Water And Sanitation For All In Tunisia
Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedSERIESWater and Sanitationfor All in TunisiaA Realistic ObjectiveTUNISIA
This work was financed by the World Bank Water and SanitationProgram and the Swedish International Development CooperationAgency and was a multi-Global Practice initiative led by Water andPoverty with significant support from Governance and Health,Nutrition, and Population.
Water and Sanitationfor All in TunisiaA Realistic Objective
2018 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.orgThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations,and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Boardof Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries,colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgmenton the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement oracceptance of such boundaries.Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination ofits knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long asfull attribution to this work is given.Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2018. Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia: A RealisticObjective. WASH Poverty Diagnostic. World Bank, Washington, DC.Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-5222625; e-mail: pubrights @ worldbank.org.Cover design: Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages LLC.
ContentsAcknowledgmentsviiAbbreviationsixExecutive SummaryKey FindingsProgress in Poverty Reduction and Access to WASH ServicesChallenges of Reaching Universal Access to Underserved PopulationsAffordability of Water Supply Services, Even for the PoorRecommendationsRecommendation 1: Conduct Strategic Financial Planning for theWASH SectorRecommendation 2: Bring Tariffs Closer to Cost-Recovery Levels andPreserve AffordabilityRecommendation 3: Mobilize and Target Public WASH Sector FundingMore StrategicallyRecommendation 4: Define a Clear Strategy for Delivering ImprovedAccess to Sanitation in Rural AreasRecommendation 5: Improve Sector Monitoring to Track Progress Towardthe SDGs111234Chapter 1 IntroductionStudy ObjectivesPoverty and WASH Services: A Conceptual FrameworkStructure of the ReportReferences77899Chapter 2 Tunisia: Remarkable Progress on WASH Services DespiteWater Resource ConstraintsCountry OverviewWater Sector Policy FrameworkInstitutional Arrangements for the WASH SectorAccess to Improved Water Supply and Sanitation Services HasIncreased But Remains UnequalNoteReferences4555511111213151617Poverty and Water Supply, Sanitation, and HygieneServices in TunisiaPoverty in Tunisia: Current Status and Recent EvolutionPoverty and Access to WASH Services in TunisiaWhat Are the Effects of Inadequate WASH Services on Poor People?NotesReferences191923313535How Is Financing Allocated in Tunisia’s Water Supply,Sanitation, and Hygiene Sector?Application of the World Health Organization’s TrackFin Methodology in TunisiaWASH Expenditures Have Increased over the Past 3 Years373740Chapter 3Chapter 4Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisiaiii
Increase in WASH Expenditures and Urban-Rural Disparities inResource AllocationPublic Finance for Water to Reduce Regional DisparitiesRaising Tariffs, Lowering SONEDE and ONAS Financing Gaps, andNot Hurting the PoorNotesReferencesChapter 5 Policy RecommendationsIntroductionRecommendation 1: Conduct Strategic Financial Planning for the WASH SectorRecommendation 2: Bring Tariffs Closer to Cost-Recovery Levels andPreserve AffordabilityRecommendation 3: Mobilize and Target Public WASH Sector FundingMore StrategicallyRecommendation 4: Define a Clear Strategy for Delivering ImprovedAccess to Sanitation in Rural AreasRecommendation 5: Improve Sector Monitoring to Track ProgressToward the SDGsReferencesAnnex 5A Governorates and Regions in Tunisia, 20174244485151535353565760616264BoxesBox ES.1:Box 1.1:Box 3.1:Box 3.2:Box 4.1:Box 4.2:Box 5.1:Box 5.2:Brief Overview of the Tunisia WASH Sector OrganizationDefining WASH ServicesPoverty Data in TunisiaMethod for Estimating Effects of Interventions on theNutritional Status of ChildrenThe TrackFin Methodology: Tracking Financial Flows in theWater Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene SectorPhase 1 Report: Methodology for Estimating the Effects ofTariff ChangesStrategic Financial Planning: What Is It For and Where HasIt Been Applied?Transparent Public Transfer Mechanisms in South Africa17203438485458FiguresFigure 1.1:Figure 2.1:Figure 2.2:Figure 3.1:Figure 3.2:Figure 3.3:Figure 3.4:Figure 3.5:Figure 3.6:Figure 3.7:ivThe Effect of Improved WASH Services on EconomicOpportunities and Sustainable GrowthOrganization of the Water Sector in TunisiaAccess to Improved Water and Improved Sanitation, by Region,in 2012Reduction in Poverty and Extreme Poverty Rates, by Region,2005–15Poverty Rates versus Proportion of Rural Population,by Governorate, 2015Trends in Access to WASH Services in Rural and Urban AreasWater and Sanitation Status, by Wealth Quintile, 2011–12Population Segments Using Improved Sanitation and Water in 2010Liters Per Capita Per Day Consumed by Users of SONEDEand GDAs, by Governorate, 2015Primary Drinking Water Source, by Region, 20128151622222425262627Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia
Figure 3.8:Figure 3.9:Figure 3.10:Figure 3.11:Figure 3.12:Figure 3.13:Figure 4.1:Figure 4.2:Figure 4.3:Figure 4.4:Figure 4.5:Figure 4.6:Figure 4.7:Figure 4.8:Figure 4.9:Figure 4.10:Sanitation Technology, by Region, 2012Numbers and Percentage of Poor People Served by DifferentWater Providers, 2015Private Water Expenditure Per Person Per Year,by Governorate, 2015Variations in Volumetric Water Tariffs Charged to DomesticConsumers, 2017Under-Five Stunting and Diarrhea Prevalence in Tunisia, 2012UNICEF Conceptual Framework for Synergies in Child MalnutritionTotal Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Expenditures, by Type ofService, 2013–15Correlations between Total WASH Expenditures Per Capita andRurality Level, by GovernorateTotal Water Expenditures Per Capita, by Governorate, 2013–15Total Sanitation Expenditures Per Capita, by Governorate,2013–15Public and Private Water Expenditures Per Capita, byGovernorate, 2013–15 AveragePublic and Private Sanitation Expenditures Per Capita,by Governorate, 2013–15 AverageWater: Correlations by Governorate between Total WaterExpenditures Per Capita and Public Water Expenditures PerCapita with Poverty RatesSanitation: Correlations by Governorate between Total SanitationExpenditures Per Capita and Public Sanitation Expenditures PerCapita with Poverty RatesWater Consumption, by Income Quintile, 2010Share of SONEDE Implicit Subsidy Captured by Income Groups,by Quintile in 201028303031333442434344454547474950MapsMap 2.1:Map 3.1:Map 3.2:Map 4.1:Annex 5A:Decennial Daily Rainfalls in Tunisia, 1999Poverty, Extreme Poverty, and Access to Water Supply andSanitation Services, 2014 and 2015Proportion of Rural Population, by Governorate, 2015Public Expenditures Per Capita and Numbers of People WithoutServices, by GovernorateGovernorates and Regions in Tunisia, 201712Service Characteristics of ProvidersAvailability and Source of Financial Data for the Production ofWater Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Accounts in TunisiaWASH Accounts Indicators, 2013–15Estimations on the Effect of Eliminating Government Subsidies2921234664TablesTable 3.1:Table 4.1:Table 4.2:Table 4.3:Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia394150v
AcknowledgmentsThis synthesis report is the main output of the water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)Poverty Diagnostics in Tunisia. The study was carried out in three phases between 2015and 2017.Esther Illouz (infrastructure specialist, Gender and Water Alliance-Middle East and North Africa)and Daniel Camos Daurella (senior infrastructure economist, Gender and Water Alliance–Middle East and North Africa) led the team that produced the report from Phase 1 of the study,which identified links between poverty and WASH services in Tunisia. The main team for Phase1 included Jose Cuesta (Senior Economist, Poverty Global Practice) and Esther Illouz(Infrastructure Specialist, Water Global Practice), Gabriel Lara-Ibarra (Economist, Poverty GlobalPractice), Laura Maratou-Kolias (Consultant, Water Global Practice), and Abdel RahmenEl Lahga (Consultant, Water Global Practice).Sophie Trémolet (Senior Economist, Water Global Practice) led the team for producing ananalysis of financial flows for WASH services in Tunisia (Phase 2 report) and the present report,which contains a synthesis of findings and formulates recommendations (Phase 3 report). Theanalysis of sector financial flows is based on a consultancy led by Oxford Policy Management,whose team members included Ana Mujica (Oxford Policy Management), Ian Ross (OxfordPolicy Management), Madih Mnif (Independent Consultant), and Faouzia Said (IndependentConsultant).The World Bank greatly appreciates the collaboration of the Tunisian government—in particular,the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Development, Investment and InternationalCooperation, SONEDE, and ONAS—in conducting this study. The authors are also grateful tothe following World Bank peer reviewers who provided comments and insights on the finalversion of this report: Luis Andres (Lead Economist, Water Global Practice), Yogita Mumssen(Senior Infrastructure Economist, Water Global Practice), Gabriel Lara Ibarra (Economist,Poverty Global Practice), and Abdoulaye Sy (Senior Economist, Middle East and North Africa).Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisiavii
AbbreviationsCRDARegional Commission for Agricultural DevelopmentDFIDDepartment for International Development (United Kingdom)DGFIOPDirection Générale du Financement, des Investissements et des OrganismesProfessionnels (General Directorate for Finance, Investments and ProfessionalAgencies)DGGREEDirection Générale du Génie Rural et de l’Exploitation des Eaux (GeneralDirectorate for Rural Agricultural Affairs and Water Management)EGIMEnquête par Grappes à Indicateurs Multiple (Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey)GDAGroupements de Développement Agricole (Agriculture Development Group)GLAASGlobal Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking WaterHDIHuman Development IndexINSInstitut National de la Statistique (National Institute of Statistics)LPCDliters per capita per dayMDGsMillennium Development GoalsMDICIMinistry of Development, Investment, and International CooperationMICSMultiple Indicator Cluster SurveyNSBCLNational Survey on Households’ Budget and Consumption and Living StandardsO&Moperations and managementONASOffice National d’Assainissement (National Sanitation Office)OPHIOxford Poverty and Human Development InitiativeSDGsSustainable Development GoalsSOEstate-owned enterpriseSONEDESociété Nationale d’Exploitation et de Distribution des Eaux (National Societyfor Water Supply and Distribution)UN-WaterUnited Nations WaterUNICEFUnited Nations Children’s FundWASHwater supply, sanitation, and hygieneWHOWorld Health OrganizationNote: A billion is 1,000 million.Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisiaix
Executive SummaryKey FindingsProgress in Poverty Reduction and Access to WASH ServicesIn recent decades, Tunisia has made remarkable progress in reducing poverty and increasingaccess to water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Between 1990 and2012, access to improved drinking water rose from 82 percent to 97 percent of the population,and access to improved sanitation rose from 73 percent to 92 percent. More than 4 millionpeople in Tunisia have gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2015, and4 million have gained access to water. This is a significant accomplishment, considering thatTunisia is currently home to 11 million people, 33 percent of whom live in rural areas. Thecountry is divided into 7 regions and 24 governorates.Poverty has decreased overall in Tunisia in the past few decades, but it remains unevenlydistributed. According to recent government estimates, Tunisia’s poverty rates have droppedfrom 25 percent in 2000 to 15 percent in 2015, with an estimated 1.7 million poor people in2015. The North West and Centre West regions have the highest poverty rates, with 28 percentand 31 percent, respectively, compared with lows of 12 percent and 5 percent in the CentreEast region and Grand Tunis. The Centre West region remains the poorest in terms of itspoverty and extreme poverty rates. Poverty is primarily a rural phenomenon in Tunisia. Thisapplies both for income poverty and human development indicators, such as stunting andhealth outcomes (for example, maternal mortality).Two state-owned enterprises provide the majority of water supply, sanitation, and hygiene(WASH) services in Tunisia, as explained in more detail in box ES.1.Box ES.1: Brief Overview of the Tunisia WASH Sector Organization The main water service provider is the Société Nationale d’Exploitation et de Distributiondes Eaux (SONEDE), which serves 100 percent of the urban population and 51 percentof the rural population. Most of the remaining rural population is served by the Ministryof Agriculture, which has delegated operational responsibilities to Groupements deDéveloppement Agricole (GDAs), which are community-based organizations in charge ofdistributing water for human consumption and irrigated agriculture. Sanitation services—primarily sewerage and wastewater treatment—are provided by thestate-owned enterprise called the Office National d’Assainissement (ONAS). ONAS isresponsible for services in municipalities (called communes) that are in its service areabut also provides sewerage services in some more densely populated rural areas.Responsibilities for sanitation services in rural areas were clarified by an interministerialdecision in 2016, although implementation has been slow.Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia1
Challenges of Reaching Universal Access toUnderserved PopulationsDespite progress on extending access to improved WASH services, around 250,000 people inTunisia still rely on unimproved drinking water from mostly unprotected wells and springs.Around 650,000 people are served by standposts managed by GDAs, which means walkingoutside of the house and carrying water home. In addition, of the 900,000 people who useunimproved sanitation, about half use shared latrines, and the other half use mostly unimprovedlatrines. An estimated 250,000 people in Tunisia still practice open defecation.Although the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for water and sanitation are within reach,the government of Tunisia must work diligently to meet the SDG targets of (1) deliveringuniversal access to safely managed water and sanitation services by 2030 and (2) eliminatingopen defecation. In addition, SDG 6 (the water SDG) describes specific targets forimproving efficiency in managing water resources and protecting natural resources.If left unaddressed, deficiencies could become more severe in the coming years. Tunisia is awater-scarce country, and water supply security challenges are predicted to be exacerbated byclimate change in the coming years. There are substantial imbalances in terms of waterresource distribution between the better endowed North and the semi-arid South.The poorest quintile of the Tunisian population is significantly worse off than are other quintilesin terms of access to WASH services. The poorest quintile is the only one where peoplepractice open defecation or use unimproved sanitation facilities. SONEDE is the water serviceprovider with the largest number of poor customers in absolute terms, whereas GDAs are theformal service providers with the highest proportion of poor customers (27 percent). In addition,those who use self-supply are most likely to be poor (59 percent) but are less numerous inabsolute terms.Challenges in poverty and WASH service coverage are concentrated in certain parts of thecountry. The Centre West and North West regions have the greatest deficiencies in access towater, with the largest proportion and number of people using unimproved sources for drinking.The South East and Centre West regions have the largest proportions of people using nonnetworked improved water services, which are predominantly local rainwater harvestingsystems such as a majel. Open defecation and unimproved sanitation are concentrated in thethree governorates in the Centre West region, and these are also the regions with the lowestaccess to networked sanitation through piped sewerage and fairly high use of pit latrines. Sixgovernorates—concentrated in the North West and Centre West regions—face overlappingproblems in access to WASH services and poverty: Béja, Jendouba, Kairouan, Kasserine,Le Kef, and Siliana.Variation in other levels of service experienced is another key equity issue, but unfortunatelylittle data exist that are comparable by the governorate and that allow us to draw firmconclusions. Considering volumes consumed, volumes sold by SONEDE vary from 70 to130 liters per capita per day depending on the geographical area. The mean for those servedby GDAs is around 50 liters per capita per day. According to the World Health Organization(WHO), consumption of less than this threshold means that hygiene can be compromised.Given that the figure of 50 liters per capita per day for GDA users is a mean, some proportionof households (including those who receive water through standpipes managed by GDAs andthose who are not formally served by GDAs) are likely to use significantly less and therefore puttheir health at risk.Good-quality information on water supply service levels is not available by type of serviceproviders and by governorate. Even at the aggregate level, limited robust data are available.Insights can nonetheless be made on the basis of estimations and anecdotal evidence. Watersupply quality does not appear to be a serious issue for SONEDE customers, but no data are2Water and Sanitation for All in Tunisia
systematic collected for GDAs or for households who self-supply. Similarly, no robust data areavailable on service continuity.There are strong associations between poor WASH outcomes and poor health and nutritionoutcomes in Tunisia, reinforcing the case for investing in improving WASH service delivery.Considering data on stunting and health outcomes such as diarrhea prevalence among childrenunder 5 years of age, the poorest regions (for example, the larger governorates of the CentreWest region) are also those that score among the worst on these indicators. World Bankanalysis, which is based on UNICEF’s synergies model for undernutrition suggests that WASHinterventions in Tunisia contribute to improved child nutrition. It also suggests that there arepositive interactions (synergies) among adequate WASH services, health services, andindividual care practices. However, synergies differ across samples of poor, nonpoor, urban,and rural households. In rural areas, access to WASH and health services are correlated withsignificant improvements in child nutrition. For nonpoor households, adequate WASH and foodintake have positive and significant effects. However, for the most vulnerable (the poorestquartile of rural households), positive and meaningful improvements in nutrition are observedonly when adequate access to food, health, WASH, and care are all present.Affordability of Water Supply Services, Even for the PoorThe total WASH expenditures were estimated
people in Tunisia have gained access to improved sanitation between 1990 and 2015, and 4 million have gained access to water. This is a significant accomplishment, considering that Tunisia is currently home to 11 million people, 33 percent of whom live in rural areas. The country is divided into 7 regions and 24 governorates.
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
Equitable management of water and sanitation in Pacific Island Countries/Leonie Crennan & Ilana Burness.- Suva : SOPAC, 2005. 35 p. : ill.; 30 cm ISSN : 1605-4377 1. Water & sanitation - management 2. Water & sanitation - Pacific Islands 3. Water & sanitation equitable management I. Burness, Ilana II.
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Framework for Provision and Regulation 2010 The National Water Policy 2000 Statutory Instrument No. 63 2014 . Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy2 is expected to continue the shifting focus and moment for sanitation in Zambia. 2. National institutional arrangements for sanitation in Zambia
The sanitation situation is even worse. About 2.6 billion people—half the developing world's population—do not have access to basic sanitation. Two-thirds of the people lacking adequate water and sanitation access are poor—living on less than US 2 a day. More than 660 million people without sanitation live on less than 2 a day,
