Grade 12 Biology Course Preview - Province Of Manitoba
Grade 12 Biology (40S)A Course for Independent Study
G r a d e 1 2 B i o l o g y (4 0 S )A Course for Independent Study2014M a ni t o b a E d u c a t i o n a n d A d v a n c e d L e a r nin g
Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning Cataloguing in Publication DataGrade 12 biology (40S) : a course for independent studyIncludes bibliographical references.ISBN: 978-0-7711-5680-91. Biology—Programmed instruction.2. Biology—Study and teaching (Secondary).3. Biology—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba.4. Correspondence schools and courses—Manitoba.5. Distance education—Manitoba.I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning570Copyright 2014, the Government of Manitoba, represented by the Ministerof Education and Advanced Learning.Manitoba Education and Advanced LearningSchool Programs DivisionWinnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaEvery effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to complywith copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, pleasenotify Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning. Errors or omissions willbe corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors, artists, andpublishers who allowed their original material to be used.All images found in this document are copyright protected and should notbe extracted, accessed, or reproduced for any purpose other than for theirintended educational use in this document.Any websites referenced in this document are subject to change withoutnotice.Available in alternate formats upon request.
hat Will You Learn in This Course?3How Is This Course Organized?3What Resources Will You Need for This Course?4Who Can Help You with This Course?5How Will You Know How Well You Are Learning?6How Much Time Will You Need to Complete This Course?8When and How Will You Submit Completed Assignments?10What Are the Guide Graphics For?12Module Cover Sheets131Module 1: Understanding Biological InheritanceIntroduction3Lesson 1: Introduction to Genetics5Lesson 2: Making Predictions in Genetics17Lesson 3: Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Traits35Lesson 4: Inheritance Patterns and the Ethics of Predicting Genetics45Lesson 5: Genetic Mutations63Module 1 Learning Activity Answer Key77Contentsiii
Module 2: Mechanisms of InheritanceIntroduction3Lesson 1: The Discovery of DNA5Lesson 2: The Structure of DNA15Lesson 3: Replication, Transcription, and Translation25Lesson 4: Genetic Mutations39Lesson 5: Applications of Genetic Knowledge51Lesson 6: Midterm Examination Review71Module 2 Learning Activity Answer Key77Module 3: Evolutionary Theory and Biodiversity1Introduction3Lesson 1: Science and Evolution5Lesson 2: Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection23Lesson 3: Adaptation37Lesson 4: Population Genetics51Lesson 5: Evolution and Speciation65Module 3 Learning Activity Answer Key87Module 4: Organizing Biodiversityiv11Introduction3Lesson 1: Defining Biodiversity5Lesson 2: Defining a Species11Lesson 3: Systems of Classification23Lesson 4: The Three Domains of Life45Lesson 5: Evolutionary Trends55Module 4 Learning Activity Answer Key71Grade 12 Biology
1Module 5: Conservation of BiodiversityIntroduction3Lesson 1: Maintaining Biodiversity5Lesson 2: Strategies to Conserve Biodiversity17Lesson 3: Methods of Monitoring Biodiversity39Lesson 4: Issues in Conservation55Lesson 5: Final Examination Review71Module 5 Learning Activity Answer Key771AppendixSpecific Learning Outcomes31BibliographyContentsv
AcknowledgementsManitoba Education and Advanced Learning gratefully acknowledges the contributionsof the following individuals in the development of Grade 12 Biology (40S): A Course forIndependent Study.Course WriterManitoba Educationand Advanced LearningSchool Programs DivisionStaffJulie KalinowskiTeacherWestern School DivisionLouise BoissonneaultCoordinatorDocument Production Services UnitEducational Resources BranchGwendolyn BrowneInstructional DesignAssistantDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchMarianne FennConsultantDistance Learning UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchLynn HarrisonDesktop PublisherDocument Production Services UnitEducational Resources BranchMyrna KlassenConsultantDistance Learning UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchAdam KowalskiInstructional DesignAssistantDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchGilles LandryProject ManagerDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchSusan LeeCoordinatorDistance Learning UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchSusan LetkemannPublications EditorDocument Production Services UnitEducational Resources BranchJohn MurrayConsultantDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchAcknowledgementsvii
G r a d e 1 2 B i o l o g y (4 0 S )Introduction
IntroductionOverviewWelcome to Grade 12 Biology: A Course for Independent Study. This coursefocuses on biological inheritance, evolutionary theory, and biodiversity.As a student enrolled in a distance learning course, you have taken on a dualrole—that of a student and a teacher. As a student, you are responsible formastering the lessons and completing the learning activities and assignments.As a teacher, you are responsible for checking your work carefully, notingareas in which you need to improve and motivating yourself to succeed.What Will You Learn in This Course?In this course, you will learn about biological inheritance, evolutionarytheory, and biodiversity. You will uncover the methods by which parents passon traits to their offspring, focusing on how new lives are created and whatforces determine an individual’s appearance and capabilities. You will alsoexplore how scientists classify living organisms and how they have revisedclassification systems in the wake of new discoveries, such as DNA andgenomes.How Is This Course Organized?The Grade 12 Biology course is divided into the following five modules:QQModule 1: Understanding Biological InheritanceQQModule 2: Mechanisms of InheritanceQQModule 3: Evolutionary Theory and BiodiversityQQModule 4: Organizing BiodiversityQQModule 5: Conservation of BiodiversityEach module in this course is made up of several lessons. In each lesson,you will read a few pages and then complete a learning activity and anassignment. Some lessons require you to do some investigative research orobservation work in the community.Introduction3
The lessons in this course are organized as follows:nnnnnnLesson Focus: The Lesson Focus at the beginning of each lesson identifiesone or more specific learning outcomes (SLOs) that are addressed inthe lesson. The SLOs identify the knowledge and skills you should haveachieved by the end of the lesson. For a complete list of the SLOs identifiedfor Grade 12 Biology, refer to the Appendix at the end of this course.Introduction: Each lesson begins by outlining what you will be learning inthat lesson.Lesson: The main body of the lesson consists of the content and processesthat you need to learn. It contains information, explanations, diagrams, andcompleted examples.Learning Activities: Each lesson has a learning activity that focuses on thelesson content. Your responses to the questions in the learning activities willhelp you to practise or review what you have just learned. Once you havecompleted a learning activity, check your responses with those providedin the Learning Activity Answer Key found at the end of the applicablemodule. Do not send your learning activities to your tutor/marker forassessment.Assignments: An assignment is found at the end of each lesson within thiscourse. At the end of each module, you will mail or email all your completedassignments from that module to your tutor/marker for assessment. Allassignments combined will be worth a total of 60 percent of your final markin this course.Lesson Summary: Each lesson ends with a brief review of what you justlearned.What Resources Will You Need for This Course?To complete this course, you should have access to the following:nnMake sure you have a notebook for recording your responses to learningactivities.You will need access to books, magazines, newspapers, and/or the Internetto find information about a variety of topics for your assignments:nnnn4In Assignment 2.1, you will compare several scientists and theircontributions to science.In Assignment 2.5, you will examine the application of gene technologyin either biological resource management or human health and welfare.In Assignment 4.2, you will do some research on North American bearspecies.In Assignment 5.4, you will research an environmental issue of yourchoice and write a paper on your findings.Grade 12 Biology
You will also need some materials for investigations:nFor Learning Activity 5.3, you will need a textbook, a ruler, and amicroscope cover slip (or index card).nFor Assignment 5.3, you will need white rice (uncooked), a marker, acalculator, and a clean tin can or jar with a lid.nPlagiarismPlagiarism IS a big deal with serious consequences, so it’s important that youunderstand what it is and how to avoid it.What is plagiarism?In brief, plagiarism is taking someone’s ideas or words and presenting them as if theyare your own.How can you avoid plagiarism?QQQQBegin early. Research takes time. Allow enough time to search for, evaluate,and read sources, and to get help if you need it. Always document your sourcesimmediately.Present your research by quoting and paraphrasing.When you use a quote, you use the exact same words with quotation marks,and you indicate exactly where it came from.nWhen you paraphrase, you rewrite an author’s idea using your own words andyou do not use quotation marks (but you also make sure to state clearly whoseidea it is).nQQQQLearn how to use different citation styles. (Refer to Assignment 5.4 forinformation on how to cite references.)Give credit where credit is due. Never pretend someone else’s idea is your own.Who Can Help You with This Course?Taking an independent study course is different from taking a course in aclassroom. Instead of relying on the teacher to tell you to complete a learningactivity or an assignment, you must tell yourself to be responsible for yourlearning and for meeting deadlines. There are, however, two people who canhelp you be successful in this course: your tutor/marker and your learningpartner.Introduction5
Your Tutor/MarkerTutor/markers are experienced educators who tutor Independent StudyOption (ISO) students and mark assignments and examinations. When youare having difficulty with something in this course, contact your tutor/marker, who is there to help you. Your tutor/marker’s name and contactinformation were sent to you with this course. You can also obtain thisinformation in the Who Is My Tutor/Marker? section of the distance learningwebsite at www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/iso/assistance.html .Your Learning PartnerA learning partner is someone you choose who will help you learn. It maybe someone who knows something about science, but it doesn’t have to be. Alearning partner could be someone else who is taking this course, a teacher,a parent or guardian, a sibling, a friend, or anybody else who can help you.Most importantly, a learning partner should be someone with whom you feelcomfortable and who will support you as you work through this course.Your learning partner can help you keep on schedule with your coursework,read the course with you, check your work, look at and respond to yourlearning activities, or help you make sense of assignments. You may evenstudy for your examinations with your learning partner. If you and yourlearning partner are taking the same course, however, your assignment workshould not be identical.How Will You Know How Well You Are Learning?You will know how well you are learning in this course by how well youcomplete the learning activities, assignments, and examinations.Learning ActivitiesThe learning activities in this course will help you to review and practisewhat you have learned in the lessons. You will not submit the completedlearning activities to your tutor/marker. Instead, you will complete thelearning activities and compare your responses to those provided in theLearning Activity Answer Key found at the end of each module.Make sure you complete the learning activities. Doing so will not only helpyou to practise what you have learned, but will also prepare you to completeyour assignments and the examinations successfully. Many of the questionson the examinations will be similar to the questions in the learning activities.Remember that you will not submit learning activities to your tutor/marker.6Grade 12 Biology
AssignmentsAt the end of each lesson, you will complete an assignment. Once you havecompleted all the assignments in a module, you will submit them to yourtutor/marker for assessment. The assignments are worth a total of 60 percentof your final course mark.The tutor/marker will mark your assignments and return them to you.Remember to keep all marked assignments until you have finished the courseso that you can use them to study for your examinations.Midterm and Final ExaminationsThis course contains a midterm examination and a final examination.QQQQThe midterm examination is based on Modules 1 and 2, and is worth20 percent of your final course mark. You will write the midtermexamination when you have completed Module 2.The final examination is based on Modules 3, 4, and 5, and is worth20 percent of your final course mark. You will write the final examinationwhen you have completed Module 5.Examination review lessons are found at the end of Modules 2 and 5.To do well on each examination, you should review all the work youhave completed from the modules, including all learning activities andassignments.The two examinations are worth a total of 40 percent of your final coursemark. You will write both examinations under supervision.Requesting Your ExaminationsYou are responsible for making arrangements to have the examinationssent to your proctor from the Independent Study Option office. Please makearrangements before you finish Module 2 to write the midterm examination.Likewise, you should begin arranging for your final examination before youfinish Module 5.To write your examinations, you need to make the following arrangements:QQIf you are attending school, ask your school’s Independent Study Option(ISO) school facilitator to request your examination. Do this at leastthree weeks before you are ready to write your examination. For moreinformation on examination procedures, please contact your ISO schoolfacilitator or visit the Grading and Evaluation section of the distancelearning website at www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/iso/assignments.html .Introduction7
QQIf you are not attending school, check the Examination Request Formfor options available to you. The form was mailed to you with this course.Three weeks before you are ready to write the examination, fill in theExamination Request Form and mail, fax, or email it toISO Office555 Main StreetWinkler MB R6W 1C4Fax: 204-325-1719Toll-Free Telephone: 1-800-465-9915Email: distance.learning@gov.mb.caHow Much Time Will You Need to Complete This Course?Learning through independent study has several advantages over learningin the classroom. You are in charge of how you learn and you can choosehow quickly you will complete the course. You can read as many lessonsas you wish in a single session. You do not have to wait for your teacher orclassmates.From the date of your registration, you have a maximum of 12 months tocomplete the course, but the pace at which you proceed is up to you. Read thefollowing suggestions on how to pace yourself.Chart A: Semester 1If you want to start this course in September and complete it in January, youcan follow the timeline suggested below.Module8Completion DateModule 1Middle of SeptemberModule 2Middle of OctoberMidterm ExaminationEnd of OctoberModule 3Middle of NovemberModule 4Middle of DecemberModule 5Middle of JanuaryFinal ExaminationMiddle of JanuaryGrade 12 Biology
Chart B: Semester 2If you want to start this course in January and complete it in June, you canfollow the timeline suggested below.ModuleCompletion DateModule 1Middle of JanuaryModule 2Middle of FebruaryMidterm ExaminationEnd of FebruaryModule 3Middle of MarchModule 4Middle of AprilModule 5Middle of MayFinal ExaminationEnd of MayChart C: Full School Year (Not Semestered)If you want to start this course in September and complete it in June, you canfollow the timeline suggested below.ModuleCompletion DateModule 1End of OctoberModule 2Beginning of DecemberMidterm ExaminationMiddle of DecemberModule 3End of JanuaryModule 4Middle of MarchModule 5Middle of MayFinal ExaminationEnd of MayTimelinesDo not wait until the last minute to complete your work, since your tutor/marker may not be available to mark it immediately. It may take a few weeksfor your tutor/marker to assess your work and return it to you or to yourschool.If you need this course to graduate this school year, remember to schedule andcomplete your final examination by May 31.Introduction9
When and How Will You Submit Completed Assignments?When to Submit AssignmentsWhile working on this course, you will submit completed assignments toyour tutor/marker five times. Each time you submit assignments, you mustinclude the applicable Cover Sheet, which you will find at the end of thisIntroduction.The following chart shows you exactly what assignments you will besubmitting at the end of each module.Submission of AssignmentsSubmission10Assignments You Will Submit1Module 1: Understanding Biological InheritanceModule 1 Cover SheetAssignment 1.1: Introduction to GeneticsAssignment 1.2: Making Predictions in GeneticsAssignment 1.3: Sex-Linked TraitsAssignment 1.4: Pedigree Charts and Genetic TestingAssignment 1.5: Nondisjunction and Karyotypes2Module 2: Mechanisms of InheritanceModule 2 Cover SheetAssignment 2.1: The Discovery of DNAAssignment 2.2: The Structure of DNAAssignment 2.3: Replication, Transcription, and TranslationAssignment 2.4: Genetic MutationsAssignment 2.5: Applications of Genetic Knowledge3Module 3: Evolutionary Theory and BiodiversityModule 3 Cover SheetAssignment 3.1: Science and EvolutionAssignment 3.2: Theories of Evolutionary ChangeAssignment 3.3: AdaptationAssignment 3.4: Population GeneticsAssignment 3.5: Evolution and Speciation4Module 4: Organizing BiodiversityModule 4 Cover SheetAssignment 4.1: BiodiversityAssignment 4.2: North American Bear SpeciesAssignment 4.3: Systems of ClassificationAssignment 4.4: The Three Domains of LifeAssignment 4.5: Evolutionary Trends5Module 5: Conservation of BiodiversityModule 5 Cover SheetAssignment 5.1: Viewpoints on Maintaining BiodiversityAssignment 5.2: Sustainability of the Boreal ForestAssignment 5.3: Mark and Recapture SamplingAssignment 5.4: An Environmental Issue in Manitoba(Research Paper)Grade 12 Biology
How to Submit AssignmentsIn this course, you have the choice of submitting your assignments either bymail or electronically.QQQQMail: Each time you mail something, you must include the print version ofthe applicable Cover Sheet (found at the end of this Introduction).Electronic submission: Each time you submit something electronically,you must include the electronic version of the applicable Cover Sheet (foundin the Student Downloads section of the distance learning website at www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/downloads/index.html ) or you can scan theCover Sheet located at the end of this Introduction.Complete the information at the top of each Cover Sheet before submitting italong with your assignments.Submitting Your Assignments by MailIf you choose to mail your completed assignments, please photocopy/scanall the materials first so that you will have a copy of your work in case yourpackage goes missing. You will need to place the applicable module CoverSheet and assignments in an envelope, and address it toISO Tutor/Marker555 Main
Module Cover Sheets 13 Module 1: Understanding Biological Inheritance 1 Introduction 3 Lesson 1: Introduction to Genetics 5 Lesson 2: Making Predictions in Genetics 17 Lesson 3: Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Traits 35 Lesson 4: Inheritance Patterns and the Ethics of Predicting Genetics 45 Lesson 5: Genetic Mutations 63 Module 1 Learning Activity Answer Key 77 Contentsiii. Module 2 .
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