A CLIMATE-RESILIENT SINGAPORE FOR A SUSTAINABLE
1C L I M AT E A C T I O N P L A NA CLIMATE-RESILIENT SINGAPOREFOR A SUSTAINABLE
2CLIMATE ACTION PLANSingapore’s Climate Action Plan:A Climate-Resilient Singapore, For a Sustainable FuturePublished By:Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources Ministry of National Developmentwww.mewr.gov.sg www.mnd.gov.sgSingaporeIn Collaboration With:Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of SingaporeBuilding and Construction AuthorityCivil Aviation Authority of SingaporeEnergy Market AuthorityHousing & Development BoardInfocomm Development Authority of SingaporeJTC CorporationLand Transport AuthorityMaritime and Port Authority of SingaporeMinistry of FinanceMinistry of HealthNational Climate Change SecretariatNational Environment AgencyNational Parks BoardPUB, Singapore’s National Water AgencySingapore Land AuthorityUrban Redevelopment Authority COPYRIGHT 2016All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, withoutthe prior permission of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources and theMinistry of National Development.ISBN: 978-981-11-0085-7003 - 012 - 0115Printing Paper FromSustainable SourcesDesign and Production by Green House Design Communications
1CONTENTSCHAPTER01OUR CLIMATE FUTURE02WHAT COULD HAPPEN?06ADAPTING TO CHANGE10NEXT STEPS28CHAPTER02CHAPTER03CHAPTER04
2CLIMATE ACTION PLANCHAPTER01OURCLIMATEFUTURE
3OUR CLIMATEOur earth’s climate is changing. Heat waves are likely tobe more frequent and longer-lasting, extreme rainfall willbecome more intense and frequent, and the global meansea level will rise. In 2015, the Centre for Climate ResearchSingapore (CCRS) and the United Kingdom’s Met OfficeHadley Centre concluded Phase 1 of the Second NationalClimate Change Study1. The study analysed Singapore’sclimate up to the year 2100 and projected that Singaporeis likely to become warmer, experience more frequent andheavier storms, and face rising sea levels.WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR US?Quite simply, all of us – in Singapore, and across theworld – must act now, and act responsibly. Countries mustwork together to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions2.We must take immediate steps to preserve our environmentfor future generations.Thunderstorms in Singapore12Phase 1 of the National Climate Change study can be found here: ional-Climate-Change-StudyScience-Reports. Phase 2 of the study, currently underway, makes use of the projections from Phase 1 to examine the climate change impacts onareas such as water resources and drainage, biodiversity and greenery, network infrastructure and building infrastructure.More information on Singapore’s plans to mitigate climate change and stabilise our long-term emissions can be found in the Climate Action Plan:Take Action Today, For a Carbon-Efficient Singapore booklet.
4CLIMATE ACTION PLANCLIMATECHANGEANDSINGAPORESingapore is a low-lying, densely-populatedtropical island city-state. We are vulnerable tothe effects of climate change and variability.Three examples of Singapore experiencing theeffects of climate change and variability areshown on the right.While natural climate variability may have playeda part in these recent events, extreme conditionsare likely to become more intense and frequentdue to climate change. It is therefore important forSingapore to prepare for climate change.OUR CLIMATE FUTUREDry Spell13 Jan to 8 Feb2014: Singaporeexperienced arecord 27-daydry spell. Ourdesalination andNEWater plants hadto operate near fullcapacity to meet ourwater needs.Plankton Bloom2015: Hot weathercaused a planktonbloom in the JohorStraits, resulting inmass fish deaths.Heavy Rainfall2010, 2011 and2013: Heavyrainfall contributedto major flash floodevents in these threeyears, resulting insignificant damage.FORECASTING THE FUTURE CLIMATEGlobal Climate Models (GCMs) arecomputer models that simulate thedynamic processes taking place in theatmosphere, land, and oceans. Suchmodels help us understand the earth’sfuture climate, and were used for theprojections seen in the 5th AssessmentReport (AR5)3 of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change (IPCC).However, global models are too coarse inspatial resolution to be used directly forassessing Singapore’s adaptation needs. Toprovide better data for decision-making,the data from GCMs are “down-scaled”using Regional Climate Models (RCMs),which can simulate a region’s climate infiner detail.3Forecasting future climateThese are reports published by IPCC on the full scientific and technical assessment of climate change.
5FUTURE PROJECTIONSFOR SINGAPOREWHY?Feb and Jun to SepHigher greenhousegas emissions leadto larger changesin the climate.Nov to JanRAINFALLThe contrast between the wet months (Novto Jan) and dry months (Feb and Jun to Sep)are likely to become more pronounced.Increasing trends in both intensity andfrequency of heavy rainfall events areexpected as the world gets warmer.Towards end of this century1.4 C to 4.6 CDAILY TEMPERATUREDaily mean temperatures areprojected to increase by 1.4 Cto 4.6 C towards the end ofthis century (2070 to 2099),compared with the baselineperiod of 1980 to 2009.SEA LEVELSea levels are projectedto rise between 0.25mand 0.76m in the lastfew decades of thiscentury (2070 to 2099),compared with thebaseline period of1980 to 2009.Towards end of this century(2070 to 2099)Sea level rise between0.25m and 0.76mFREQUENCY OFWARM DAYSAND NIGHTSMore warm days andwarm nights for Febto Sep are projectedthroughout the21st ore will continueto be influenced by thenortheast and southwestmonsoons with potentialincrease in windspeeds during northeastmonsoon season.
6CLIMATE ACTION PLANCHAPTER02WHATCOULDHAPPEN?
7RISKS WE FACEThe climate impacts that we face posevarious risks to Singapore. These riskshave been summarised on the next page.Some of these impacts and risks maysimply cause inconvenience, while othersare more severe. For instance, floodingcan result in injury, cause damage toproperty, and disrupt traffic. The increasedrisk of heat-induced and vector-borneillnesses can cause us to fall ill morefrequently. Bush fires or uprooted trees canalso cause serious injury. These risks arereal and we must act now to reduce ourrisk exposure in the future.Singapore’s public sector has takenthe lead on this. We have developeda range of climate change adaptationmeasures, designed with the protectionof Singapore and Singaporeans in mind.The measures aim to minimise the adverseeffects that climate change could have onthe community, economy, and our dailylives. As a start, these measures bring usone step closer to our goal of enhancingSingapore’s resilience to climate change.CENTRE FOR CLIMATERESEARCH SINGAPORE (CCRS)CCRS was established to develop research expertise in the weather and climate ofSingapore and the wider Southeast Asia region. It undertakes projections of Singapore’sfuture climate for long-term planning, as well as researches the characteristics and causesof extreme weather.Centre for Climate Research Singapore
ACTIONPLAN802 CLIMATEWHAT COULDHAPPEN?WHAT COULD HAPPEN?RISKSWE FACEThe climate impacts that we facepose risks to Singapore in thefollowing six areas:1.Protecting Our Coasts 2.Managing Our Water, Minimising Floods 1.3. 4.3. 5.5.6.Higher temperatures may affect human healthand healthcare operations.Vector/pest populations could increase due tohigher temperatures and rainfall, increasing theincidence of diseases such as dengue.Our imported food supplies could facedisruption and price spikes, should productionbe affected by extreme weather.Keeping Our Essential ServicesRunning Well 6.Trees could be damaged or uprooted due tostrong winds.Biodiversity may be affected by changes intemperature and rainfall.There may be more bush fires due totemperature increase and low rainfall.Strengthening Resilience in Public Healthand Our Food Supply 4.Our water supply may be affected by morefrequent and severe droughts.Intense rainfall and rising sea levels mayincrease the risk of flooding.Protecting Our Biodiversity and Greenery 2.Communities and property along Singapore’scoastline could be affected by rising sea levels.Intense rainfall, sea level rise, andtemperature changes could affect theoperation of our telecommunications, power,and transport infrastructure.Keeping Our Buildings andInfrastructure Safe Safety and reliability of infrastructurecould be impacted by strong winds andhigher temperatures.Increased rainfall could lead to slope instability.
9STAYING RESILIENTSingapore has developed a Resilience Framework to guide our plans for climate changeadaptation. The framework helps us identify climate change risks to our people andproperty, and formulate adaptation plans to minimise the adverse effects of climatechange on our lives.Some of our adaptation measures will require time to implement, while others mayinvolve the construction of costly infrastructure. Our plans must be flexible and dynamicto accommodate future needs and the latest science. It is also important to considerhow our measures would affect one another, so that we can implement them in the mostefficient and effective manner.SINGAPORE’S RESILIENCE FRAMEWORKCSS sFormulateadaptationpathwayste ResilienceStudiesER Aate ProjectionsNClimClimaORISE RISEGKTAAN D V Conduct riskassessment to identifyand categorise climatechange risks in tandemwith advances inclimate science.Undertakeadaptation planningby formulatingoptions to tacklerisks in a dynamicand flexible manner.
WHAT COULDHAPPEN?ACTIONPLAN1002 CLIMATECHAPTER03ADAPTINGTO CHANGE
11This chapter will introduce the adaptationmeasures that are being implemented toprotect our coastal areas, water supply,biodiversity and greenery, public health,food security, network infrastructure, andbuildings from climate change.PROTECTING OUR COASTS FROMSEA LEVEL RISEAs an island-state and a major port city,Singapore is defined by our coasts.Our coastal areas also hold cherishedmemories for Singaporeans – many of usremember playing along beaches whenwe were children. However, these areasface the threat of rising sea levels as aresult of climate change. Without timelyaction, some low-lying coastal areas inSingapore could experience floodingduring severe coastal storms, or evenbecome submerged over time as sealevels rise.GEO-BAG WALLIn 2010, the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) carried out shorelinerestoration works using a geo-bag seawall system to stabilise a section of the beachat East Coast Park. Geo-bags are large sand-filled bags, laid several metres into theground to be level with the low tide. These help reduce sand erosion and preserveour beaches.Geo-bags at East Coast Park
12CLIMATE ACTION PLANADAPTING TO CHANGETo protect these areas, we havestrengthened our defences againstcoastal erosion and flooding. Today,over 70 per cent of Singapore’scoastline is protected with hard structuressuch as seawalls and rock slopes. From2011, we have also required all newreclaimed land to be at least four metresabove the mean sea level, up from threemetres previously. Roads near coastalareas, including a stretch of ChangiCoast Road and Nicoll Drive, have alsobeen raised to protect them from risingsea levels.More will be done. BCA is conductinga Coastal Adaptation Study (CAS),which will provide us with more optionson how we can protect them better overthe long term.High tide at East Coast ParkLow tide at East Coast Park
13COMPOSITE STEPPED SEAWALLAt another stretch of East Coast Park, a composite stepped seawall has been built. Its lower half is madeof rock, and its upper half is made of precast concrete blocks. The blocks also serve as lookout points forpark users.Composite stepped seawall at East Coast Park
14CLIMATE ACTION PLANADAPTING TO CHANGEMANAGING OUR WATER,MINIMISING FLOODSmore resilient, even with the challenge ofclimate change.With climate change, wet seasonscould become wetter, and dry seasonscould become drier. This poses variedchallenges to how Singapore managesour water resources.In the coming years, PUB will completeour fifth NEWater plant and build ourthird and fourth desalination plantsin Tuas and Marina East. PUB is alsoexploring building a fifth desalinationplant on Jurong Island. By 2030, thetotal capacity of NEWater anddesalination will be approximately twicewhat we have today, meeting about 80per cent of Singapore’s water demand.Ensuring Continued Water Supply for AllSingapore’s water supply could facechallenges from climate change, as dryseasons in Singapore are expected toworsen. Over the years, PUB, Singapore’sNational Water Agency, has spared noeffort in diversifying Singapore’s watersupply so that we are not dependent solelyon rainfall for our water needs. Withalternative sources such as NEWater anddesalinated water, PUB’s “Four NationalTaps” strategy has made our water supplyTuaspring Desalination PlantWe cannot expand our water supplyindefinitely. We must manage ourdemand and reduce water use to moresustainable levels. All Singaporeans haveto play their part by using only what isneeded and making wise choices, suchas doing laundry on a full load.
15LINGGIU RUNS LOWLinggiu Reservoir regulates the flow from Johor River,where Singapore extracts water for treatment andsupply. In 2015, water reserves in Linggiu Reservoirplunged from a healthy 80 per cent to about 30 percent in mid-2016 due to prolonged dry weather.OUR FOURNATIONALTAPSOur Four National Taps ensuresustainable and reliable watersupply for Singapore.WATERFROM LOCALCATCHMENTIMPORTEDWATER(FROMJOHOR)Linggiu Reservoir when fullNEWATERDESALINATEDWATERLinggiu Reservoir during periods of prolonged dry weatherGraphics credit:PUB, Singapore’sNational Water Agency
16CLIMATE ACTION PLANProtecting Singapore and Singaporeansfrom FloodsIn the 1960s and 1970s, Singaporeexperienced major floods. Water levelswere waist-high, causing chaos anddisruptions – even resulting in somedeaths. Over the last 50 years, we haveinvested heavily in drainage, bringingdown the number of flood-prone areassignificantly. However, occasional intenserains can still overwhelm our drains.ADAPTING TO CHANGEIn land-scarce Singapore, anotherpossible way of storing excessstormwater is to capture and storeit underground. PUB is currentlystudying the feasibility of an innovativeunderground drainage and reservoirsystem, where tunnels will bring excessstormwater into underground caverns forstorage. This system has the potential toreduce flood risks.With climate change, Singapore mayexperience more intense rainfall eventsmore frequently. If we do not plan inadvance, major flooding could recurand cause disruptions that inconvenienceSingaporeans or even result in damage.To minimise such flood events, PUBseeks to capture, redirect, and keepexcess rainwater at bay through its“Source-Pathway-Receptor” approach.By building detention tanks, wideningdrains, and raising ground levels acrossSingapore, PUB has implemented a rangeof measures to mitigate flood risk inSingapore and protect Singaporeans.This raised development in Robinson Road is an example of a local measure toreduce flood risks in building developments.HELPING SINGAPOREANSDO THEIR PARTThe Mandatory Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme (MWELS) requireswater fittings such as taps, urinals, and mixers as well as washing machines tobe affixed with water-efficient labels when they are sold. This makes it easierfor all of us to opt for more water efficient appliances to help conserve water.
17SOURCETHE SOURCE-PATHWAY-RECEPTOR APPROACHGREENROOFDevelopments with landsize of 0.2 hectares ormore have to implementon-site measures, suchas detention tanks andgreen roofs, to slowdown runoff entering thepublic drainage system.DETENTIONTANKRETENTION PONDPATHWAYRAIN GARDENPUB widens anddeepens existingdrains and canals,or builds diversioncanals andcentralised detentiontanks to captureexcess runoff fromintense LRECEPTORCANALIMPROVEMENTTo address flood risks, PUBhas stringent requirementsfor the entrance levelsof basements andunderground facilitiesas well as minimumheight requirementsfor the general groundlevel. Other examplesof “receptor” solutionsinclude flood barriers.MINIMUMPLATFORMAND CRESTLEVELSFLOODBARRIERRESERVOIRAt Orchard Road, PUB is building a new 2km diversion canal and a new underground detentiontank near the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Stormwater from the upstream section of the StamfordCanal Catchment system will flow into the new diversion canal towards the Singapore River, andeventually into the Marina Reservoir. A detention tank, with a storage capacity of about 38,000cubic metres of water, will capture excess stormwater, which will be pumped back into the drainsafter the rain subsides.
18CLIMATE ACTION PLANPROTECTING OUR BIODIVERSITYAND GREENERYOur City’s Trees and BiodiversityThe 3 million roadside trees are anessential part of Singapore’s landscape.They define our City in a Garden, andprovide shade and cover from our tropicalweather. But some trees are especiallytall and certain species are fragile. Thismakes them likely to fall or be uprootedin strong gales or periods of heavy rain,which could inconvenience or evencause harm to the public. Singapore isalso home to a large variety of flora andfauna, many of which are vulnerableto climate change. For example, coralbleaching occurred in 1998 and 2010due to high sea surface temperatures(SSTs).To ensure that our trees are in goodhealth and resilient to climate change, theNational Parks Board (NParks) inspectstrees along major roads and areas withhigh human activity at least once a year.If needed, trees are pruned to reduce thesize and weight of their crowns so theycan better withstand strong winds.Storm-vulnerable trees have also beenreplaced with hardier species. NParksalso studies tree uprooting to betterdiagnose its causes.To protect Singapore’s marine biodiversity,NParks established Singapore’s firstmarine park at the Sisters’ Islands in2014. The marine park is an ecosysteminhabited by rare and endangered marineanimals. Other measures to protectSingapore’s biodiversity include restoringmangrove areas in Singapore.ADAPTING TO CHANGEBush FiresProlonged hot and dry weather can causebush fires. If they are not attended topromptly, the fires may spread and leadto a loss of greenery and biodiversity.These fires could also result in propertydamage and danger to people in thevicinity. To protect our biodiversity andSingaporeans, Singapore Civil DefenceForce (SCDF) will step up patrols at firehot spot areas to detect fire risks andswiftly put out any fires. In addition,SCDF, together with NParks and theMeteorological Services Singapore (MSS),will develop a Fire Probability Index toindicate the risk of bush fires for differentareas. Together, these measures will allowus to deal with bush fires more efficiently,even as Singapore experiences hotter anddrier weather.To ensure that our trees are ingood health and resilient to climatechange, the National Parks Board(NParks) inspects trees along majorroads and areas with high humanactivity at least once a year.
19FALLEN TREESAT MANDAI ROAD,FEBRUARY 2011A microburst is an intense downward rush of airthat spreads violently at ground level. It can resultin strong straight-line winds capable of knockingover entire trees. In February 2011, a microburstover Upper Seletar Reservoir damaged some 40hectares of forest (about 55 football fields!) withinthe Central Catchment Nature Reserve, uprootingor snapping virtually all the big trees there.Botanists from the National University of Singapore(NUS) have been tracking the subsequent recoveryin forest structure and composition. These findingswill help us understand how local secondary forestsrecover from such events.Fallen trees at Mandai in 2011MONITORING SEA SURFACETEMPERATURE AT SISTERS’ISLANDS MARINE PARKThe rich marine biodiversity in Singapore –home to more than 250 species of corals –is under threat from rising SSTs, oceanacidification, stronger and more intense rainfall,and rising sea levels.To better understand the most immediatethreat related to rising SSTs, a bleachingmonitoring programme has been initiated atthe Sisters’ Islands Marine Park. The findingscan be used to develop targeted measures toprotect the most ecologically-sensitive groupsof marine animals and plants.Singapore’s Sisters’ Islands Marine Park
20CLIMATE ACTION PLANRESTORINGPULAU TEKONG’SMANGROVESIn the past, scouring – where mud is washed away bywater swirling around tree roots – was observed, causingshoreline erosion. Higher sea levels are also expectedto further degrade the mangrove forests in Pulau Tekong.To arrest this, we have applied both “hard” and “soft”engineering solutions.SOFTAPPROACHThis involves plantingmultiple species ofnative mangrovesaplings, grown frompropagules collectedfrom all overSingapore, insteadof the conventionalsingle-speciesplanting, therebyretaining our nativemangrove gene pool.ADAPTING TO CHANGEThe northeastern coastline ofPulau Tekong accounts for90HECTARESof pristine mangrove forest.HARDAPPROACHThis involves installingbiodegradable sacksfilled with marine clay inerosion notches and stonesof various sizes alongthe coast, and rigoroustracking of the variousinitiatives’ outcomes.
21STRENGTHENING RESILIENCEIN PUBLIC HEALTH AND OURFOOD SUPPLYVector-Borne DiseasesClimate change also poses threats toour health. For example, changes in theweather pattern, such as temperatureincrease, could create prime conditionsfor mosquitoes to breed and viruses toreplicate faster, leading to an increasein the infective vector population andtransmission of dengue. We have alreadyseen similar trends in late 2015, whenthere was a spike in dengue cases partlydue to weather changes caused by the ElNiño. Currently, the National EnvironmentAgency (NEA) has in place a nation-wideprogramme to fight dengue – but wewill need to do more as we prepare forharsher conditions in the future. Whileinnovative solutions such as Wolbachiatechnology could help to suppress themosquito population, sustained effortsby the community to eradicate mosquitobreeding habitats remain key topreventing dengue.FIGHTINGAEDES MOSQUITO-BORNEDISEASESWolbachia bacteria occur naturally in over 60 per cent of all insect species,including some mosquito species. NEA is exploring the feasibility of usingmale Wolbachia-carrying Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to help suppress theAedes aegypti mosquito population. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are denguevectors. Studies have shown that when male Wolbachia-Aedes aegyptimosquitoes mate with female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes without Wolbachia,the females produce eggs that do not hatch, thereby reducing the Aedesaegypti population over time. MALE MOSQUITOWITH WOLBACHIA FEMALE MOSQUITOWITHOUT WOLBACHIAWolbachia bacteriaoccur naturally in over60PER CENTof all insect species,including some mosquitoes.EGGS DONOT HATCHThis phenomenon isknown as CytoplasmicIncompatibility (CI).
22CLIMATE ACTION PLANAdjusting to a Warmer EnvironmentClimate change will lead to more warm days. Apart fromdiscomfort, we could experience a range of heat-inducedillnesses, including heat rashes, heat cramps, heat exhaustion,and heat stroke. By taking simple steps such as drinkingenough water and staying in the shade, we can easilyminimise the risk of heat injury during warmer weather.Currently, the Ministry of Health (MOH) is also working withMSS to develop a heat stress information system for the public.This system will provide information that can help us plan andmanage our outdoor activities.A jogger taking care to hydrate while exercising in hot weather.ADAPTING TO CHANGE
23MANAGINGHEAT STRESSWe can all keep ourselves and our loved onessafe by taking precautionary measures to avoidheat-induced illnesses, such as:Wearing loose-fitting,heat-permeable andlight-coloured clothingDrinking fluids to stayhydratedTaking more breaksin between activitiesReducing outdooractivities during thehottest time of theday, or staying inthe shadeSponging withcold waterPlanning sports andexercise activities inthe cooler hoursof the dayWatching for earlysigns of heatinduced illnesses,and seekingmedical attention ifconditions persist orworsenEnsuring a Resilient Food SupplyClimate change could also spell troublefor Singapore’s most beloved culture –our food! As we import more than 90per cent of our food supply, crop failureand low crop yields in the region willaffect the supply of items such as rice andvegetables to Singapore. Fisheries arealso expected to have smaller catches,affecting the fish and seafood productsavailable to us.To minimise the risk of food supplydisruptions, the Agri-Food and VeterinaryAuthority of Singapore (AVA) pursues adiversification strategy. This means thatSingapore currently imports our foodfrom countries in a variety of regions.This minimises potential disruptions toour food supply if a particular regionis hit by extreme weather events, andprotects us against sudden food shortagesand price volatility. Back at home, localfood production helps to supplementour food supply. AVA is working closelywith local farmers to ensure that they areprepared for climate change. This includesimplementing programmes to boostproductivity, conducting research anddevelopment to aid technology adoptionby local farms, and working with privatesector partners to develop innovativesolutions. Beyond our shores, AVA alsoworks with international and regionalpartners to enhance global food security.
24CLIMATE ACTION PLANADAPTING TO CHANGEINDOOR FARMINGGiven Singapore’s land scarcity andreliance on imports, indoor farmingtechnologies can improve our foodsupply resilience. At Panasonic FactorySolutions Asia Pacific, multi-tierracks with LED lighting are usedto grow vegetables such as lettuce,mizuna, rocket, and mini red radishin optimised conditions. The farmcomplies with strict hygiene andsanitation standards, and embracestotal process automation systems forgreater productivity.Farming indoors in SingaporeCLOSED CONTAINMENT AQUACULTUREClosed Containment Aquaculture Systems (CCAS) such as Recirculating Aquaculture Systems enablefish to be protected from adverse environmental conditions. Farms with such systems can also achievehigher productivity, better space optimisation, and water resource efficiency.At Singapore Aquaculture Technologies’ fish farm, around 50 tonnes of seabass are reared a year inCCAS. The system involves pumping seawater from a depth of four metres which is then treated, thuslowering the farm’s risk against plankton bloom and other aquatic diseases.Closed Containment Aquaculture in Singapore
25KEEPING OUR ESSENTIAL SERVICESRUNNING WELLPublic TransportOn a typical day, over 2.7 millionpassenger trips are taken on our MassRapid Transit (MRT) networks. Climatechange could affect these passengers asour underground MRT stations may besusceptible to flooding during intenserainfall. To protect our commuters and railtransport infrastructure, the Land TransportAuthority (LTA) has installed flood barriersat the entrances and openings of low-lyingunderground MRT stations. In the future,new underground MRT stations will alsohave to meet requirements for enhancedflood protection.Air ConnectivitySingapore’s air connectivity is a hallmarkof our global reputation. In 2015, morethan 55.4 million passengers passedthrough Changi Airport; more can beexpected as we seek to expand our airconnectivity. Climate change could posetough challenges as Changi Airport facesflood risks from more intense rainfall andrising sea levels. Initial steps to minimisethese risks have already been taken.For instance, significant upgrades to thedrainage system at Changi Airport are inprogress, with detention tanks and pumpsbeing installed. In addition, the futureTerminal 5 will be built 5.5m above themean sea level, which is higher than otherareas in Singapore. To ensure the smoothtravel of passengers, the Civil AviationAuthority of Singapore (CAAS) willcontinue to monitor the overall resilienceof Changi Airport.Sea ConnectivityRaised steps at an entrance to Orchard MRT stationSingapore is home to one of the world’sbusiest hub ports. Currently, more than130,000 ships call at Singapore andmore than 30.9 million 20-foot equivalentunits (TEUs) of containers pass throughour ports annually. While existing portfacilities are protected from near-termsea level rise, the Maritime Port Authorityof Singapore (MPA) will monitor andPROTECTING OURSUBWAYS FROM FLOODSLTA has designed and installed a variety of flood barriers atvarious underground MRT stations. Rigorous on-site testinghas been carried out to ensure the barriers are watertight.Stackable flood barriers at the entrance to anunderground MRT station
26CLIMATE ACTION PLANimplement further measures when facilitiesare upgraded or redeveloped. For thenew Tuas terminal, the latest sea levelrise projections have been factored intoits design and it will be built more thantwo metres higher than the highest waterlevel observed.Energy and TelecommunicationsFrom computers in the office, to the lampslining our streets, washing machines athome, and smartphones in our pockets– electricity is an essential part of lifein a modern city. In Singapore, severedisruptions in electricity have beenvery rare. However, based on initialstudies, we understand that as ambienttemperatures increase, the generationcapacity of our power stations could bereduced and this may cause potentialinterruptions to our electricity supply.Floods could also disrupt the operationof our power stations; electricity demandmay also rise beyond projections dueto population and economic growth,placing additional stress on our energyinfrastructure.
Singapore’s resilience to climate change. CCRS was established to develop research expertise in the weather and climate of Singapore and the wider Southeast Asia region. It undertakes projections of Singapore’s future climate for long-term planning, as well as researches the characte
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