GUIDELINES FOR ROAD DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION,
Bosnia and HerzegovinaROAD DIRECTORATEFEDERATION OF B&HSarajevoPublic Company“REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA ROADS ”Banja LukaGUIDELINES FOR ROAD DESIGN,CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE ANDSUPERVISIONVOLUME I: DESIGNINGSECTION 1: ROAD DESIGNINGPart 2: ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL and GEOTECHNICALINVESTIGATIONS and TESTINGSarajevo/Banja Luka2005University of LjubljanaFaculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy
CONTENTS2.1INTRODUCTION.32.2PURPOSE OF RECOMMENDATIONS .32.2.1 COMPOSITION OF RECOMMENDATIONS .32.2.2 STAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND THE DESIGNDOCUMENTATION LEVELS .42.3APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS .52.3.1 CABINET WORK – COLLECTION OF EXISTING DATA.52.3.2 FIELD RESEARCH WORK .52.3.3 LABORATORY TESTS.62.3.4 CALCULATIVE ANALYSES.72.4COURSE OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS .72.4.1 PREPARATION FOR INVESTIGATIONS.72.4.2 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS.72.4.3 MAIN INVESTIGATIONS .82.4.4 SUPPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATIONS .102.4.5 GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING OF CONDITION OF FACILITIES AFTERCONSTRUCTION .102.5CONTENTS OF GEOTECHNICAL REPORTS .112.5.1 CONTENTS OF REPORTS – GENERAL .112.6TYPES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TESTS .122.6.1 ENVISAGED SCOPE OF THE MAIN GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS.122.6.2 GEOMECHANICAL INVESTIGATIONS .172.6.3 PROVIDING FOR THE QUALITY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOLOGICALGEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS.202.7APPENDIXES.222.7.1 DRILLING FOR TESTING OF SOIL .222.7.2 METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORYINVESTIGATIONS .272.7.3 REPORTING ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS .342.7.4 CONTENTS OF GEOTECHNICAL REPORT .36
Guidelines for Road DesignEngineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and Testing2.1 INTRODUCTIONA precondition to prepare a good design is, in addition to exact geodetic survey of thearea, also a proper geotechnical investigation. For the purpose of uniform implementationand documentation of this investigation in terms of the form and contents, a group ofexperienced geologists and geotechnicians has prepared a description of individual work,which is indispensable in geotechnical investigations. This has resulted in a writtendocument providing individual contractors with equal bases, better quality of the workand more reliable results. In addition to the above, this document also enables theinvestor to prepare an appropriate tender documentation for the investigationsconsidered.The Recommendations, among others, logically take into account the Eurocodes, whichhave been recently introduced into the civil engineering and geotechnical practice.2.2 PURPOSE OF RECOMMENDATIONSThe Recommendations have been prepared in such a way, that they can be primarilyused as an aid and guide to the person, who prepares the programme of geological andgeotechnical investigations both in the tender and implementation stages, and can lateron assist the contractor of these investigations.The primary purpose of the Recommendations is to define the type, scope and method ofimplementation of individual investigations in relation to:o Geotechnical conditions in the area of the road's route with appertaining facilities; ando Stage of geotechnical investigations and the level of preparation of the designdocumentation.However, the "engineering assessment" on the type and quantity of investigations isbasically the right and duty of the responsible geologist and geo-technician whereby thisassessment must be in line with the basic requirements set in this and similar documents.And last but not least, the purpose of the Recommendations is also to limit the subjectiveinfluence of the person preparing the programme of investigations to the quantity andtype of investigations. Both the responsible geologist and the responsible geo-technicianare members of the design team, that, under the leadership of the responsible designer(or project coordinator) of a particular facility, appointed in accordance with the law,prepares geotechnical conditions of construction of the facility2.2.1 COMPOSITION OF RECOMMENDATIONSThe Recommendations consist of the main (substantive) part and the supplementary(annexes) part.The substantive part includes five chapters, consisting of the following:o The basic purpose of preparation of the document;o The approach to implementation of geotechnical investigations including the initialcabinet work, field research work, laboratory tests and calculative analyses;o The course of geotechnical investigations, which depends on the stage / designlevel for which the geotechnical investigations are performed;o Contents of geotechnical reports and studies;o Description of individual type of investigations and the envisagedimplementation procedure.The Recommendations are supplemented by annexes (Chapter 6) including theimplementation method for individual types of investigations, aligned with the applicablelaw. The annexes shall be promptly supplemented and adjusted to the expertrequirements.RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2Page 3 of 38
Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingGuidelines for Road Design2.2.2 STAGES OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS AND THE DESIGNDOCUMENTATION LEVELSRules of the geotechnical field of expertise, which has found its place in the modernEuropean and other standards, have been formed by the rational approach to obtainingdata on composition of the soil and conditions of the envisaged construction. These rulesdivide investigations in three stages following each other as specified below:Table I:TEST pplementaryinvestigationsOBJECTIVERough knowledge of the composition and properties of the soil,in order to enable: Selection of the most suitable construction method; Decision of suitability of the location of the envisaged construction; Specifying the preliminary design of the structure's foundations / theconstruction method of geotechnical structures; Defining the type and scope of investigations in the subsequent stageby taking into account the preliminary design of the facility.Obtain all necessary geological and geotechnical data forintegrated design of the road's layout and foundations of thestructures.Supplement the data obtained in previous stages, e.g. in thefollowing cases: If the analysis of previously obtained data points to their unreliabilityor deficiency; The design or location of the facility has changed; Field conditions have changed.In addition to these three stages there are also:oPreparation for investigations, required for preparing the tender for the preliminarystage of investigations. Generally, they are performed by expert services of the Client.o Current (accompanying) investigations performed in line with the advance ofgeotechnical construction (characteristic for tunnels and deep cuts, conditionally alsofor excavations for foundations and similar).o Control investigations whereby design assumptions are confirmed and quality ofperformed work controlled.The interpretation of each subsequent test stage shall include all findings of previousstages.The applicable legislation and practice in motorway design envisage design in severalstages (studies of alternatives, preliminary design, construction permit design, tenderdesign, implementation design, as-built design). The relation between design stages andgeotechnical test stages in road planning is as follows:Table IIDESIGN STAGEStudy of alternativesPreliminary designConstruction permit designTender designImplementation designAs-built designPage 4 of 38GEOTECHNICAL TEST STAGEPreliminary investigationsMain investigationsSupplementary investigationsCurrent (accompanying) and control investigationsVolume I – Section 1 – Part 2RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04
Guidelines for Road DesignEngineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and Testing2.3 APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONSIt is recommended to implement the geological – geotechnical investigations in thefollowing order and with the indicated contents:2.3.1 CABINET WORK – COLLECTION OF EXISTING DATAoooooooCabinet review of the layout and/or structure designReview of existing geological and morphological maps and geodetic basesReview of any existing geotechnical documentation (e.g. reports on preliminary teststages)Obtaining and reviewing the documentation on any past constructions in the vicinityReview of data on behaviour of existing relevant adjacent facilitiesObtaining and reviewing stereoscopic pairs of air photos and other remote dataObtaining and reviewing geotechnical data from the existing digital databases2.3.2 FIELD RESEARCH WORKooooooReview and recognition of the ground (full field inspection of the area of influence ofthe route in an appropriate width, detection of characteristic morphological,geological, engineering geological, hydrogeological and other phenomena)Geological mapping in the area of influence of the route (structural geological,hydrogeological and engineering geological mapping)Detailed geological mapping of the direct area of the route (structural geological,hydro-geological and engineering geological mapping)Test pits, test shafts and outcrops (excavation, mapping, sampling, geotechnicalmeasurements in shafts)Exploratory drilling (implementation, monitoring parameters of drilling, recording ofcores, RQD, taking of intact and disturbed samples, geotechnical investigations inboreholes (SPT, FVT, pressuremeter, borehole-logging, geophysical measurements),equipping the borehole for further monitoring – piezometer, inclinometer)Geomechanical investigations (measurements and evaluation of results):-oHydrogeological investigations (measurements and evaluation of results):-oStandard penetration test – SPTField Vane test - FVTDynamic probing - DPCone penetration test – CPTPressuremeter test - PMTDilatometer test - DMTPlate Loading Test - PLTMeasuring piezometer levels of water in the aquifer and determining the groundwater flowPerforming and evaluating pumping and pouring testsSampling of ground water for chemical and bacteriological analysesHydrogeological classification with regard to the aquifer type and the necessaryprotection of the ground waterGeophysical investigations (measurements and evaluation of results):-Performing and evaluating field measurements (geoelectricity, geoseismicity,georadar and others if needed)RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2Page 5 of 38
Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingoGuidelines for Road DesignPerforming and evaluating measurements in boreholes (borehole-logging, betweenthe boreholes, between the surface and the borehole)Other Field testing (measurements and evaluation of results):--Geodetic measurementsInclinometer measurementsPiezometer measurementsExtensiometer measurementsStatic and dynamic load tests of piles pile driving testsOther special geotechnical measurements (stresses in the ground, advancement ofdiscontinuities, vibrations and other)Implementation of probing excavations and test fields right before construction ofembankments (the need for improving the original subgrade, use of specificmaterials, use of new technologies )Anchorage testing (partial and full load tests of anchors, tests of electroresistance)2.3.3 LABORATORY TESTSoExamination of submitted samples and preparation of a detailed programme ofgeotechnical laboratory testsoSoil tests-oTests of rocks-oIdentification (classification) testsDetermining the unit weightTests of strength parametersTests of deformabilityTests of permeabilityTests of suitability for construction of embankmentsBasic chemical tests of soilsPreparing samples for testingClassification and identification of rocks (petrographic and mineralogical tests)Tests of strength parametersDetermination of swelling propertiesTests of deformabilityTests of usability of rock material for processing into rock aggregatesTests of suitability for construction of embankmentsGeological X-rayOtherPage 6 of 38Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04
Guidelines for Road DesignEngineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and Testing2.3.4 CALCULATIVE ANALYSESoBack analyses for verification of obtained characteristics-oBack analyses of stability of avalanche areasBack analyses of documented behaviour of relevant facilities near the location ofthe planned constructionCalculative analyses for the geological geotechnical report-Global stability analysisCalculation of bearing capacity of soilCalculation of settlement and their development in timeNumeric modellingOther computer analyses with regard to the project nature2.4 COURSE OF GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONSA detailed description of the most appropriate course of individual stages of geotechnicalinvestigations is given below:2.4.1 PREPARATION FOR INVESTIGATIONS2.4.1.1 Objectiveo Preliminary evaluation of the design and geotechnical conditions from the point ofoview of planning geotechnical investigationsThe objective of this stage is to prepare a tender for the preliminary stage ofgeotechnical investigations.2.4.1.2 Implementero Expert service of the Cliento Research institution (ordered by the Client – if necessary)2.4.1.3 Required baseso The most current version of the design ( layout, longitudinal section, cross sections)o Archive geotechnical data (if available)2.4.1.4 Stages and methods of investigationso Selection of cabinet work methods (see 1.1.2.1.1)o Examination and recognition of the ground (see 1.1.2.1.2)2.4.1.5 Final documento The project of the preliminary stage of geotechnical investigations2.4.1.6 Reviewo In particularly complex (in geological, morphological, geotechnical terms) motorwayroutes, the expert review of the preliminary stage of geotechnical investigations isrequired.2.4.2 PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS2.4.2.1 Objectiveo Obtaining basic data on composition and properties of the soil (see Table I)o Obtaining appropriate data for preparing the programme of main investigations2.4.2.2 Implementero Research institution with suitable references in the area of geotechnical investigationsRS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2Page 7 of 38
Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingGuidelines for Road Design2.4.2.3 Required bases- The most current version of the design ( layout 1:1000, longitudinal section1:1000/100, cross sections)- Archive geological – geotechnical data (where available)- Stages and methods of investigations- Selection of cabinet work methods (see 2.3.1)- Geological mapping (see 2.3.2)- [Selection of other field research work and laboratory tests] 12.4.2.4 Final documentIn relation to the subject of preliminary investigations, the document may be:- Report on preliminary geotechnical investigations for the route and the structures- Comparative geotechnical study of the route's layout2.4.2.5 Review- Carried out in line with the assessment of the expert service of the Client2.4.3 MAIN INVESTIGATIONS2.4.3.1 Objective- Obtaining all required data on composition and properties of the soil (see Table I)2.4.3.2 Implementer- Research institution having all references required by the tenderRequired bases and the existing documentation-The most current version of the design ( layout, longitudinal section, cross sections,design of the facility)Report on preliminary geotechnical investigationsOther data, which can influence the programme of investigations and conditions of theconstruction / foundations of the structures, such as:- As regards structures: loading of foundations- As regards embankments: data, which can influence the selection of the fillingmaterial (floods in the area, availability of material from cuts, priority of selectionof side excavations ), available consolidation time- Special requirements by the responsible project manager and designer2.4.3.3 Stages and methods of investigationsThe main investigations generally include extremely varied activities, which areinterdependent in terms of time, and current results can have an impact on corrections indetails of the testing programme.Three clearly distinguished stages are envisaged, with milestones being separate finaldocuments. Tests can be performed in a single stage in case of simple facilities or forgeotechnically simple locations, which has to be specifically mentioned in the tender forinvestigations.o First stage: Objective: Getting the information on geological structure of the area andgeotechnical properties of soil to the extent enabling preparation of the detailedprogramme of field and laboratory testing and calculative analyses. Methods:1Indents in angular brackets mean non-obligatory however often required work. Option.Page 8 of 38Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04
Guidelines for Road DesignEngineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingCabinet work methods (see 1.1.2.1.1)Detailed geological mapping (see 1.1.2.1.2)[Selection of other field research work][Selection of laboratory tests (see 1.1.2.1.3)][Selection of calculative analyses (see 1.1.2.1.4)] Final document: A design draft of the main geotechnical investigations Review: A design draft is submitted for review and approval to the expert serviceof the Client. oSecond stage: Objective: Getting information on the detailed structure of the area and physicalproperties of all characteristic materials on the basis of implementation of allresearch work envisaged in the approved programme. The results of this and thepreceding stages shall enable an adequate preparation of the project for theplanned facility. Methods): Selection of field research work with regard to the type of facility and the typeof soil (see 1.1.2.1.2) Selection of laboratory tests with regard to the type of facility and the type ofsoil (see 1.1.2.1.3) [Selection of calculative analyses with regard to the nature of the project (see1.1.2.1.4)] Final document: Report on results of the main geotechnical investigations Review: The programme is submitted for review and approval to the expertservice of the Client.oThird stage : Objective: Analysing the results of all performed investigations and determiningthe conditions for implementation of the geotechnical facility and conditions forfoundations of the facility. The final document is a link between the test resultsand the designer. Methods:Selection of calculative analyses or empiric methods with regard to the nature ofthe project (see 1.1.2.1.4) Final document: Report on conditions of the construction and conditions offoundations of the facility Review: Carried out in line with the assessment of the expert service of the ClientoFinal documentThe final report consists of two parts: As regards the route: Report on results of the main geotechnical investigations for the route Report on conditions for the motorway constructionThe final report for the structure consists of: Report on results of the main geotechnical investigations for the structure Report on conditions for foundations of the facilityoReviewThe final report is subject to review by the expert service of the Client and/or externalaudit.RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2Page 9 of 38
Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingGuidelines for Road Design2.4.4 SUPPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATIONS2.4.4.1 Objectiveo Supplementing the data obtained at previous stages (see Table I)2.4.4.2 Implementero Research institution with appropriate references (if possible the one performing maininvestigations)Required bases and the existing documentationooooThe most current version of the design ( layout, longitudinal section, cross sections)Report on preliminary and main geotechnical investigationsData on changes of the structure and other reasons for supplementary investigationsSpecial requirements by the responsible project manager and designer2.4.4.3 Stages and methods of investigationso [Selection of cabinet work methods (see 1.1.2.1.1)]o [Detailed geological mapping (see 1.1.2.1.2)]o [Selection of other field research work]o [Selection of laboratory testing (see 1.1.2.1.3)]o [Selection of calculative analyses (see 1.1.2.1.4)]2.4.4.4 Final documentIn relation to the subject of supplementary investigations, the document may be:o Report on results of the supplementary geotechnical investigations for the routeo Report on results of the supplementary geotechnical investigations for the structure2.4.4.5 ReviewGeotechnical reports shall be reviewed by experts. The review method shall bedetermined by the expert services of the Client.2.4.5 GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING OF CONDITION OF FACILITIES AFTERCONSTRUCTION2.4.5.1 ObjectiveThe term geotechnical monitoring of condition of facilities include earth structures, suchas cuts and embankments, as well as any retaining structures (gravity walls, anchoredwalls, sheet pile walls, various types of composite retaining structures), and foundationsof bridging and other complex structures.The basic objective of geotechnical monitoring is to check the functional abilities of afacility. In case of any changes of conditions, prompt measures are required withadditional geotechnical interventions in terms of due diligence and providing for trafficsafety.2.4.5.2 Implementero The implementer can be a company having positive references to prove its ability toimplement and interpret the appropriate geotechnical, geodetic and/or other requiredtypes of measurements and prepare, on the basis of measurement results, theappropriate analyses and geotechnical reports on condition of the facility.2.4.5.3 Required baseso The works implementation design and the as-built designo Report on main geotechnical investigationso Geotechnical report for the structure (the works implementation design level)Page 10 of 38Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2RS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04
Guidelines for Road DesignoEngineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingTerms of reference for implementing geotechnical monitoring2.4.5.4 Stages and methods of investigationso Review of the existing design-technical documentationo Performing the required measurements on the facilityo Interpretation of the measurement resultso Preparing the report with proposed measures and/or further monitoring2.4.5.5 Final documentoThe final report on geotechnical monitoring of the facility in the period with theproposed measures and further measurements2.4.5.6 ReviewThe final report on geotechnical monitoring of the facility after construction shall bereviewed by experts. The review method shall be determined by the expert services ofthe Client.2.5 CONTENTS OF GEOTECHNICAL REPORTSGiven the fact that the geological geotechnical report is the final act of the entire researchwork, its full and integrated contents is important for all subsequent users of the report(designers, clients, supervising engineers and contractors). For that purpose,recommendations for contents of the geological geotechnical report are specified below:2.5.1 CONTENTS OF REPORTS – GENERALGenerally, a geotechnical report shall include at least three volumes: for the road route,for bridges, and, if any, for tunnels. In specific cases, separate volumes containing reportsdealing with obtaining local materials, with road route sections in deep cuts, on high fills,on landslides and similar shall be prepared.In order to achieve appropriate quality of geotechnical investigations and theirpresentation in the "Geological Geotechnical Report (Study) on Soil Composition andConditions of the Construction " the following instructions should be taken into account:o The reports shall strictly separate data obtained by investigations and interpretationthereof. Test results shall be given in separate chapters in the first part of the reportand interpretation in the final chapters. The same facts may result in differentinterpretations of conditions, and these are what the proposal for construction of theunderlying facility depends upon.oReliability of findings shall be given for findings based on test results. In general, thereliability of forecasts depends on complexity of the ground composition, and thenumber and quality of investigations. Individual conclusions may be based on hardfacts or only on hypotheses. Each stage of investigations requires a certain degree ofreliability of forecasts. In the main stage of investigations the reliability shall suffice forthe integrated planning of motorway construction and foundations of structures.o New testing methods, statistical methods for data processing and interpretation, andnew software for calculations and graphic presentation shall be introduced andregulations (notably the EUROCODE) as well as standards for particular tests (CEN,ISO) followed.o Solutions, proposals, and forecasts included in the report shall be given in the form,which the designer can understand, if possible in graphic form to the greatest extentpossible. Thus, for example, in the selection of the most appropriate route for themotorway, the ground shall be classified by suitability for construction (from highlysuitable to unsuitable). Expert data of narrower fields of expertise understandableRS-FB&H/3CS – DDC 433/04Volume I – Section 1 – Part 2Page 11 of 38
Engineering-Geological and Geotechnical Investigations and TestingGuidelines for Road Designonly to corresponding experts shall be given only as background and should not be inthe focus of the final forecast.More detailed specification of contents is not desirable as this would take away thenecessary freedom from the reporter, i.e. certain points of the report would beemphasised too much and others too little with regard to the varying geologicalgeomechanical field conditions Specifying the appropriate contents with emphasis on themost significant determined properties of the ground is an important component of thereport, which defines the quality of the approach to investigations, their interpretation andconclusions.In general, each report shall include the following chapters:o INTRODUCTION: (the Client, contract no., contract/order date, general data on thefacility, stage of investigations, objective of the report)o DATA ON PREVIOUS TESTS AND LITERATURE DATA ON THE UNDERLYING GROUNDAND FACILITY (give findings of previous investigations and their interpretation withregard to the previous investigations and previous experience with construction ofsimilar facilities in the area or on identical rock)o DATA ON PERFORMED FIELD AND LABORATORY TESTS: (data shall be presented inthe most understandable manner possible, notably in tables, charts and maps, andlaboratory tests in enclosures)o INTERPRETATION OF TESTS: (includes the preparation of the geotechnical model ofthe ground and the assessment of its reliability)o GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTATION: (specifies in detail thegeotechnical conditions for implementing the route or structures)o CONCLUSION: (summary of main findings of the report and proposals for furtherinvestigations and measures)The annex includes the sample contents of the geotechnical report. It specifies theindividual chapters and enclosures generally included in the report. With regard to thestage and objective of investigations as well as the complexity of geological compositionand complexity of the facility, the geotechnical report shall include those chapters bywhich conditions of the construction can be satisfactorily specified2.6 TYPES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TESTSIn order to facilitate understanding, planning, and management of the programme ofgeological geotechnical investigations, individual types of geotechnical investigations witha short description are specified below:2.6.1 ENVISAGED SCOPE OF THE MAIN GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS2.6.1.1 Field TestingThe programme of main investigations shall be prepared on the basis of findings ofpreliminary investigations. The scope of the tests depends on the following:o The level of previous research of the groundo Type of soilo Design, size and significance of the facilityo Envisaged loading of soilPlanning of tests shall take into account the applicable technical standards and one's ownexpert assessment and experience.The scope of tests shall be adjusted to current findings.The minimum requirements for the scope of Field testing in line with EC-7 for thegeotechnical category 2 (the most common category) are as follows:Page 12 of 38Volume I – Secti
hydrogeological and engineering geological mapping) o Detailed geological mapping of the direct area of the route (structural geological, hydro-geological and engineering geological mapping) o Test pits, test shafts and outcrops (exc
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