specific as they tend to beconstructed around their source of raw material i.e. limestone mines. The limestone is carried to the nearby cementplants where they are further crushed and cooked in thepresence of gypsum to produce clinker. Cement is thereaftermade from clinker. The entire method motives quite a lot ofnoise, vibration and dirt. The extensive quarrying and miningof raw material besides adding various noxious pollutants tothe biosphere also disturbs the overall ecosystem of theMother Nature.A number of studies are on hand on the influence ofcement dirt emission on Mother Nature [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. TheKodinar region in Saurashtra of Gujarat has 04 CementPlants- Ambuja Cement, Gajaambuja-I, GajaambujaII andSidhi Cements. A study was conducted to check the impactof cement enterprise pollution on chlorophyll of chosen plantspecies of Arachis Hypogaeo (Ground Nut), SesamumIndicum (Till which is an oil seed) & Triticum Species(Wheat which is the main Rabi crop). The impact was studiedover a distance of 0.5 kms, 1km and 3 kms. The studywww.ijisrt.com173
Volume 4, Issue 8, August – 2019International Journal of Innovative Science and Research TechnologyISSN No:-2456-2165showed that the chlorophyll contents of crops near thecement plant were more damaged and the extent of damagedecreased with increase in distance from the cement plant[12].Okoro et. al. (2017) reported the assessment of HeavyMetals Contents in the Soil around a Cement factory cummanufacturing unit WAPCO in Ewekoro, Nigeria making useof pollution Indices from three areas (Ewekoro, Papalanto,and Itori). The outcome printed that the imply ranges of theheavy metals pollution content in the three soil samples havebeen in the order: Fe Zn Mn Cr Cu Pb. Theconcentrations and pollution indexes of the heavy metalswithin the soil samples were found to minimize as thedistances of the communities from the cement manufacturingfacility improved. The studied area and investigated soilshave been affected by dirt emissions from the cementmanufacturing unit as proven within the very lowconcentrations of heavy metal contents of the control studyarea, Itori [13].Cement enterprise is a source of continuous flows ofcement dirt and their makeup constituent gases similar toSiO2, CO2, SO2 and CO adversely have an impact on theingesting water resources like mine pits, ponds and wells,surrounding areas as well as nearby vegetation. The presenceof total solids within the type of salts of Na, Ca, K, Al, andMg as hydroxides sulphates and silicates leads to and impartshardness of water which reasons gastro intestinal ailmentsand dust related illnesses [14]. The control of environmentalpollution in a cement industry would involve control of dustboth in the mines as well as the cement plant. It also involvesrefilling of the open cast mines with excavated debris and itssubsequent afforestation.III.AIR EMISSIONS AND CONTROLIn cement and lime manufacturing air emissions aregenerated by way of the utilization and storage ofintermediate and completing substances, and through theapproach of kiln techniques, mills and clinker coolers. Theimportant polluting factors emitted to air are nitrogen oxides,total natural carbon, carbon oxides, dirt, dibenzofurans,metals, sulphur dioxide, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen chloride are exhausted andemitted as well. Nitrogen oxide emissions are exhausted andgenerated within the excessive temperature combustionsystem of the cement kiln [15]. Sulfur dioxide emissions incement manufacturing are particularly related to the contentof risky, volatile or reactive sulfur within the raw materialsand in fuels [16].In cement enterprise emission of particulate matter(PM) is without doubt one amongst most predominantimpacts of cement production [17]. Emissions of PM arerelated to intermediate and final materials utilization(grinding and crushing of raw substances) and storage,IJISRT19AUG670storage and usage of solid fuel, moving of materials andpackaging pursuits. Rai et. al. (2013) observed the impact ofMaihar cement plant at Satna district of Madhya Pradesh onthe human health of the people living around it. Samplebased study was made especially on the impact of suspendedparticulate matter (SPM), sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.The conclusion of the study showed more concentration ofSPM in the area surrounding cement plant than the permittedlimit of 200ng/m3. However, the sulphur dioxide andnitrogen oxide concentrations were found to be below thelimit of 80ng/m3. There were seasonal variation inconcentration of SPM, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide.Highest concentration was seen during winter followed bysummer followed by monsoon. Study was made on theprevalence of various diseases like respiratory disease,gastrointestinal disease, blood pressure, dental and eyeproblem. The population in the sample area around theMaihar cement showed the greater incidence of respiratorydiseases than other problems [18].De-carbonation of limestone and gaseous combustionemits greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide [19].Contribution of carbonmonooxide is only 5-1% of greenhouse gas emission [20] whereas majority attained throughemission by way of organic subject. Raw material, waste fueland fossil gas may intent significant emission of heavymetallic equivalent to mercury, lead, cadmium and manyothers [21]. Raw resources and waste gasoline can generateunstable and volatile metal (mercury), which are not feasibleto manage utilizing filters most effective, howevernonvolatile metals are traditionally adheres to the particulatematter.Bioremediation approach for heavy metals eithermicrobial or plants based, could be a rayhope for the saferbiosphere. Phytoremediation is an essential tool against theindustrial soil pollution because it takes advantage of naturalplant processes [22]. The application of in vitro systems forbasic research in phytoremediation helps to study the role ofplants for the remediation of contaminated sites, and in theimprovement of their effectiveness. Waoo et. al. (2015)showed the importance of Phytoremediation in an articlePhytoremediation: An Ultimate Hope for the Planet [23] afterexploring and concentrating on their research studies onEvaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of Datura inoxia(native plant species of study area) as a heavy metalaccumulator plant in an industrially contaminated area inBhopal, India as a part of vegetation enhancedbioremediation. Datura inoxia having phytoremediationalimportance, hyper accumulating plants and can survive inhighly heavy metal containing area. Phytoextraction studiedand results of Datura inoxia revealed higher accumulationand phytoremediation potential in case of heavy metals likecopper, lead, nickel, cadmium, and chromium in the leavesand shoots with highest amount of lead and chromium [24].www.ijisrt.com174
Volume 4, Issue 8, August – 2019International Journal of Innovative Science and Research TechnologyISSN No:-2456-2165Encouraged tactics to manage emission of heavy metalsare: activated carbon for absorption of heavy metals andeffective dirt / PM abatement to seize bound metals will haveto be used [25]. Handled material must be managed as ahazardous, monitoring of combustion material i.e. structure,properties, control emission by using measures accordingly,composition, restrict emergency shutoffs of the electrostaticprecipitators; hinder usage of waste fuel for the duration ofstartup or shutdown. Pulverized coal frequently lignite andblack coal are the most in general used energy fuel within thecement enterprise however petroleum coke (pet–coke) isfavored since it is less expensive [26]. Each generates biggeremissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) than fuel oil andtypical gasoline ( sixty five percent higher emissions thanwith fuel). The handling and storage of fuels is a potentialsupply of illness and contamination of groundwater and soil.In the beginning in cement industries the exhaust fuelused to be emitted to the atmosphere without reductiontreatment. A good wide variety of cement plants showedtremendous efforts in regulating and controlling theemissions by means of excellent prepared managed measureslike Bag Filter (BF) and Electro Static Precipitator (ESP),APCD gadgets which have excessive de-dusting effectivitythroughout natural conditions and these cements plants arepreserving their pollution degree. Fugitive emissions(emission not from stack) in cement plant remains to be are aprimary quandary and are ready for new mighty appliedsciences. To diminish very high sulphur dioxide emissionmoist scrubbers or Circulating Fluidized bed Absorber(CFBA) are used within the plant [27]. Selective Catalystreduction is used to manage and control emission of nitrogenoxide. Adsorption of heavy metal, volatile organic carbon,sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide may also beaccomplished on POLVITEC (AAC), Activated Coke.IV.WATER EMISSIONS AND CONTROLIn cement industries water is being utilized at a numberof levels in the course of the construction system. In onlysome instances, water is utilized in clinker burning process,for the preparation of raw material and cooling processes ofmanufacturing process, such as in the technological processfor slurry production, as well as for the cooling of gases. Incement construction with the aid of utilizing the dry or thesemi-dry process, water is most effective utilized in smallquantities, e.g. for cleansing processes. Process wastewaterwith suspended solids and excessive pH is also generated insome operations [28]. In principle, effluent does not generateduring cement production process as no emissions to waterarise since quite often water utilized for cooling reason isreused and recycled within the system [1]. Waste waterdischarge is commonly confined to surface run off and floorand cooling water most effective and reasons no tremendouscontribution significant to water pollution.IJISRT19AUG670Ipeaiyeda et. al. (2017) characterized the impact ofcement effluent on Onyi River at Obajana, Nigeria. Themonitoring of river was done up to about 1 km downstreamfrom the discharge point. With upstream dilution of theeffluent, the levels of phosphate, nitrate, pH, TS, TSS, TDS,turbidity and BOD at downstream location were much high,arising from the influx of cement effluent showing riverwater strongly impacted with metal pollution with Pb (0.016 0.001 mg/L) and Zn (0.045 0.003 mg/L) such that theyoverpasses the limits set by WHO and USEPA respectively.Accordingly, downstream water required adequate healing,prior to its use for useful functions [29].V.CURRENT TREND OF CO-PROCESSING SOLIDWASTE IN CEMENT INDUSTRIESIn cement production mainly solid waste includes spoilrocks and clinker production, which might be removed fromthe raw resources during the preparation of raw materials. Flyash and kiln dirt from energy power plant also blanketed insolid waste. Different other waste materials are exhaustedand generated from plant renovation and maintenance likemetallic scrap and used oil. Typically these wastes resourcesare disposed via landfill in open air which purpose severalinhale and lung problem [30]. Now lots of the cements plantsutilizing fly ash for cement manufacture. Lime waste fromcrushing division may be utilized in sulphate treatment orclinker construction after re-crushing. Generally broadmining movements contact the water desk and could polluteground water. Deposit of dirt in open field reason landpollution and degradation and in addition deposits over plantleaves. Dirt accumulated from special air pollutioncontrolling gadgets is reused in manufacturing system [31].Using waste resources in industrial methods assubstitute fuels (waste fuels) and raw resources to get bettervigour power and resources from them is co-processing.Nevertheless, these wastes cum raw resources ought toexhibit meeting similar traits, components and chemicalelement that could be an integral for the clinker burningsystem. The intense high temperature (2000 C) and lengthyresidence duration in cement kiln (clinker burning approach)helps in discarding and disposing all forms of high calorificworth wastes (e.g. waste oil, waste plastics,
Satna, (M.P.), India Dr. Ashwini A. Waoo2 AKS University: Department of Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Science and Technology Satna, (M.P.), India Abstract:- Cement industries is among the prima
Risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives (e.g. the objectives of an event). Risk management Risk management is the process of identifying hazards and controlling risks. The risk management process involves four main steps: 1. risk assessment; 2. risk control and risk rating; 3. risk transfer; and 4. risk review. Risk assessment
The risk assessment (analysis) of natural hazards is a disaster preparedness activity including pre-disaster risk reduction phase of the risk management process. Risk analysis is a base for decision making and the main tool for the risk management and scenarios development about the risk reduction. Figure 1. Risk assessment (UN,2004)
The Science and Methods of Environmental Health. 2.1 Understanding Environmental Hazards to Human Health 2.2 Responding to Environmental Hazards to . Environmental Health Policy. The Fate and Transport of Environmental Contaminants Toxicology: The Science of Poisons Exposure Assessment: An Applied Science Epidemiology: A Quantitative Research .
Natural Hazards 1.1 Engage Natural Hazards Western Australia experiences a range of natural hazards each year, which include bushfire, severe storms, floods, cyclones, earthquake and possibly tsunami. These are called natural hazards because they are elements of nature that can be extreme and dangerous. These hazards (apart from some
3.1 The environmental risk assessment for suicide and self harm is a component part of comprehensive clinical risk assessment which includes service user risk assessment formulation and care and treatment planning. The appropriate use of observation and engagement, including positive risk taking and environmental risk assessment support the .
Risk Matrix 15 Risk Assessment Feature 32 Customize the Risk Matrix 34 Chapter 5: Reference 43 General Reference 44 Family Field Descriptions 60 ii Risk Matrix. Chapter 1: Overview1. Overview of the Risk Matrix Module2. Chapter 2: Risk and Risk Assessment3. About Risk and Risk Assessment4. Specify Risk Values to Determine an Overall Risk Rank5
Natural Hazards Influenced by Climate Change 192 3.12.1 Health and Natural Hazards Data 192 3.12.2 Type of Natural Hazards Considered 193 3.12.3 Direct and Indirect Impacts on Health 193 3.12.4 Impacts of Combined Natural Hazard Events 193 3.12.5 Cascading Impacts of Hazards and Health System Impacts 194 3.12.6 Behaviours and Lifestyle 194
International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 19(1):59‐79. Proximity to Environmental Hazards: Environmental Justice and Adverse Health Outcomes Maantay, Chakraborty, and Brender Summary of Findings of Environmental Justice Studies . Pastor et al., 2005; Chakraborty, 2009) . .
