Incompressible Fluid Mechanics - University Of Baghdad
Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific ResearchUniversity of Baghdad – College of EngineeringMechanical Engineering DepartmentIncompressible Fluid MechanicsProf. Dr. Ihsan Y. HussainMech. Engr. Dept. / College of Engr. – University of BaghdadFebruary 2017Jamada Al-Aoula 1438
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017PrefaceThe present book is a handout lectures for the B.Sc. CourseME202 : Fluid Mechanics / I. The course is designed for B.Sc. Sophomore Students inthe Mechanical Engineering Discipline. The time schedule needed to cover the coursematerial is 32 weeks, 3 hrs. per week. The course had been taught by the author (coursetutor) for more than 25 years. A short c.v. for the author is given below; Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Baghdad - 1964B.Sc. ( 1986 ), M.Sc. ( 1989 ), & Ph.D. ( 1997 ) in MechanicalEngineering from the Mech. Engr. Dept. – University of BaghdadProfessor of Mechanical Engineering – Thermo-FluidsTeaching Undergraduate Courses and Laboratories in VariousIraqi Universities ( Baghdad, Al-Kufa, Babylon, Al - Nahrain .)in Various Subjects of Mechanical EngineeringTeaching Advanced Graduate Courses (M.Sc. and Ph.D.) in variousIraqiUniversities (Baghdad, Technology, Babylon, Al-Kufa, Al-Mustansyrya, AlNahrain ) in the Areas of ( Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, CFD, Porous Media, GasDynamics, Viscous Flow, FEM, BEMLines of Research Covers the Following Fields ; Aerodynamics Convection Heat Transfer ( Forced, Free, and Mixed ) Porous Media ( Flow and Heat Transfer ) Electronic Equipment Cooling Heat Transfer in Manufacturing Processes ( Welding, Rolling, etc. ) Inverse Conduction Turbomachinery ( Pumps, Turbines, and Compressors ) Heat Exchangers Jet Engines Phase-Change Heat Transfer Boundary Layers ( Hydrodynamic and Thermal )Head of the Mech. Engr. Dept. / College of Engineering - University of Baghdad ( December/ 2007 – October / 2011 )Member of Iraqi Engineering Union (Official No. 45836).ASHRAE Member ( 8161964 )Head of ( Quality Improvement Council of Engineering Education in Iraq QICEEI )Supervised ( 41 ) M.Sc. Thesis and ( 20 ) Ph.D. DissertationsPublication of more than (70) Papers in the Various Fields Mentioned aboveMember in the Evaluation and Examining Committees of more than ( 300 ) M.Sc. and Ph.D.Students in their Theses and DissertationsMember of the Editing Committee of a number of Scientific JournalsEvaluation of more than ( 700 ) Papers for Various Journals and ConferencesWorking within the Mechanical Groups in the Consulting Engineering Bureau, College ofEngineering, University of Baghdad, and in the Dept. of Mech. Engr. , in the MechanicalDesign of Various ProjectsContact Information : E-mail: drihsan@uobaghdad.edu.iq : dr.ihsanyahya1@gmail.comdr.ihsanyahya1@yahoo.com Skype Name : drihsan11 Mobile No. : 964-7901781035 : 964-7705236582Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 2
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017"Table of Contents"SectionTable of ContentsI. PrefaceI.1 General ApproachI.2 Learning ToolsI.3 ContentsI.4 Time Scheduling TableI.5 Laboratory ExperimentsI.6 Textbook and ReferencesI.7 AssessmentsChapter -1- : Introductory Concepts1.1 Definition of Fluids and Fluid Mechanics1.2 Scope and Applications of Fluid Mechanics1.3 Dimensions and Units1.4 Newton's Law of Viscosity for Fluids1.5 Basic Definitions and ConceptsExamplesProblemsChapter - 2- : Fluid Statics2.1Introduction2.2 Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid2.2.1 Pressure Variation with Direction2.2.2 Pressure Variation in Space2.2.3 Basic Hydrostatic Equation2.2.4 Pressure Variation for Incompressible Fluids2.2.5 Pressure Variation for Compressible Fluids2.3 Pressure Measurements2.3.1 Absolute and Gage Pressure2.3.2 Atmospheric Pressure Measurements2.3.3 Gage Pressure Measurements2.3.3.1 Bourdon Gage2.3.3.2 Pressure Transducers2.3.3.3 Manometers2.3.3.3.1 Piezometer2.3.3.3.2 Differential Manometers2.3.3.3.3 Micro Manometer2.3.3.3.4 Inclined Manometer2.4 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Surfaces2.4.1 Horizontal Surfaces2.4.2 Inclined SurfacesProf. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of 8293031313232333434343435363636373738Page 3
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2.4.3 Curved Surfaces2.5 Buoyancy2.5.1 Hydrometers2.6 Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies2.6.1 Submerged Bodies2.6.2 Floating Bodies2.6.3 Metacenter2.7 Relative Equilibrium2.7.1 Uniform Linear Acceleration2.7.2 Uniform RotationExamplesProblemsChapter -3- : Fluid Flow Concepts3.1 Definitions and Concepts3.2 General Control Volume Equation3.3 Law of Conservation of Mass: Continuity Equation3.3.1 Continuity Equation at a Point3.4 Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy Equation3.4.1 Bernoulli's Equation3.5 Law of Conservation of Liner Momentum: Momentum Equation3.5.1 Applications of Momentum Equation3.5.1.1 Fixed Vanes (Blades)3.5.1.2 Moving Vanes (Blades)3.5.1.2.1 Single Moving Vane3.5.1.2.2 Series of Moving Vanes3.5.1.3 Forces on pipe Bends3.5.1.4 Theory of Propellers3.5.1.5 Jet Propulsion3.5.1.6 Rocket Mechanics3.5.2 Euler's Equation of Motion3.5.3 Bernoulli's Equation3.6 Some Applications of Continuity, Momentum and Energy Equations3.6.1 Losses due to Sudden Expansion3.6.2 Hydraulic Jump3.7Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum: Moment of MomentumEquationExamplesProblemsChapter -4- : Dimensional Analysis And Similitude4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Dimensions and Units4.2 Dimensional Analysis4.2.1 The Buckingham II - TheoremProf. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of 970707171727374757677777878797981878888889091Page 4
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics4.2.2 Common Dimensionless Numbers4.3 Similitude4.3.1 Re - Criterion4.3.2 Fr - Criterion4.4 Ships Models TestsExamplesProblemsChapter -5- : Viscous Fluid Flow5.1 Introduction5.2 Equations of Motion for Viscous Flow5.3 Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates: Couette Flow5.4 Losses in Laminar Flow5.5 Laminar Flow Through Circular Tubes and Annuli5.5.1 Circular Tubes : Hagen - Poiseuille Equation5.5.2 Annuli5.6 Boundary - Layer Flow5.6.1 Laminar Boundary - Layer5.6.2 Turbulent Boundary - Layer5.6.3 Boundary - Layer Separation5.7 Drag an Lift5.8 Resistance to Flow in Open and Closed Conduits5.8.1 Open Channels Flow5.8.2 Steady Incompressible Flow Through Pipes5.8.3 Simple Pip Problems5.8.4 Secondary (Minor) LossesExamplesProblemsChapter -6- : Fluid and Flow Measurements6.1 Density Measurements6.2 Pressure Measurements6.2.1 Static Pressure measurements6.2.2 Total (Stagnation) Pressure Measurements6.3 Velocity Measurements6.4 Discharge Measurements6.4.1 Orifice Meters6.4.1.1 Orifice in Reservoirs6.4.1.2 Orifice in Pipes6.4.2 Venturi Meter6.4.3 Rotameter6.5 Viscosity Measurements6.5.1 Rotating Concentric Cylinders6.5.2 Capillary Flow method6.5.3 Say bolt ViscometerProf. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of 38138140140140143144145145145146146Page 5
Incompressible Fluid MechanicsExamplesProblemsChapter -7- : Closed Conduits Flow Networks7.1 Introduction7.2 Pipe Friction Formula7.3 Concept of Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines7.4 Combination of Pipes7.4.1 Pipes in Series7.4.2 Pipes in Parallel7.4.3 Branching Pipes7.4.4 Pipe Networks7.5 Pumping Stations7.5.1 Single Pump in Pipe Line7.5.2 Pumps in Series7.5.3 Pumps in Parallel7.6 Conduits with non - Circular Cross - SectionExamplesProblemsAppendix –A- : Course FolioProf. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of 160161162163171172Page 6
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017I. PrefaceI.1 General ApproachThe present “Lecture Notes" are intended for use in a first course in “FluidMechanics" for under - graduate engineering student in the sophomore years. It representsthe revision of lecture notes for about 25- years experience in teaching the subject of(Fluid Mechanics / I) in the second year at the Mechanical Engineering Department /College of Engineering - University of Baghdad and other Iraqi universities. The textcovers the basic principles of fluid mechanics with a broad range of engineeringapplications.The students are assumed to have completed the subject of (Engineering Mechanics/ Statics & Dynamics) and (Mathematics / I) courses. The relevant concepts from thesestwo subjects are introduced and reviewed as needed. The emphasis throughout the text iskept on the "physics" and the “physical arguments" in order to develop an “intuitiveunderstanding" of the subject matter.Throughout the text, we tried to match between engineering education andengineering practice. The text covers all the standard topics in fluid mechanics with anemphasis on physical mechanisms and practical applications, while de – emphasizingheavy mathematical aspects, which are being left to computers. We try to encourage“Creative Thinking" and development of a “Deeper Understanding" of the subject matterby the students.I.2 Learning ToolsThe emphasis in the text is on "developing a sense of underlying physicalmechanism" and a “mastery of solving practical problems" an engineer is likely to face inthe real world. Thus, the text covers more material on the fundamentals and applicationsof fluid mechanics. This makes fluid mechanics a more pleasant and worthwhileexperience for the student.The principles of fluid mechanics are based on our “everyday experiences" and "experimental observations". A more physical intuitive approach is used through the text.Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 7
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017Frequently, “Parallels are drawn" between the subject matter and students' every dayexperiences so that they can relate the subject matter to what they already know.The material in the text is introduced at a level that an average student can followcomfortably. It speaks "to" the students, not "over" the students. All- derivations in thetext are based on physical arguments with simple mathematics, and thus they are easy tofollow and understand.Figures are important learning tools that help the students “get the picture". The textmakes effective use of graphics.A number of worked –out examples are included in the chapters of the text. Theseexamples clarify the material and illustrate the use of basic principles. An intuitive andsystematic approach is used in the solution of the example problems.A number of sheets of solved problems that covers the material of the subject are alsoincluded in the appendices. These problems are focusing on the application of conceptsand principles covered in the text in solving engineering problems related to importantapplication of the subject.At the end of each chapter, a number of selected unsolved problems from relatedchapters in the “textbook" used during the course (reference (1)) in the list of references)are listed. The problems are grouped under specific topics (articles) in the order they arecovered to make problem selection easier for the student.A collection of examination paper is also included in the appendices. The collectioncovers quizzes, mid-term exams, comprehensive exam and final exams. It serves as a toolto improve students’ way of thinking and to make them familiar with the nature ofexaminations questions.A number of quizzes are usually made during the teaching period of the subject (about32 weeks). These many quizzes serve the following;1. Make these students familiar with the environment of the examinations.2. Continuous study and follow-up from students to the material of the subject.3. A “bank" of miscellaneous questions covering the various applications of the subjectmaterial will be available for both students and instructor.Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 8
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics20174. The final average mark will be distributed on large number of quizzes and tests, sothat, the shortage in one or more of these quizzes will not affect the evaluation greatly.A number of laboratory experiments (7-10) are made to cover the principle andconcepts of the subject, experimentally. These experiments help to give the student skillsof dealing with the devices set up, acquiring and recording data, writing reports, analysisand discussion of the results, conclusions and recommendations.I.3 ContentsThe lecture note comprises seven chapters and a number of appendices. The first fivechapters cover the basic fundamentals of the material, while the last two ones involve theimportant applications of the subject.In chapter -1- we introduce the basic fundamental concepts and definitions of fluidmechanics as a science and its applications in the real world. Chapter -2- presents thebasic concepts of fluid statics and its application in engineering and industry. It includesthe derivation of hydrostatic pressure variation, pressure measurements, forces onsubmerged surfaces, buoyancy and stability of immersed and floating bodies and relativeequilibrium. In chapter-3-, the fundamentals of fluid motion are studied. The governingcontinuity, energy and momentum equations are derived by using the Reynolds-transporttheorem. The various applications of these equations are introduced. Chapter-4- covers thedimensional analysis and similitude principles and their applications. In chapter-5-, thereal (viscous) fluid flow is considered. Various applications of this type of fluid flow areinvestigated, which include: laminar flow between parallel plates and through circulartubes and annuli, boundary-layer flow, drag and lift, Moody diagram and simple pipeproblems. Chapter-6- concerns the measurements of fluid and flow properties. Theseinclude density, pressure, velocity, flow rate and viscosity measurements. In chapter -7-,the analysis of pipes and pumps connection is introduced. Series, parallel and branchingpipes networks are analyzed. Besides, series and parallel pumps connection in pumpingstations is considered. The appendices include solved sheets of problems, collection ofexamination papers sheets of problems, collections, collection of examination papers andtest questions.Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 9
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017I-4 Time Scheduling TableThe subject teaching period is (32 weeks), (4 hrs.) per week (3hrs. theory and 1 hr.tutorial). The following is the time scheduling table for the subject weekly outlines, seeTable (I.1). This time schedule is for the theoretical part of the subject only.Table (I.1): Time Scheduling Table1316Chapter-3-15182.1 2.22.32.4.1 2.4.22.4.32.52.6.1 2.6.22.6.32.7.12.7.23.1 3.2 3.3Q219202122232425262728Q3Q4Q5Q6Q73.6 3.729Q830Q931Q10 TESTI32Chapter- 4-Q1Week4.1 4.2 4.2.1Chapter-5-1.53.5 3.5.1.1to 3.5.1.33.5.1.4 to3.5.1.6 3.5.2 3.5.3Covered pter-7-2Chapter-1-1Covered Articles1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4Chapter-2-Week4.2.2 4.3 4.3.1Q114.3.2 4.45.1 5.2 5.35.4 5.55.6 5.6.1 5.6.25.6.3 5.75.8 5.8.15.8.25.8.3 5.8.46.1 6.2 6.36.4Q12Q13Q14Q15Q16Q17Q18Q19Q20Q216.5Q227.1 7.2 7.3Q237.4Q247.5 7.6Q25 TestIINote: The experimental part of the subject (1 hr. per week) in addition tothe 4 hrs. (3 theory 1 tutorial), see the following article.I.5 Laboratory ExperimentsWe should mention here that the experimental part of the subject (1 hr per week) isincluded in a separate general “Mechanical Engineering Laboratories/II" course. Itinvolves a number of experiments covering the principles and concepts of the subjectmaterial. As was mentioned earlier, the experimental part aims to acquire the student askill of dealing with the devices, recording test data, writing a report, analysis andProf. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 10
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017discussion of the results, presentation of the experimental observations and results, andconclusions and recommendations drawn from the results. The following is a list of someof these experiments;1. Dynamic Similarity.2. Meta centric Height.3. Impact of Jet.4. Friction in Pipes.5. Minor Losses.6. Flow Measurements (Orifice and Venturi Meters).7. Stability of Floating Bodies.8. Bernoulli’s Equation Demonstration.I.6 Textbook and ReferencesThe text adopted in teaching the subject is;"Fluid Mechanics", by victor L.Streeter and E. Benjamin Wylie; First SI metric Edition,Mc.Graw Hill, 1988Other references which may be used are listed below;1. "Elementary Fluid Mechanics", by John k.Vennard and Robert L. Street, 5thedition, John Wylie and Sons,19762. "Engineering Fluid Mechanics", by John A. Roberson and Clayton T. Crow, 2ndEdition, Houghton Mifflin Co.,1998I.7 AssessmentsThe final mark (100%) is distributed along the teaching period as follows;ActivityMarkQuizzes (15-20 Nos.)15%Comprehensive Tests (2Nos.)10%Extracurricular Activities5%Final Test70%Total Sum100%The Passed Average Required is (50%)Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 11
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017Chapter -1Introductory Concepts1.1 Definition of Fluids and Fluid MechanicsAccording to the variation of volume and shape with pressure, the state of matter isusually classified in to three states, solid, liquid and gas, see Fig. (1). Fluids in clued theliquids and gases.SolidLiquidGasFixed VolumeFixed VolumeVariable VolumeFixed ShapeVariable ShapeVariable ShapeMolecular Spacing 1 A Molecular Spacing 102–103 AMolecular Spacing 104 A(1 A 10-10 m)FluidsFig. (1)FluidIt is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to shear stress, nomatter how small that shear stress may be. Fluids may be either liquids or gases. Solids,as compared to fluids, cannot be deformed permanently (plastic deformation) unless acertain value of shear stress (called the yield stress) is exerted on it.According to the variation of density of the fluids with pressure, fluids areclassified in to "incompressible" and "compressible" fluids.Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 12
Incompressible Fluid Mechanics2017Incompressible FluidsThey are the fluids with constant density, or the change of density with pressure isso small that can be neglected and considers the density as constant. The incompressiblefluids are basically the "LIQUIDS". Gases at low velocities are usually considered asincompressible fluids also.There are no exact incompressible fluids in practice. For example, the density ofwater at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) is (1000 kg/m3). When the pressure is increasedto (20 MPa), the density becomes (1010 kg/m3). Thus, increasing the pressure by a factorof (200) increases the density by only (1%)!! For this reason, it is reasonable to considerthe liquids as incompressible fluids with constant density.Compressible Fluids:They are the fluids with variable density, or the change of density with pressure islarge and cannot be neglected. These include basically the "GASES". In some liquidsproblems, such as "water hammer", the compressibility of liquids must be considered.Fluid MechanicsIt is the science that deals with the action of forces on fluids, which may be eitherliquids or gases. Fluid mechanics, as a science, is a branch of the "EngineeringMechanics" as a general science deals with the action of forces on bodies or matter(solids, fluids (liquids of gases)), see Fig. (2).Engineering MechanicsMechanics of RigidMechanics of DeformableMechanics of FluidsBodiesBodies(Strength of Material)(Liquids & Gases)KinematicsKineticsSolidsFluidsFig. (2)Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of BaghdadPage 13
Prof. Dr. Ihsan Y. Hussain / Mech. Engr. Dept. - College of Engr. – University of Baghdad Page 2 Preface The present book is a handout lectures for the B.Sc. Course ME202 : Fluid Mechanics / I. The course is designed for B.Sc. Sop
Fluid Mechanics Fluid Engineers basic tools Experimental testing Computational Fluid Theoretical estimates Dynamics Fluid Mechanics, SG2214 Fluid Mechanics Definition of fluid F solid F fluid A fluid deforms continuously under the action of a s
Fluid Mechanics 63 Chapter 6 Fluid Mechanics _ 6.0 Introduction Fluid mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics concerned with the static and dynamics of fluid - both liquids and gases. . Solution The relative density of fluid is defined as the rate of its density to the density of water. Thus, the relative density of oil is 850/1000 0.85.
Applied Fluid Mechanics 1. The Nature of Fluid and the Study of Fluid Mechanics 2. Viscosity of Fluid 3. Pressure Measurement 4. Forces Due to Static Fluid 5. Buoyancy and Stability 6. Flow of Fluid and Bernoulli's Equation 7. General Energy Equation 8. Reynolds Number, Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow and Energy Losses Due to Friction
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics. 1 F. UNDAMENTALS OF . F. LUID . M. ECHANICS . 1.1 A. SSUMPTIONS . 1. Fluid is a continuum 2. Fluid is inviscid 3. Fluid is adiabatic 4. Fluid is a perfect gas 5. Fluid is a constant-density fluid 6. Discontinuities (shocks, waves, vortex sheets) are treated as separate and serve as boundaries for continuous .
L M A B CVT Revision: December 2006 2007 Sentra CVT FLUID PFP:KLE50 Checking CVT Fluid UCS005XN FLUID LEVEL CHECK Fluid level should be checked with the fluid warmed up to 50 to 80 C (122 to 176 F). 1. Check for fluid leakage. 2. With the engine warmed up, drive the vehicle to warm up the CVT fluid. When ambient temperature is 20 C (68 F .
Chapter 06 Fluid Mechanics _ 6.0 Introduction Fluid mechanics is a branch of applied mechanics concerned with the static and dynamics of fluid - both liquids and gases. The analysis of the behavior of fluids is based on the fundamental laws of mechanics, which relate continuity of
Solution We are to define incompressible and compressible flow, and discuss fluid compressibility. Analysis A fluid flow during which the density of the fluid remains nearly constant is called incompressible flow. A flow in which density varies significantly is called compressible flow. A fluid whose density is practically independent
Figure 12.3shows an incompressible fluid flowing along a pipe of decreasing radius. Because the fluid is incompressible, the same amount of fluid must flow past any point in the tube in a given time to ensure continuity of flow. In this case, because the cross-sectional area of the pipe decreases, the velocity must necessarily increase.
