Laboratory Manual And Workbook In Microbiology

Laboratory Manualand Workbookin MicrobiologyApplications to Patient Care7th EditionJosephine A. MorelloPaul A. GranatoHelen Eckel MizerISBN: 0-07-246354-6Description: 2003 / Spiral Bound/Comb / 304 pagesPublication Date: June 2002OverviewThis microbiology laboratory manual is designed especially for the non-majors, health sciencemicrobiology courses. The organization reflects the body systems approach and contains specificsections on clinical diagnosis. 36 exercises and 43 experiments cover a broad range of topics.Features An emphasis is placed on the basic principles of diagnostic microbiology and the lab proceduresused for isolation and identification of infectious agents. The manual stresses the importance ofthe clinical specimen and provides practical insight and experience. Experiments are adaptable for use with any microbiology text aimed at students who arestudying the allied health sciences. There are 36 exercises, many of which contain several experiments. Each exercise begins with adiscussion of the material to be covered, the rationale of methods to be used, and a review of thenature of microorganisms to be studies. The questions that follow each exercise are designed totest the ability of students to relate lab information to patient-care situations.

Morello Mizer Granato:Laboratory Manual andWorkbook in Microbiology,7/eFront MatterPreface The McGraw HillCompanies, 2003P R EFAC EThis laboratory manual and workbook, now in its seventhedition, maintains its original emphasis on the basic principles of diagnostic microbiology for students preparing toenter the allied health professions. It remains oriented primarily toward meeting the interests and needs of thosewho will be directly involved in patient care and who wishto learn how microbiological principles should be appliedin the practice of their professions. These include nursingstudents, dental hygienists, dietitians, hospital sanitarians,inhalation therapists, operating room or cardiopulmonarytechnicians, optometric technicians, physical therapists,and physicians’ assistants. For such students, the clinical andepidemiological applications of microbiology often seemmore relevant than its technical details. Thus, the challengefor authors of textbooks and laboratory manuals, and forinstructors, is to project microbiology into the clinical setting and relate its principles to patient care.The authors of this manual have emphasized the purposes and functions of the clinical microbiology laboratoryin the diagnosis of infectious diseases. The exercises illustrate as simply as possible the nature of laboratory procedures used for isolation and identification of infectiousagents, as well as the principles of asepsis, disinfection, andsterilization. The role of the health professional is projectedthrough stress on the importance of the clinical specimensubmitted to the laboratory—its proper selection, timing,collection, and handling. Equal attention is given to theapplications of aseptic and disinfectant techniques as theyrelate to practical situations in the care of patients. Themanual seeks to provide practical insight and experiencerather than to detail the microbial physiology a professionalmicrobiologist must learn. We have approached this revision with a view toward updating basic procedures and reference sources. Every exercise has been carefully reviewedand revised, if necessary, to conform to changing practicesin clinical laboratories. A new exercise, Exercise 19, hasbeen prepared describing modern diagnostic techniquesthat use antigen detection and nucleic acid methods. Thesemethods are now in use in many clinical microbiology laboratories. When relevant, antigen detection methods havebeen added to the exercises, so that the students will gainexperience in their use. Expanded sections on diagnosingmicrobial pathogens that require special laboratory techniques are included in the exercises of Section XI. Manynew figures and additional colorplates are found in thisedition. These are intended to illustrate procedures the students will use and help the beginning student recognizethe microbes they will view under the microscope as wellas the appropriate reactions for biochemical tests they willperform.The material is organized into four parts of increasingcomplexity designed to give students first a sense of familiarity with the nature of microorganisms, then practice inaseptic cultural methods in clinical settings. Instructorsmay select among the exercises or parts of exercises theywish to perform, according to the focus of their coursesand time available. Part 1 introduces basic techniques ofmicrobiology. It includes general laboratory directions,precautions for handling microorganisms, the use of themicroscope, microscopic morphology of microorganismsin wet and stained preparations, pure culture techniques,and an exercise in environmental microbiology.Part 2 provides instruction and some experience inmethods for the destruction of microorganisms, so thatstudents may understand the principles of disinfection andsterilization before proceeding to the study of pathogenicmicroorganisms. There is an exercise on antimicrobialagents that includes antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the National Committee for Clinical LaboratoryStandards (NCCLS) technique, with the latest categorydesignations and inhibition zone interpretations, as well asexperiments to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations by the broth dilution method, and bacterial resistanceto antimicrobial agents.The principles learned are then applied to diagnosticmicrobiology in Part 3. Techniques for collecting clinicalspecimens (Microbiology at the Bedside) and precautionsfor handling them are reviewed. A discussion of theCenters for Disease Control and Prevention “standard precautions” for avoiding transmission of bloodbornepathogens is included. The normal flora of various parts ofthe body is discussed. The five sections of this part coverthe principles of diagnostic bacteriology; the microbiologyof the respiratory, intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts; andxi

Morello Mizer Granato:Laboratory Manual andWorkbook in Microbiology,7/eFront MatterPrefacethe special techniques required for the recognitionof anaerobes, mycobacteria, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae,chlamydiae, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and animal parasites.Sections VIII and IX, dealing respectively with the microbiology of the respiratory and intestinal tracts, present exercises on the common pathogens and normal flora ofthese areas, followed by exercises dealing with methods forculturing appropriate clinical specimens. Experiments forperforming antimicrobial susceptibility tests on relevantisolates from such specimens are also included.The former Part 4 has been incorporated into Part 3,reflecting the essential role of antigen detection techniquesin the routine laboratory and the more limited use ofmethods for detecting serum antibodies. Part 4 presentssome simple microbiological methods for examining water and milk.The sequence of the exercises throughout the manual,but particularly in Part 3, is intended to reflect the approach of the diagnostic laboratory to clinical specimens.In each exercise, the student is led to relate the practicalworld of patient care and clinical diagnosis to the operation of the microbiology laboratory. To learn the normalflora of the body and to appreciate the problem of recognizing clinically significant organisms in a specimen containing mixed flora, students collect and culture their ownspecimens. Simulated clinical specimens are also used toteach the microbiology of infection. The concept of transmissible infectious disease becomes a reality, rather than atheory, for the student who can see the myriad of microorganisms present on hands, clothes, hair, or environmental objects, and in throat, feces, and urine. Similarly, inlearning how antimicrobial susceptibility testing is done,the student acquires insight into the basis for specific drugtherapy of infection and the importance of accurate laboratory information.In acquiring aseptic laboratory technique and aknowledge of the principles of disinfection and sterilization, the student is better prepared for subsequent encounters with pathogenic, transmissible microorganisms inprofessional practice. The authors believe that one of themost valuable contributions a microbiology laboratorycourse can make to patient care is to give the student repeated opportunities to understand and develop aseptictechniques through the handling of cultures. Meredemonstrations have little value in this respect. Althoughthe use of pathogenic microorganisms is largely avoided inthese exercises, the students are taught to handle all specimens and cultures with respect, since any microorganismmay have potential pathogenicity. To illustrate the nature ofxii The McGraw HillCompanies, 2003infectious microorganisms, material to be handled by students includes related “nonpathogenic” species of similarmorphological and cultural appearance, and demonstration material presents pathogenic species. Occasional exceptions are made in the case of organisms such as pneumococci, staphylococci, or clostridia that are oftenencountered, in any case, in the flora of specimens fromhealthy persons. If the instructor so desires, however, substitutions can be made for these as well.Teaching flexibility has been sought throughout themanual. There are 35 exercises, many of which containgeneral experiments. These may be tailored to meet theneeds of any prescribed course period, the weekly laboratory hours available, or the interests and capabilities of individual students. The manual can be adapted to follow anytextbook on basic microbiology appropriate for studentsentering the allied health field. For the instructor’s use, amore complete listing of current literature and othersource material is provided in the Instructor’s Manual.Each exercise begins with a discussion of the materialto be covered, the rationale of methods to be used, and areview of the nature of microorganisms to be studied. InPart 3, tables are frequently inserted to summarize laboratory and/or clinical information concerning the majorgroups of pathogenic microorganisms. The questions thatfollow each exercise are designed to test the ability of students to relate laboratory information to patient-care situations and to stimulate them to read more widely on eachsubject presented.The five appendices included in previous editions ofthis manual have been moved to the Instructor’s Manual toprovide instructors with information and assistance in presenting the laboratory course.Sadly, our long-term colleague and original inspiration for this laboratory manual, Dr. Marion Wilson, passedaway during the initial stages of this revision. We dedicatethis edition to her. We are fortunate in being joined by Dr.Paul Granato, who is responsible for much of the new material in Exercise 19 and Sections X and XI.We are grateful to all those professional colleagueswho gave generously of their time and expertise to makeconstructive suggestions regarding the revision of thismanual. For their helpful comments and reviews, we thankCaroline Amiet, Odessa College; John Mark Clauson,Western Kentucky University; Angel Gochee, IndianaUniversity; John Ferrara, Cuyahoga Community College;Fernando Monroy, Indiana State University; DavidStetson, University of Maine; Martin Steinbeck, MidPlains Community College; and Jane Weston, GenessePreface