Syllabus S.Y.B.Sc (Information Technology) Sem - IV, Paper .
1SyllabusS.Y.B.Sc (Information Technology)Sem - IV, Paper - VEmbedded SystemsUnit - IIntroduction : Embedded Systems and general purposecomputer systems, history, classifications, applicationsand purpose of embedded systems.Core of Embedded Systems : Microprocessors andmicrocontrollers, RISC and CISC controllers, Big endianand Little endian processors, Application specific ICs,Programmable logic devices, COTS, sensors andactuators, communication interface, embedded firmware,other system components, PCB and passivecomponents.Unit - IICharacteristics and quality attributes of embeddedsystems : Characteristics, Operational and nonoperational quality attributes, application specificembedded system - washing machine, domain specific automotive.Unit - III Programming Embedded Systems : Structure ofembedded program, infinite loop, compiling, linking andlocating, downloading and debugging.Unit - IV Embedded hardware : Memory map, i/o map, interruptmap, processor family, external peripherals, memory RAM, ROM, types of RAM and ROM, memory testing,CRC, Flash memory.Unit - VPeripherals : Control and Status Registers, DeviceDriver, Timer Driver-Watchdog Timers, EmbeddedOperating System, Real-Time Characteristics, SelectionProcess.Unit - VI Design and Development :Embedded Systemdevelopment environment - IDE, Types of file generatedon cross compilation, disassembler / decompiler,simulator, emulator and debugging, embedded productdevelopment life-cycle, trends in embedded industry.Books :Programming Embedded Systems in C and C , First EditionJanuary, Michael Barr, O’ Reilly Introduction to embedded systems,Shibu K V Tata McGraw-Hill.
2References :Embedded Systems, Rajkamal, TataMcGraw-HillTerm Work :Assignments : Should contain at least 6 assignments (one perunit) covering the Syllabus.Tutorial : At least three tutorials based on above syllabus must beconducted.Practical List :1)Configure timer control registers of 8051 and develop aprogram to generate given time delay.2)Port I / O : Use one of the four ports of 8051 for O / Pinterfaced to eight LED’s. Simulate binary counter (8 bit) onLED’s.3)Serial I / O : Configure 8051 serial port for asynchronous serialcommunication with serial port of PC exchange text messagesto PC and display on PC screen. Signify end of message bycarriage return.4)Interface 8051 with D/A converter and generate square waveof given frequency on oscilloscope.5)Interface 8051 with D/A converter and generate triangularwave of given frequency on oscilloscope.6)Using D/A converter generate sine wave on oscilloscope withthe help of lookup table stored in data area of 8051.7)Interface Stepper motor with 8051 and write a program tomove the motor through a given angle in clock wise or counterclock wise direction.8)Generate traffic signal.9)Temperature controller.10) Elevator control.
31EMBEDDED SYSTEM :AN INTRODUCTIONUnit Structure1.0 Objectives1.1 Introduction1.2 Definition of Embedded System1.3 History of Embedded System1.4 Embedded System & General purpose computer1.5 Classification of Embedded System1.6 Application of Embedded System1.7 Purpose of Embedded System1.8 Review Questions1.9 References & Further Reading1.0 OBJECTIVESTo understand what is an Embedded System and then define itLook at embedded systems from a historical point of viewClassify embedded systemsLook at certain applications & purposes of embedded systems1.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter introduces the reader to the world of embeddedsystems. Everything that we look around us today is electronic. Thedays are gone where almost everything was manual. Now even thefood that we eat is cooked with the assistance of a microchip (oven)and the ease at which we wash our clothes is due to the washingmachine. This world of electronic items is made up of embeddedsystem. In this chapter we will understand the basics of embeddedsystem right from its definition.1.2 DEFINITION OF AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM An embedded system is a combination of 3 things:a. Hardwareb. Softwarec. Mechanical ComponentsAnd it is supposed to do one specific task only.
4 Example 1: Washing MachineA washing machine from an embedded systems point ofview has:a. Hardware: Buttons, Display & buzzer, electronic circuitry.b. Software: It has a chip on the circuit that holds thesoftware which drives controls & monitors the variousoperations possible.c. Mechanical Components: the internals of a washingmachine which actually wash the clothes control the inputand output of water, the chassis itself. Example 2: Air ConditionerAn Air Conditioner from an embedded systems point of viewhas:a. Hardware: Remote, Display & buzzer, Infrared Sensors,electronic circuitry.b. Software: It has a chip on the circuit that holds thesoftware which drives controls & monitors the variousoperations possible. The software monitors the externaltemperature through the sensors and then releases thecoolant or suppresses it.c. Mechanical Components: the internals of an airconditioner the motor, the chassis, the outlet, etc An embedded system is designed to do a specific job only.Example: a washing machine can only wash clothes, an airconditioner can control the temperature in the room in which it isplaced. The hardware & mechanical components will consist all thephysically visible things that are used for input, output, etc. An embedded system will always have a chip (eithermicroprocessor or microcontroller) that has the code or softwarewhich drives the system.1.3 HISTORY OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM The first recognised embedded system is the ApolloGuidance Computer(AGC) developed by MIT lab.AGC was designed on 4K words of ROM & 256 words ofRAM.The clock frequency of first microchip used in AGC was1.024 MHz.The computing unit of AGC consists of 11 instructions and16 bit word logic.
5 It used 5000 ICs.The UI of AGC is known DSKY(display/keyboard) whichresembles a calculator type keypad with array of numerals.The first mass-produced embedded system was guidancecomputer for the Minuteman-I missile in 1961.In the year 1971 Intel introduced the world's firstmicroprocessor chip called the 4004, was designed for usein business calculators. It was produced by the Japanesecompany Busicom.1.4 EMBEDDED SYSTEM & GENERAL PURPOSECOMPUTERThe Embedded System and the General purpose computerare at two extremes. The embedded system is designed to performa specific task whereas as per definition the general purposecomputer is meant for general use. It can be used for playinggames, watching movies, creating software, work on documents orspreadsheets etc.Following are certain specific points of difference betweenembedded systems and general purpose computers:CriteriaGeneralComputerPurposeEmbedded systemContentsIt is combination ofgeneric hardware and ageneral purpose OS forexecuting a variety ofapplications.It is combination of specialpurposehardwareandembedded OS for executingspecific set of e operating systemIt may or may not containoperating system.Alterations Applications are alterable Applications are non-alterableby the user.by the user.Key crequirements are key factors.PowerConsumptionMoreLessResponseTimeNot CriticalCriticalforapplicationssome
61.5 CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMThe classification of embedded system is based on followingcriteria's: On generation On complexity & performance On deterministic behaviour On triggering1.5.1 On generation1. First generation(1G): Built around 8bit microprocessor & microcontroller. Simple in hardware circuit & firmware developed. Examples: Digital telephone keypads.2. Second generation(2G): Built around 16-bit µp & 8-bit µc. They are more complex & powerful than 1G µp & µc. Examples: SCADA systems3. Third generation(3G): Built around 32-bit µp & 16-bit µc. Concepts like Digital Signal Processors(DSPs),Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs) evolved. Examples: Robotics, Media, etc.4. Fourth generation: Built around 64-bit µp & 32-bit µc. The concept of System on Chips (SoC), MulticoreProcessors evolved. Highly complex & very powerful. Examples: Smart Phones.1.5.2 On complexity & performance1. Small-scale: Simple in application need Performance not time-critical. Built around low performance & low cost 8 or 16 bitµp/µc. Example: an electronic toy2. Medium-scale: Slightly complex in hardware & firmware requirement. Built around medium performance & low cost 16 or 32 bitµp/µc. Usually contain operating system. Examples: Industrial machines.
73. Large-scale: Highly complex hardware & firmware. Built around 32 or 64 bit RISC µp/µc or PLDs or MulticoreProcessors. Response is time-critical. Examples: Mission critical applications.1.5.3On deterministic behaviour This classification is applicable for “Real Time” systems. The task execution behaviour for an embedded systemmay be deterministic or non-deterministic. Based on execution behaviour Real Time embeddedsystems are divided into Hard and Soft.1.5.4 On triggering Embedded systems which are “Reactive” in nature canbe based on triggering. Reactive systems can be: Event triggered Time triggered1.6 APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMThe application areas and the products in the embedded domainare countless.1. Consumer Electronics: Camcorders, Cameras.2. Household appliances: Washing machine, Refrigerator.3. Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking system(ABS), enginecontrol.4. Home automation & security systems: Air conditioners,sprinklers, fire alarms.5. Telecom: Cellular phones, telephone switches.6. Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners.7. Computer networking systems: Network routers andswitches.8. Healthcare: EEG, ECG machines.9. Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines, point of sales.10. Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers.1.7 PURPOSE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM1. Data Collection/Storage/Representation Embedded system designed for the purpose of data collectionperforms acquisition of data from the external world. Data collection is usually done for storage,analysis,manipulation and transmission. Data can be analog or digital.
8 Embedded systems with analog data capturing techniquescollect data directly in the form of analog signal whereasembedded systems with digital data collection mechanismconverts the analog signal to the digital signal using analog todigital converters. If the data is digital it can be directly captured by digitalembedded system. A digital camera is a typical example of an embedded System with data collection/storage/representation of data. Images are captured and the captured image may be storedwithin the memory of the camera. The captured image canalso be presented to the user through a graphic LCD unit.2. Data communication Embedded data communication systems are deployed inapplications from complex satellite communication to simplehome networking systems. The transmission of data is achieved either by a wire-linemedium or by a wire-less medium. Data can either be transmitted by analog means or by digitalmeans. Wireless modules-Bluetooth, Wi-Fi. Wire-line modules-USB, TCP/IP. Network hubs, routers, switches are examples of dedicateddata transmission embedded systems.3. Data signal processing Embedded systems with signal processing functionalities areemployed in applications demanding signal processing likespeech coding, audio video codec, transmission applicationsetc. A digital hearing aid is a typical example of an embeddedsystem employing data processing. Digital hearing aid improves the hearing capacity of hearingimpaired person4. Monitoring All embedded products coming under the medical domain arewith monitoring functions. Electro cardiogram machine is intended to do the monitoringof the heartbeat of a patient but it cannot impose control overthe heartbeat. Other examples with monitoring function are digital CRO,digital multi-meters, and logic analyzers.5. Control A system with control functionality contains both sensors andactuators.
9 Sensors are connected to the input port for capturing thechanges in environmental variable and the actuatorsconnected to the output port are controlled according to thechanges in the input variable.Air conditioner system used to control the room temperatureto a specified limit is a typical example for CONTROLpurpose.6. Application specific user interface Buttons, switches, keypad, lights, bells, display units etc areapplication specific user interfaces. Mobile phone is an example of application specific userinterface. In mobile phone the user interface is provided through thekeypad, system speaker, vibration alert etc.1.8 REVIEW QUESTIONS1.2.3.4.5.Define Embedded System with the help of Microwave Owenas an exampleDifferentiate between general purpose computers &embedded systemsGive a classification of embedded systemsList some applications of embedded systemsExplain the various possible purposes of using andembedded system.1.9 REFERENCES & FURTHER READING1. Programming Embedded systems in C by Michael Barr2. Introduction to Embedded systems – Shibu K. V
102ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMSUnit Structure3.0 Objectives3.1 Introduction3.2 Elements of Embedded Systems.3.3 Case studies (examples)3.3.1 Washing machine3.3.2 Microwave owen3.3.3 Automotive Embedded System (AES)3.4 Review questions3.5 References & further reading3.0OBJECTIVESAfter learning this chapter you will be able to:1. Define and describe the elements of an embedded system2. Understand how embedded system works with the help of twocase studies:i. Washing Machineii. Microwave Owen3.1INTRODUCTIONThe previous chapter was an introduction to the world ofembedded systems and helped us define what is an embeddedsystem.This chapter introduces us to the elements of an embeddedsystem and explains how embedded system works with the help oftwo case studies.3.2 ELEMENTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. As defined earlier, an embedded system is a combination of 3things:d. Hardwaree. Softwaref. Mechanical ComponentsAnd it is supposed to do one specific task only.
11Diagrammatically an embedded system can be represented asfollows:Figure 2.0 : Elements of an Embedded System Embedded systems are basically designed to regulate aphysical variable (such Microwave Oven) or to manipulate thestate of some devices by sending some signals to the actuatorsor devices connected to the output port system (such astemperature in Air Conditioner), in response to the input signalprovided by the end users or sensors which are connected tothe input ports. Hence the embedded systems can be viewed as a reactivesystem. Examples of common user interface input devices arekeyboards, push button, switches, etc. The memory of the system is responsible for holding the code(control algorithm and other important configuration details). An embedded system without code (i.e. the control algorithm)implemented memory has all the peripherals but is not capableof making decisions depending on the situational as well as realworld changes. Memory for implementing the code may be present on theprocessor or may be implemented as a separate chip interfacingthe processor In a controller based embedded system, thecontroller may contain internal memory for storing code Such controllers are called Micro-controllers with on-chip ROM,eg. Atmel AT89C51.
122.3CASE STUDIES (EXAMPLES)Here are some case studies on some commonly usedembedded systems that will help to better understand theconcept.2.3.1 Washing MachineLet us see the important parts of the washing machine; this willalso help us understand the working of the washing machine:1) Water inlet control valve: Near the water inlet point of thewashing there is water inlet control valve. When you load theclothes in washing machine, this valve gets openedautomatically and it closes automatically depending on the totalquantity of the water required. The water control valve isactually the solenoid valve.2) Water pump: The water pump circulates water through thewashing machine. It works in two directions, re-circulating thewater during wash cycle and draining the water during the spincycle.Figure 2.1 : Parts of a Washing Machine
133) Tub: There are two types of tubs in the washing washingmachine: inner and outer. The clothes are loaded in the innertub, where the clothes are washed, rinsed and dried. The innertub has small holes for draining the water. The external tubcovers theinner tub and supports it during various cycles ofclothes washing.4) Agitator or rotating disc: The agitator is located inside the tubof the washing machine. It is the important part of the washingmachine that actually performs the cleaning operation of theclothes. During the wash cycle the agitator rotates continuouslyand produces strong rotating currents within the water due towhich the clothes also rotate inside the tub. The rotation of theclothes within water containing the detergent enables theremoval of the dirt particles from the fabric of the clothes. Thusthe agitator produces most important function of rubbing theclothes with each other as well as with water.In some washing machines, instead of the long agitator, there isa disc that contains blades on its upper side. The rotation of thedisc and the blades produce strong currents within the waterand the rubbing of clothes that helps in removing the dirt fromclothes.5) Motor of the washing machine: The motor is coupled to theagitator or the disc and produces it rotator motion. These aremultispeed motors, whose speed can be changed as per therequirement. In the fully automatic washing machine the speedof the motor i.e. the agitator changes automatically as per theload on the washing machine.6) Timer: The timer helps setting the wash time for the clothesmanually. In the automatic mode the time is set automaticallydepending upon the number of clothes inside the washingmachine.7) Printed circuit board (PCB): The PCB comprises of the variouselectronic components and circuits, which are programmed toperform in unique ways depending on the load conditions (thecondition and the amount of clothes loaded in the washingmachine). They are sort of artificial intelligence devices thatsense the various external conditions and take the decisionsaccordingly. These are also called as fuzzy logic systems. Thusthe PCB will calculate the total weight of the clothes, and findout the quantity of water and detergent required, and the totaltime required for washing the clothes. Then they will decide thetime required for washing and rinsing. The entire processing isdone on a kind of processor which may be a microprocessor ormicrocontroller.
148) Drain pipe: The drain pipe enables removing the dirty waterfrom the washing that has been used for the washing purpose.2.3.2 Microwave OwenLet us see the important parts of the microwave oven; this willalso help us understand the working of the washing machine:Figure 2.3 : Parts of a Microwave OwenA microwave oven consists of:1. A high voltage transformer, which passes energy to themagnetron2. A cavity magnetron,3. A Control circuit with a microcontroller,4. A waveguide, and5. A cooking chamber1. A Transformer transfers electrical energy through a circuit bymagnetic coupling without using motion between parts. Theseare used for supplying power to the magnetron.2. A Cavity magnetron is a microwave antenna placed in avacuum tube and oscillated in an electromagnetic field in orderto produce high GHz microwaves. Magnetrons are used inmicrowave ovens and radar systems.3. A control circuit with a microcontroller is integrated on a circuitboard. The microcontroller controls the waveguide and theentire unit so the microwaves are emitted at a constant rate.4. A Waveguide is any linear structure that guideselectromagnetic waves for the purpose of transmitting power or
15signals. Generally constructed of a hollow metal pipe. Placing awaveguide into a vacuum causes radio waves to
Look at embedded systems from a historical point of view Classify embedded systems Look at certain applications & purposes of embedded systems 1.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the reader to the world of embedded systems. Everything that we look around us today is electronic. The days are gone where almost everything was manual. Now even the
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Computer Science ATAR Year 11 syllabus . Organisation . This course is organised into a Year 11 syllabus and a Year 12 syllabus. The cognitive complexity of the syllabus content increases from Year 11 to Year 12. Structure of the syllabus . The Year 11 syllabus is divided into two unit
