Alternative Feedstuffs For Ruminants AS1182
AS1182 (Revised)Alternative Feedsfor RuminantsGreg LardyDepartment HeadNDSU Department of Animal SciencesFargoVern AndersonAnimal Scientist, retiredCarrington Research Extension CenterCarringtonCarl DahlenExtension Beef Cattle SpecialistNDSU Department of Animal SciencesFargoGeneral Concepts andRecommendations forUsing Alternative FeedsMany feedstuffs are available to producers inNorth Dakota and the surrounding region, includingcrop residues, processing coproducts and newor alternative grains and forages, as well asmore traditional grains and forages.This publication is intended to familiarize livestockproducers with the variety of feeds available andto provide feeding guidelines for variousalternative feeds.Feeds are listed alphabetically underthe broad categories of:z Foragesz Residues and fibrous coproductsz Weedsz Roots, tubers and associated coproductsz Grains, screenings and grain processing coproductsz Oilseeds and protein mealsz Liquid coproducts1 AS1182October 2015Alternative Feeds for Ruminants
Table of ContentsGeneral Concepts andRecommendations forUsing Alternative Feeds. 3Grain Sorghum (Milo) Residue. 9Field Peas. 16Lentil Straw. 9Grain Millet. 16Millet Straw. 9Grain Sorghum (Milo). 16Harvesting and Use of Residues. 3Oat Hulls. 9Hull-less Oats. 17Soybean Residue. 10Lentils. 17Sunflower Residue. 10Lupines. 17Sunflower Hulls. 10Rye. 17Procuring Alternative Feeds. 3Forages and Fibrous Coproducts. 4Alfalfa Pellets. 4Alfalfa Pasture – Late Season. 4Bulrush. 4Canola Forage, Grazed. 4Canola Forage, Hayed. 4Canola Forage, Silage. 4Canola Straw. 4Cattails. 4Cover Crops. 5Hollowstem. 5Lakereed. 5Weeds. 10Awned Grasses and Weeds. 10Kochia. 10Leafy Spurge. 11Pigeon Grass. 11Pigeon Grass Hay. 11Pigeon Grass Straw. 11Quackgrass. 11Russian Thistle Hay. 11Millet Hay. 5Roots, Tubers andAssociated Coproducts. 11Mint Hay or Silage. 5Beets, Sugar. 11Mustard Hay and Silage. 5Beet Pulp. 12Safflower Hay. 5Beet Tops. 12Slough Hay. 5Beet Top Silage. 12Small-grain Hay. 6Beet Tailings. 12Small Grain, Standing. 6Carrots. 12Sorghum (Forage), Sorghum-sudanand Sudangrass. 6Potatoes. 12Soybean Hay. 6Sunflower Silage. 7Straws, Residues andFibrous Coproducts. 7Ammoniated Straw. 7Buckwheat Hay. 7Buckwheat Hulls. 7Buckwheat Straw. 7Cereal Grain Straw. 7Chaff, Small Grain. 8Chaff, ammoniated. 8Chickpea Residue. 8Corn Cobs. 8Corn Residue, Grazed. 8Corn Stover, Harvested. 9Dry Edible Bean Residue. 9Field Pea Residue. 9Field Pea Regrowth. 9Flax Straw. 92 AS1182Alternative Feeds for RuminantsPotato Waste. 13Onions. 13Turnips. 13Screenings, Corn. 17Screenings, Field Pea. 17Screenings, Grain. 17Screenings, Sunflower. 17Screenings, Wheat. 18Smut-contaminated Feeds. 18Spelt. 18Triticale. 18Wheat. 18Wheat Midds. 18Wild Oats. 19Oilseeds and Oilseed Coproducts. 19Camelina. 19Camelina Meal. 19Canola. 19Canola Meal. 19Crambe Meal. 20Flax. 20Linseed Meal. 20Mustard Bran. 20Safflower. 20Safflower Meal. 20Grains, Grain Coproductsand Screenings. 14Soybeans. 20Barley Malting Coproducts. 14Sunflower Meal. 21Bread and Bakery Coproducts. 14Sunflower Seeds. 21Buckwheat. 14Soybean Hulls. 21Buckwheat Middlings. 14Liquid Coproducts. 21Chickpeas (Garbonzo Beans). 14Condensed Distillers Solubles. 21Corn Gluten Meal. 15Corn Steep Liquor. 21Corn, Old. 15Desugared Molasses (ConcentratedSeparator Byproduct, or CSB). 22Corn, Light Test Weight. 15Dry Edible Beans (Culls and Splits). 15Distillers Grains and Solubles. 15Earlage. 16Ergot-contaminated Feeds. 16Emmer and Spelt. 16Faba Beans. 16Glycerol or Glycerin. 22Molasses. 22Thin Stillage. 22Whey. 22Nutrient Content of Conventionaland Alternative Feeds (table). 23
General Concepts andRecommendations forUsing Alternative FeedsMany of the alternative feeds vary widely in nutrientcontent, making an analysis or some assessment of thefeed value necessary. Producers must know the energy,protein and major mineral levels of these feeds to developbalanced, least-cost diets for livestock. With alternativefeeds, we recommend wet chemistry analysis to determinenutrient content. If near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)is used, ensure that the laboratory has calibrated itsequipment for your specific feed; otherwise, the analysiswill not provide accurate data. Whatever feed productsare used, the ration must be balanced to meet livestockneeds and producer goals on a least-cost basis.Harvesting and Use of ResiduesGrazing is the easiest way to harvest crop aftermath.Grazing crop residues allows animals to select ahigher-quality diet than would otherwise be obtainedby harvesting and mechanically feeding. In grazingscenarios, ruminants preferentially will consumegrain and leaves before consuming lower-qualitystalk material. This is an important considerationwhen developing diets based on crop residues.Stocker cattle may have acceptable gains if allowedto selectively graze residues. Younger cattle should beremoved from the field or supplemented with proteinand energy feeds once high-quality residue componentsare consumed. Depending on the number of animals andthe acreage, stocker cattle can graze on residues until cattleperformance declines or feed quantity or quality becomeslimiting. Mud and snow can reduce access to forage,limiting intake and selectivity, and ultimately reducingdiet quality.Water supply and fencing must be addressed prior tograzing crop residues. Portable waterers and electricfences can provide low-cost, temporary methods offencing large areas of crop aftermath. We recommendcross-fencing and strip grazing for longer periods ofgrazing or for grazing large acreages. In some cases,wind protection also may be necessary for grazinginto the winter months.3 AS1182Alternative Feeds for RuminantsMechanically harvesting crop residue (baling, stackwagon) often leaves the higher-quality components(cob, grain, etc.) in the field. Chopping residue addsmore expense and is recommended only when cropresidues will be included in a total mixed ration (TMR)or as a method to reduce feed waste.When stacking or baling dry corn residue, wait until themoisture content has dropped below 20 to 25 percentor the temperature has fallen late in the fall to avoidmold in the stored material. Corn stover can be packagedin large, round or square bales. A flail harvester orrotary mower may be used to cut stalks prior to baling.Wait until stalks are dry after combining to minimizespoilage in mechanically harvested residue.Low-quality feeds (straw, corn stover, beet tops, etc.)can be fed when cow nutrient requirements are low,such as during the second trimester of gestationfollowing weaning. Alternatively, they can be blendedwith higher-quality forages for stages of productionwith greater nutrient demands. Supplemental macro andmicro minerals and vitamin A usually are needed whenrations include large proportions of crop aftermath.A number of low-quality forages can be fed to dry cowsand replacement heifers, including small-grain straw,corn stover, sunflower stover, slough grass and others.Feedlot diets can use low levels of crop residue ingrowing rations (maximum of 20 to 30 percent of diet,depending on desired performance levels) and finishingrations (maximum of 6 to 8 percent of the diet).Procuring Alternative FeedsIncreased grain processing in the northern Great Plainsand Upper Midwest has made large quantities of severaldifferent coproducts available for livestock producers.Economics dictate if, when and how much coproductcould be included in the ration with some otherlimitations. Shipping, storage, seasonal price variation,amount available, processing and nutrient suitabilityneed to be considered for each coproduct. Contractsor volume purchases may be negotiatedat less than spot market prices.
Forages and Fibrous CoproductsAlfalfa PelletsMillet HayAlfalfa RegrowthMint Hay or SilageBulrushMustard Hay and SilageCanola Forage, GrazedSafflower HayCanola Forage, HayedSlough HayCanola Forage, SilageSmall-grain HayCanola StrawSmall grain, standingCattailsSorghum (Forage)Cover CropsSorghum-Sudan, SudangrassHollowstemSoybean HayLakereedSunflower Silagen ALFALFA PELLETSPelleted or finely ground forages can provideapproximately one-half of forage needs for all dairycattle. Since pelleted forage material is quite fine,another forage source will be needed to maintainrequired “effective” fiber in rations. Dehydrated pelletsare usually higher in quality than sun-cured pellets.n ALFALFA PASTURE – LATE SEASONAlfalfa regrowth can be grazed without injury to theplant after a killing frost has occurred. Be sure cattle arefull and are not hungry before allowing them access toalfalfa pasture. Observing cattle frequently for the firstfew days after giving them access to alfalfa is advisable.Alfalfa regrowth can be grazed in conjunction withlow-quality aftermath to balance a growing diet.Grazing alfalfa regrowth immediately after a frostincreases the likelihood of bloating problems. To reducethe risk of bloat, make sure the entire plant is dead(no green plant material remaining), wilted and driedbefore grazing, which may take up to 10 days after akilling frost. Heavy grazing of alfalfa regrowth late inthe season also can increase the risk of winterkill insome fields.n BULRUSHBulrush has little value for forage purposes but maybe useful as bedding.n CANOLA FORAGE, GRAZEDLittle information is available regarding canola as aforage crop. Anecdotal evidence indicates that canolaregrowth can be grazed following harvest and cattleprefer it to other forage sources in some cases.Animals should be introduced to canola or rapeseedforage gradually. Canadian reports indicate that foragerapeseed is similar to alfalfa in nutrient content.In cases where producers wish to graze poor stands ofcanola, consider turning cattle out before plants reachphysiological maturity for greatest plant utilization.n CANOLA FORAGE, HAYEDWinter canola’s abundant fall and early spring growthmakes it an excellent early season forage crop. Livestockshould be adjusted to canola forage by mixing the feedrations during a seven- to 10-day period by blendingwith other forages to help prevent bloating.In the spring, haying of winter canola should occurbefore it flowers (similar to alfalfa). Canola hay is difficultto cure due to the high moisture content of the forage.Experiments in Idaho and Montana have reported yieldsranging from 2 to 13 tons per acre. This wide variationin yield may be due to differences in varieties, soil types,growing conditions and rainfall.n CANOLA FORAGE, SILAGECanola also can be harvested as a silage crop becausethe crop is difficult to dry for hay, with moisture levelscommonly averaging 75 to 80 percent during activegrowth. Consequently, seepage and effluent lossesfrom the silage can be large. Allowing the crop to dry inthe swath is usually necessary prior to ensiling. Otheroptions can include adding dry feeds (hay, grain or straws)to the silage pile to reduce effluent (seepage) losses.Chop and pack in bunker or pile as other silage crops.n CANOLA STRAWCanola straw is of little or no feeding value. It contains3.5 percent crude protein and only 20 percent totaldigestible nutrients (TDN).n CATTAILSCattails have little feed value but can be fed in anemergency. Cattails cut at a relatively young age maybe equivalent to straw in feeding value. Mature cattailsare a poor feedstuff, having energy values similar toor lower than straw and may best be used as bedding.4 AS1182Alternative Feeds for Ruminants
n COVER CROPSn MINT HAY or SILAGECover crops are generally mixtures of cool-seasonforages typically planted shortly after the cereal grainharvest or intercropped with longer-season crops in aneffort to extend the grazing season or provide soil healthbenefits. The “cocktail” seed mixtures typically containtwo to 10 different varieties of annual legumes (peas),brassicas (rape, kale, turnip) and cereal grains (triticale,oats). With adequate moisture for germination and growth,this technique can provide high-quality vegetative foragefor grazing animals late into the fall and early winter.The variability of plant species, growing conditions,yield, harvest methods and other factors preclude statingany definitive nutritional value but vegetative foragesare highly digestible and typically contain more proteinthan animal requirements, especially with legumes inthe mixtures.Hay or silage can be made from peppermint or spearmintfollowing oil extraction. The nutritive content is similarto good-quality grass hay. Be sure to review chemicallabel guidelines related to haying and grazing restrictionsfor pesticides in mint production before grazing orharvesting this crop for forage.For more information about cover crops, see publicationR1759, “Annual Cover Crop Options for Grazingand Haying in the Northern Plains,” available atwww.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/ansci/range/r1759.pdf.n MUSTARD HAY and SILAGEMustard (brown, yellow and Oriental) can be usedas a hay crop. Mustard hay typically averages 50 to55 percent TDN and 10 to 12 percent crude protein (CP).However, nutrient content can vary, so we recommenda nutrient analysis. The crop should be cut from theearly podding stage just after the flowers havedropped to the point where the lower leaves arestarting to drop. Mustard does not dry down rapidlyand can be difficult to bale at proper moisture levels.High moisture levels (75 to 80 percent) and difficultydrying mustard have been reported.Lakereed can be used to supplement other hay or forage.It is rather unpalatable for livestock and can be somewhatof a laxative. Sometimes two cuttings are possible if thefirst crop is cut early. Cut before heading, if possible,to increase nutrient content.Crimping will ensure more uniform drying. Mustardalso can be harvested as silage. Some producers haveblended small grain and mustard together in the silagepile with good results. A silage inoculant also may bebeneficial since mustard is low in soluble carbohydrate.Mustard hay or silage should be limited to 60 percent orless of the diet dry matter. Scouring and hemolytic anemiahave been reported when higher levels have been fed.In addition, producers should provide a trace mineralhigh in copper and selenium because long-term feeding ofmustard hay has been associated with inhibited absorptionof these minerals. Mustard also can accumulate nitrate,so nitrate poisoning may be a potential problem.n MILLET HAYn SAFFLOWER HAYFoxtail and proso millets are annual forages thatproduce respectable hay yields (2 to 4 tons per acreat various research centers in North Dakota), evenwhen planted relatively late in the season. Nutritionalquality is related to maturity, as with most other forages.Optimum harvest time is when seeds are in the milkto soft dough stage. Millet hay sometimes may causescouring. Avoid feeding it to horses because it can causelameness and affect kidney function. Hairy and waxyvarieties of millet can be difficult to cure as hay.Research conducted in Montana and Alberta indicatesthat safflower crops damaged by frost may be cut for hay.Naturally, the thorny nature of the plant causes concern,but in feeding trials conducted with ewes in Alberta,no aversions to the forage were noted and intakeswere
3 AS1182 Alternative Feeds for Ruminants General Concepts and Recommendations for Using Alternative Feeds Many of the alternative feeds vary widely in nutrient content, making an analysis or some assessment of the feed value necessary. Producers must know the energy, protein and major mineral levels of these feeds to develop
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
Nutrition of ruminants Developing production systems for ruminants using tropical feed resources requires an understanding of the relative roles and nutrient needs of the two-compartment system represented by the symbiotic relationship between rumen micro-organisms and the host animal. Fibre-rich, low-protein forages and crop residues are the most abundant and appropriate feeds for ruminants .
Small Ruminants/Pseudo-Ruminants (sheep, goats, llamas, and alpacas) Small ruminants and pseudo-ruminants, like cattle, are also prone to digestive upsets if major diet changes occur. Hay/forage will comprise most of their diet; however, in some cases they may need supplemental protein si
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
Tulang tergolong jaringan ikat yang termineralisasi (Ardhiyanto, 2011), termasuk jaringan ikat khusus (Lesson et al, 1995). Komposisi dalam jaringan tulang terdiri dari matrik organik dan matrik inorganik (Nanci, 2005). Sel-sel pada tulang antara lain osteoblast, osteosit, osteoklas dan sel osteoprogenitor. Osteoblast ditemukan dalam lapisan .
