Resilience In The Face Of Global . - International Affairs
Resilience in the Faceof Global UncertaintyInternational Affairs 2019-2020 Annual Report
TABLE OFCONTENTSTransitions in1 International AffairsLetter from Vice Provost Kelechi KaluInternational Education3 and COVID-19UC Riverside –6 University ProfileInternational Affairs at9 UC Riverside13 The Journey to UCR35 Gateway to the World51 Creating Global Connections59 #UCRAroundTheWorld
Transitions in International AffairsChallenges and Trends in International EducationDear Students, Faculty, and Colleagues:It has been my privilege to serve as the founding ViceProvost of International Affairs at the University ofCalifornia, Riverside since 2015. During those years,UCR’s International Affairs office (UCR-IA) workedwith different campus groups, units, and individuals toenhance and maintain UCR’s efforts to achieve globalrelevance within the University’s core mission andgoals. Collaborative activities with various academicand cultural programs on campus, as well as relevantacademic institutions within and outside the UnitedStates, were significant to much of our success. Overthose years, a significant number of the collaborativeprojects were based on initiatives that include thenotion that effective internationalization requiresaligning the University’s strategic vision with its valuessuch that processes and people can prepare students tobecome globally conscious in their daily activities. Manyof UCR-IA’s programs were geared toward enabling UCRstudents to acquire the capacity to compete and operateeffectively in both the United States and other culturesand settings to improve lives both in their immediatecommunities and around the world. Collaborationswith different academic units across campus includedthe goal of ensuring that through relevant curriculumcontent, UCR graduates will have a firm understandingof the realities of the evolving contemporary world thatwill enable them to better meet the challenges of the21st Century and beyond. Accomplishing substantialaspects of the foregoing goals involved UCR-IA’s abilityto consistently seek out and work with strategic1partners—other higher education institutions, thinktanks, and various non-governmental entities— whosedesire for transformative and progressive changealigns with UCR’s.Tangible collaborative efforts empower UCR’s facultymembers, researchers, and students to think beyondtheir immediate confines to come up with big ideas.And, with the ongoing proliferation of informationtechnology, individuals will continue to work with otherson ways of scaling up their findings for both tangible andintangible benefits from international collaborations.While technology helps us to produce new materials,it is people that make partnerships work. COVID-19has pushed almost everyone onto various technologyplatforms for teaching, learning, planning, meetings,and international collaborations. Hopefully, whenthe COVID-19 pandemic comes to an end, we willcontinue to collaborate to find opportunities to meetin person-welcoming international students, scholars,researchers, and others to the UCR campus, and journeyto other lands – to work together for progressive changein our immediate communities and globally!In 2015, UCR made the move to inaugurate an office ofInternational Affairs. Putting aside prevailing individualonly engagements, the University deliberately movedto encourage and support predominantly institutionbased engagements in an international collaboration2019-2020 Annual Report
that has resulted in many of the campus-wideachievements you will read about in this annual report.These accomplishments have the imprimatur ofseveral individuals, units, and institutions with differentskills, backgrounds, nationalities, and locations. Theseaccomplishments reflect the collaborative efforts thatmark the quality of UCR-IA during the past five years.proud of all the things our community has been ableto accomplish so far. The entire International Affairsstaff has invested so much in building and sustaining awelcoming, supportive, healthy, and actively engagedinternational environment at UCR. The dedication ofthe IA staff is one of the reasons I took this job in thefirst place. They work tirelessly to make living, working,and learning at UCR a positive and enriching experienceBarbara Hill, Senior Advisor for Internationalization for international students, international scholars, andat the American Council on Education (ACE) was students who learn abroad.correct in 2013 when she noted that “Globalizationis the movement of people, ideas, goods, capital, The future of international education is bright and richservices, pollution, and diseases across borders. with opportunities for investment, resource sharing,Internationalization is higher education’s engagement problem solving, and creative engagement. I would likewith that reality.” The COVID-19 pandemic has to ask everyone to join those of us who are passionateintensified the need for globalization. Individuals, about international education and its power to helpinstitutions, and communities will be defined by their internationalize students’ global experiences in a paeanstrategies for resilience against this global pandemic to the Campbell Family and all those whose generousthat has ravaged human lives, but not hopes across the gifts are making a difference in creating opportunitiesworld. We now know that what happens in Papua New for UCR’s students to live up to the challenges ofGuinea, Wuhan, Lombardy, Seattle, London, Lagos, a continually evolving global consciousness. Theand Paris do not, after all, stay in those locations. efforts of these sponsors increases accessibilityIdeas, people, and diseases travel—sometimes using to international education and enables ongoinghuman hosts and without regard to class, gender, or construction of platforms for working collaborativelynationality. Research collaborations need faculty/ toward local and global advancement. The broaderscholar and student mobility across institutions and global community benefits greatly when the uniquenational boundaries now more than ever to combat knowledge, skills, and experience ofCOVID-19 and other global problems as well as to build UCR students, faculty, and staffbridges to positive global futures. A predominant goal is shared with the world.of units like UCR-IA is to invite us to rethink individualand institutional coping mechanisms on a global scale Sincerely,using international education.Kelechi KaluFounding Vice ProvostThe work in International Affairs will continue long International Affairsafter I return to my full-time faculty position. I am2019-2020 Annual Report2
International Education and COVID-19Global Health Crisis. Travel Ban. Border Closures. Programs Canceled.Campuses Closed. Uncertainty. Economic Crisis. Unemployment.Unexpected Challenges.International Education and COVID-19If there was ever a question of how interconnectedwe are with others from around the world, theCoronavirus pandemic has made it very clear.Due to a public health order issued by the countyof Riverside on March 12, 2020, the University ofCalifornia Riverside campus closed to help slow thespread of COVID-19. In a few short days, all classesand work moved online. So much of what we do haschanged. From the safety of our homes, our staffcontinues to support students, faculty, and staff inthe UCR global community. Perhaps the changes aretemporary, but more likely than not, these changescould usher in a new innovative era in the history ofhigher education.3Our Response to the CoronavirusThose of us working in international educationhave been in crisis management and emergencyresponse mode since we first learned about the novelCoronavirus in December. International studentswere rushing to get home for the winter break as westarted to see education abroad programs closing orput on hold indefinitely.As the impact of the virus expanded, the closure ofeducation abroad programs increased at an alarmingrate. Our staff in Education Abroad and their programpartners worked tirelessly to support our studentsas they navigated through such rapid changes. Forexample, one day our program partners confirmedtheir international program was in fact running asnormal with plans for the entire term; not 24 hourslater, conditions changed, and the program was2019-2020 Annual Report
immediately canceled. With such rapid change, anumber of questions need to be considered: Whatshould the students do? Should they stay, on theoff chance that it’s a temporary closure and classeswould resume in 2 weeks? If they leave now, howdoes that impact their time to graduation? Wouldthey lose all the credits for one quarter or two?What if they can’t leave? What if the airports areshut down and there are no flights out? Would theyhave housing in their host country? Would they beallowed to stay if they were no longer studying, astechnically their student visa would not be valid?Can they afford to stay abroad indefinitely? Whatabout other unexpected costs like pre-paid housing,transportation and other expenses? What is theimpact to the local health system? Is it safer forthem to stay abroad? Is it safer to go home? Whatif they don’t have stable housing back in the U.S.?Each student’s situation needed to be assessedindividually to explore what, if any, options they hadleft. This work continues today.Crisis management in Education Abroad is challenging,given the global health and safety concerns, the urgentnature of the work and the need to be responsiveacross multiple time zones. It was difficult work, bothphysically and emotionally. Many of our students havebeen planning to learn abroad for more than a year.They have invested significant time and money topursue an immersive education experience in a newand intensely rich cultural environment. We believeinternational experiences add significant value to auniversity education. But what will an internationalexperience look like in a post-COVID-19 world?2019-2020 Annual ReportThe Coronavirus pandemic launched an avalanche ofquestions. There are no simple answers and no answersthat apply to all students learning abroad.How do you appropriately advise students in such anunstable environment?How do you advise international students and scholarswhen the rules from the government are unclear andchanging frequently?As campuses across the U.S. rapidly moved to onlineinstruction, a whole host of questions popped up. Forus, a major concern was ‘what does this change meanfor international students?’ Before the Coronaviruspandemic, the regulations clearly stated thatinternational students in the U.S. were only allowedto take one online class per term. Would those ruleschange? Would the government allow flexibility, giventhe fluid situation of the global health crisis? Afterweeks of questions and confusion, changes wereannounced that allow international students to take afull course load of online courses and still maintain theirstatus.The economic impact of the health crisis has hit ourinternational population with considerable force.Many international students rely on their on-campusjobs to fund their basic living expenses. The loss ofthat income, on top of financial losses experiencedby their families back home, has put manyinternational students at risk. There is no safety netfor international students. They do not qualify forfederal subsidies and other social programs and,at this time, they are not eligible for any financial4
assistance offered by the CARES Act. Internationalstudents at UCR rely heavily on the assistanceprovided by UCR’s Basic Needs office.In this current environment, it feels like everyanswer we get sparks more challenging questions.The process of getting international students andscholars here to the U.S. and keeping them here ingood standing is quite complicated. It is challengingwork. Our dedicated staff believes internationalstudents and international scholars add tremendousvalue to the UCR community, the health community,the scientific community, and the world at large.As scientists, artists, entrepreneurs, educators,engineers, and so much more, international scholarsare working together to solve complex globalproblems, both on our campus and around the world.When the world feels frail and full of uncertainty,Our Hopefor theFuturewe hold tight to things that remain true: humancollaboration, innovation, and ingenuity are notbound by national borders. The collective effortof the global community to band togetherto address a shared problem is inspiring. Itreminds us that our differences may actuallybe quite small when compared to all thatwe have in common. This collective effortreminds us that collaboration can be apowerful force for good.Our staff did not enter into this field to befederal compliance watchdogs or paperpushers. If you ask them, they’ll tell youthat they do this work because internationaleducation can have a profound impact andthe knowledge, experience, and expertiseinternational students and scholars bring to UCRactually enhances the experience for everyone oncampus.As of early May 2020, the world is still in the midst of the Coronaviruscrisis. We do not know how long it will last or what new obstacles ourstudents, faculty, and staff will face. A university is not just a collectionof buildings; a university is its people and the ideas that our collectivecommunity creates together. We may be apart right now, but ourinternational community is united in the belief that we are strongertogether.Our hope for the future is that this crisis will strengthen the globalcommunity in ways we cannot imagine. International Affairs iscommitted to supporting our community and enhancing UCR’s globalimpact. This global crisis has shown the world that internationalcollaboration, research, and educational exchange are needed nowmore than ever.52019-2020 Annual Report
UC RIVERSIDEPROFILE2019-2020 Annual Report6
UC RiversideStats at a Glance:Located in the heart of inland Southern California,UC Riverside is truly an international university withdiverse and friendly students, faculty, and staff fromaround the world. Our faculty and students conductworld-class research that enriches California’seconomic, social, cultural, and environmental future.3,3413,49320,58122,055Total GraduateTotal GraduateTotal UndergraduateTotal Undergraduate23,92225,548Total students Fall 2018101Bachelor Degree ProgramsTotal students Fall 201955Master’s Degree Programs42Ph.D. ProgramsSource: UCR Institutional ResearchNo. 1 Fastest risingranked universityU.S. News 20197As a member ofthe world’s mostprestigious publicuniversity system,UC Riverside ranksamong the top 1% ofuniversities worldwideCenter for WorldUniversity Rankings2018-19Located in the 10thmost populous county inthe U.S. and California’sfastest growingregion, UCR is aneconomic powerhouse,contributing 2.7 billionto the U.S. economy2017 UCR EconomicImpact ReportRanked No. 2 in theworld, UCR’s researchin Entomology leads theglobal fight to save beesand other endangeredpollinatorsCenter for WorldUniversity Rankings2019-2020 Annual Report
Facultydistinctions& researchimpact Total research funding 159 million* UCR’s distinguished faculty boasts 2 Nobel Laureates, and 10members of the National Academies of Science and Medicine. 48 Fulbright Scholars 19 Guggenheim Fellows 49 National Endowment for the Humanities Fellows Home to the largest indoor atmospheric test chamber, UCR is anational leader in air pollution and alternative fuels research. A global leader in agricultural research, UCR has produced morethan 40 different citrus varieties, including the popular Tangomandarin. Home to one of the world’s largest cataloged collections ofscience fiction and fantasy literature and memorabilia. UCR’s California Museum of Photography is the largestphotographic center in the western United States, housing theregion’s most comprehensive public camera collection.Source: RED Contract and Grant Activity Fiscal Year 2018 Annual Summary eports/AnnualReport2018.pdf2019-2020 Annual Report8
INTERNATIONALAFFAIRSAT UCRWho we are, what we do, why we do itGlobal engagement is a core component of aworld-class education. Our vision is to enhance theUniversity of California, Riverside’s position as anoutstanding public research university by building avibrant community where global knowledge, people,ideas, and skills are constantly evolving.OUR MISSIONInternational Affairs infuses a global dimension into UC Riverside’smission of teaching, research and engagement. We serve as a centralhub for the University’s international activity. Our goal in InternationalAffairs is to amplify UCR’s global connections, enhance our globalimpact, and provide a world-class education that equips our studentswith the tools to navigate a changing global landscape.92019-2020 Annual Report
Our work focuses on:Global CommunityWelcoming international peopleand fostering a campus culture ofglobal awareness, understanding,engagement, and inclusion .Global ImpactFacilitating innovative researchcollaborations to addresschallenges that affect our world.2019-2020 Annual ReportGlobal ConnectionsBuilding a strong network byfacilitating strategic partnershipsin key regions around the worldand reconnecting internationalalumni with UCR.Global EducationEnhancing students’ learningby developing experiences thatencourage critical thinking,intellectual curiosity, and creativeproblem-solving.10
General Framework for UCR Strategic International GoalsIn the fall of 2015, Vice Provost Kelechi Kalu convened the first ever Council on Strategic Internationalizationat UCR. The council was made up of a variety of stakeholders from across the university. Their charge wasto help identify and outline UCR’s Strategic International Goals based on the needs of the university andthe vision outlined in the strategic plan, UCR 2020: The Path to Preeminence. The document produced, theGeneral Framework for UCR Strategic International Goals, outlines a set of goals, strategies, and tactics thatInternational Affairs uses as a guide for implementation of UCR’s global engagement.The Council’s five sub-committees focused on: Student International Experience Study Abroad Experience Internationalization at Home International Students Recruitment Community Engagement/International Alumni Curricula Engagement International Research CollaborationGeneral Framework for UCRStrategic International iles/2018-03/Strategic-International-Goals.pdfThe division of International Affairs and its core departments provide a number of services to theuniversity, which include: Supporting and advising international students and scholars Helping UCR students participate in international programs to study, intern, or conduct research abroad Collaborating with faculty and academic units to establish strategic research partnerships withinstitutions in key regions around the world112019-2020 Annual Report
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INTERNATIONALSTUDENTS ANDSCHOLARSThe Journey to UCRThe International Students and Scholars (ISS) office is the campus’ mainliaison to the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Departmentof State (DOS). The ISS department, under International Affairs, is chargedwith maintaining UCR’s compliance authorization to admit and enrollinternational students and employ international faculty/researchers.But we are so much more than immigration and paper processing! The International Students and Scholars’office serves as a home away from home for international students and scholars at UC Riverside. We providea welcoming environment that gives international students and scholars a safe place to seek support, askquestions, and connect with the broader UCR community. We provide a full spectrum of programs designedto support the personal, professional, and academic success of international students and scholars at UCR.132019-2020 Annual Report
Changes in ISS LeadershipAfter serving as the Director ofthe International Students andScholars office since 2017, Dr.Magid Shirzadegan will be leavingUCR at the end of the 2019-2020academic year.UCR’s International Affairs officerecruited Dr. Shirzadegan outof retirement to apply his indepth knowledge and expertisein the International Studentsand Scholars office (ISS). Hisexpertise has helped to shapethe operations and compliancecomponents of the dynamicacademic setting for UCR’sinternational students andscholars.Dr. Shirzadegan’s personaland professional experienceshelped to infuse human andcompassionate elements in whatcan often be perceived as rotemechanics in support of UCR’sinternational constituencies.UCR has benefited from Dr.Shirzadegan’s wisdom andexperience. We are grateful for hisguidance and thoughtful advocacyon behalf of UCR’s internationalstudents and scholars.2019-2020 Annual Report14
Challenging Environment for International Students and Scholars“There is no doubt that the past few years have been especiallychallenging for international students and scholars. Since my arrival atUCR in 2017, we’ve seen the introduction of several federal policies andpractices that negatively impact our international community, policiessuch as the Travel Ban in 2017. Even though the President’s ExecutiveOrder applied to specific countries, the impact was immediately felton a much larger scale. The initial information about the ban was notclear, which caused confusion and fear among international studentsand scholars. International students from around the world startedquestioning whether or not the U.S. was a safe and welcoming place forthem to pursue their educational and career goals. And now we face thecollective uncertainty of the Coronavirus pandemic – a global healthcrisis that has reminded the world of how connected we really are.At UC Riverside, the International Students and Scholars officeworks as advocates for international students and scholars, both oncampus and in the larger community. We help students and scholarsnavigate complex university, state and federal procedures. We alsohelp international students and scholars get answers, find support andconnect to the community through our key programs and services.ISS programs address many challenges facing international studentsand scholars including isolation, community-integration challenges,loneliness, mental and physical health concerns, English languageacquisition challenges, cultural adjustment, and academic supportissues. We help international students and scholars adjust to their newhome so they can achieve their goals.152019-2020 Annual Report
For nearly 30 years, I have had the great honor of working withinternational students and scholars. International students bringa unique perspective to the classroom and international scholarsconduct ground-breaking research that directly reflects the missionof UCR. Every day I continue to marvel at their resilience. It takesgreat courage to leave your home country and culture, especiallyin the face of such adversity. Their presence enriches the campusenvironment and adds to the diversity of our university. Internationalstudents and international scholars are an untapped resource for UCR.Beyond tuition and fees, they offer a wealth of cultural knowledgeand experience. When international students and scholars arewelcomed into the community and are intentionally given a platformto share their experience and expertise, they provide tremendousvalue for the university. I am grateful to my colleagues and to thecampus partners who work tirelessly to welcome and supportinternational students and scholars. There is still work tobe done and I am hopeful that the positive impact in ourcommunity will continue to expand after my departure.”Magid Shirzadegan, Ph.D.Director, International Students and Scholars2019-2020 Annual Report16
INTERNATIONALSTUDENTSInternational Student Stories: Transferring to UCRThe path to a university education is not always straight orwell-defined. For many students, especially transfer students,the road to a university education can have twists, turns, lanechanges, switchbacks, and may be full of starts and stops.As an international student, understanding the universitysystem can add additional complexity to the mix. Navigatingthese challenges and more, both international students andtransfer students build resiliency while demonstrating theskills needed to adapt to new cultures and succeed in newenvironments.172019-2020 Annual Report
Channeling DifficultExperiences intoPositive ConnectionsDavid Asplund’s StoryDavid Asplund is an international student fromDAVID ASPLUND, ‘19Sundsvall, Sweden. He was adopted as a baby and grew upCHASS, Anthropologyexperiencing challenges in school including racism and bullying.Throughout those trying times, his grandmother was a source oflove and hope. She passed away when he was 13 and her death inspiredhim to lead a life that would make her proud. “I wanted my grandmother’s hope to live on through me andmy actions.” David tried going to university in Sweden (two universities, in fact), but felt they were not quiteright. He then spent a few years working, volunteering, and traveling around the world – meeting people,hearing their stories, observing and experiencing life in another culture. Each place he visited has been a partof his education. Foothill College in Los Altos Hills, CA was where he found a good fit and after completing anassociate degree in Anthropology, he transferred to UCR. “I was incredibly sad to leave the Bay Area, but fromthe very first day at UC Riverside, people have approached me and welcomed me with open arms.”David recently returned to Sweden, due to the pandemic. Earlier this year, he was doing archaeology work for aprivate company in Colton, CA.2019-2020 Annual Report18
The LastingImpact of aSupervisorYaqi Wang’s storyYaqi Wang was an international student from Chengdu,China, who majored in accounting. “There are 2 main reasonswhy I chose to study in the US: First, my parents want meto learn more different cultures and education systems.The second reason is that I would like to explore the world’sdiversity and meet different people from around the world.”Yaqi started her college career at East Los Angeles Collegein 2014 and transferred to UCR in 2016. She was concernedabout her grades and knew it was difficult to get into a UC.She credits the support of staff at East Los Angeles Collegefor encouraging her to apply to UCR. “One of my supervisorsencouraged me to apply to UC schools. He said ‘if you don’ttry, you will never know your possibility. If you try, you willnever have regrets, even if you are rejected by UC.” She appliedto 4 UCs and received 2 offers. “The most important thing isUCR had my major concentration, which is high ranking in theUS. UCR also offered me a scholarship. It’s such an honor and Iwas able to save some money for my parents.”Yaqi is currently working at Education Tomorrow Inc. in Claremont, CA.She is planning to pursue graduate school in the near future.YAQI WANG, ‘19School of Business, Accounting192019-2020 Annual Report
Exchange students come to UC Riverside as part of theUniversity of California’s Education Abroad Program (UCEAP)Reciprocity Programs. Students in this program are referredto as “EAP Reciprocity Students,” due to the “reciprocal”exchange with current UCR students.UCR welcomes students from around the world for summer, quarter and year-longexchange programs. Exchange programs can be a deeply engaging and transformativeexperience. They allow students to immerse themselves in the UCR community as theystudy and conduct research, earn credit toward degree requirements and gainself-awareness and adaptability – skills and experience they carry withthem for the rest of their lives.Getting involved on campus is the best thing todo. Studying abroad is so much more than takingclasses overseas. For me, studying abroad is aboutexperiential learning. By joining student organizations,attending different events and maybe even workingon campus, you will not only grow personally andprofessionally, but also experience the unique culture.In my year at UCR, I became the Committee Chairman forthe student org Future Business Leaders of America. It was a greatexperience. I encourage international and study abroad students tobe active on campus and capitalize on opportunities that presentthemselves. College is a great time for you to network with people,whether it be for professional or for personal reasons. When you areabroad, you have a prime opportunity to meet people from differentcountries, cultures and with different experiences. You will be amazedhow fun and exciting it can be to learn about other people! They say atleast 70% of all the available jobs are not published, which means thatthose positions are filled through networking and by knowing people.You never know where your classmates will work in the future.”Martin ErikssonLund University in Sweden, studying business2019-2020 Annual Report20
International Student EngagementMaking our voices heard through ISU and ISACINTERNATIONAL STUDENT UNIONInspired by conversations with Dr. MagidShirzadegan, undergraduate student VireshaPerera led a group of peers to create a newstudent organization, the InternationalStudent Union (ISU). The mission of ISU isto support international students with theirintegration into American society by hostingsocial events and professional developmentopportunities for all UCR students. ISUfocuses on bridging the social and culturalgap between international and domesticstudents at UCR.21INTERNATIONAL STUDENT / SCHOLARADVISORY COMMITTEEThe International Student/Scholar Committee(ISAC) is a group of international undergraduatestudents, graduate students, and scholars that workin collaboration with the I
Provost of International Affairs at the University of . California, Riverside since 2015. During those years, UCR’s International Affairs office (UCR-IA) worked with different campus groups, units, and individuals to enhance and maintain UCR’s efforts to achieve global relevance within the University’s core mission and goals.
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
