B. Sc. II YEAR CCHORDATA - UOU
BSCZZO- 201B. Sc. II YEARCCHORDATADEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGYSCHOOL OF SCIENCESUTTARAKKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
BSCZO-201CHORDATADEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGYSCHOOL OF SCIENCESUTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITYPhone No. 05946-261122, 261123Toll free No. 18001804025Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail info@uou.ac.inhtpp://uou.ac.in
MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF STUDIESProf. B.D.JoshiRetd.Prof.Dr. H.C.S.BishtProfessorDepartment of ZoologyGurukul Kangri UniversityHaridwar.Department of ZoologyDSB Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital.Dr.N.N.PandeyPrincipal Scientist,Dr. H.C.TiwariRetd.Professor & PrincipalDirectorate of Coldwater Fisheries (DCFR)Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR)Bhimtal (Nainital).Department of Zoology,MB Govt.PG CollegeHaldwani Nainital.Dr.Shyam S. KunjwalCoordinatorDepartment of ZoologyUttarakhand Open UniversityHaldwani(Nainital)PROGRAMME COORDINATORDr. Shyam S. KunjwalDepartment of Zoology & BiotechnologySchool of SciencesUttarakhand Open UniversityHaldwani(Nainital).UNIT WRITER1. Dr.Anju ThapliyalAssistant ProfessorDepartment of ZoologyBGR Campus Pauri,HNB Garhwal, (A Central UniversitySrinagar) Garhwal.2. Dr.Shyam S. KunjwalDepartment of ZoologySchool of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University,Haldwani, NainitalUNIT NOUnit: 1, 2, 3, 4,5,6,7 &8Unit: 9 & 10
COURSE EDITORDr. P.K.GuptaProfessorDepartment of Zoology,DSB Campus, Kumaun University,Nainital.Course Title and codeISBN No.CopyrightEditionPublished byPrinted by::::::CHORDATA (BSCZO201)Uttarakhand Open University2018Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital- 263139
CONTENTSCOURSE 1: CHORDATECOURSE CODE: BSCZO201CREDIT: 3UnitBlock and Unit titlenumberBlock I (Primitive chordates)12345Origin of chordates: Introduction and charterers of chordates. Classification ofchordates up to order level.Hemichordates: General characters and classification up to order level. Study ofBalanoglossus and its affinities.Urochordata: General characters and classification up to order level. Study ofHerdmania and its affinities.Cephalochordates: General characters and classification up to order level. Study ofBranchiostoma (Amphioxus) and its affinities.Cyclostomata (Agnatha) General characters and classification up to order level.Study of Petromyzon and its affinities.Block II (Lower 109-275109-1416Fishes: General characters and classification up to order level. Types of scales andfins of fishes, Scoliodon as type study, migration and parental care in fishes.7142-1768Amphibians: General characters and classification up to order level, Rana tigrinaas type study, parental care, neoteny and paedogenesis.Reptilia: General characters and classification up to order level, extinct reptiles.Uromastix as type study. Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes andbiting mechanism of snakes.9Aves: General characters and classification up to order level. Study of Columba(Pigeon) and Characters of Archaeopteryx. Flight adaptations & bird migration.209-24510Mammalia: General characters and classification up to order level, affinities of 246-275Prototheria, Metatheria and Eutheria. Study of rabbit (Oryctolagus) anddentition in mammals. Economic importance of mammals.177-208
,KZ d UNIT 1: KϮϬϭ ORIGIN OF CHORDATESCONTENTS1.1 Objective1.2 Introduction1.3 Origin of chordates1.4 Ancestory of chordates1.5 General Characteristics1.6 Classification of Chordates1.7 Summary1.8 Glossary1.9 Self Assessment Questions1.10Terminal Questions1.11Suggested Readings1.12Terminal Question Answers1.13Referenceshdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ 1.1 OBJECTIVEWe will understand the basic characters of chrodates, origin and Ancestrory of chordates.After readingthis chapter we will also know about about the general characters and classification of chordates uptoorder level.1.2 INTRODUCTIONAnimal kingdom is basically divided into two sub kingdoms:(a) Nonchordata- including animals without notochord.(b) Chordata- This comprising animals having notochord or chorda dorsalis.While theChordata has a notochord at some stage during the life, it is not known to exist in theNonchordata.Fig.1.1 some animals of chordate phylumhdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ Ϯ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ The Chordata is the animal phylum with which everyone is most intimately familiar, since itincludes humans and other vertebrates However, not all chordates are vertebrates. All chordates have the following features at some stage in their life (in the case of humans andmany other vertebrates, these features may only be present in the embryos). Pharyngeal slits – a series of openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the“neck”. These are often, but not always, used as gills. Dorsal tubular nerve cord – A bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the “back”. It connectsthe brain with the lateral muscles and other organs.Fig 1.2 Pharyngeal slits dorsal nerve cord & notochord Notochord – cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord. Post-anal tail – an extension of the body post the anal opening.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϯ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ 1.3 ORIGIN OF CHORDATESIt is believed that chordates originated from invertebrates. However, it is difficult to determine fromwhich invertebrate group of the chordate developed. It is almost constant that chordate ancestors weresoft bodied animals. Hence, they were not preserved as fossil.Many theories have been put forward to explain the evolution of chordates, few of them are as follows:-(a) COELENTERATETHEORY: Accordingtothistheorychordatesdevelopedfrom coelenterates. It is belived that radial symmetry coelenteron, cnidoblasts etc, disappearedand advanced characters developed to giverise the chordates. This theory infers that chordatesmight have acquired higher characters independently. This theory is not acceptable.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϰ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Fig.1.3 Origin of chordates(b) ANNELID THEORY: This theory suggests that the chordates have evolved from an annelidstock, like many chordates the annelids show bilateral symmetry, metasmerism, head, lateralcoelome complete digestive tract, closed circulatory system, haemoglobin, etc. Theresemblance is enhanced, if an annelid is turned upside down. But the mouth would be dorsalwhich is unlike that of chordates. Metamerism and appendages of annelids differ in naturefrom those of the chordates. Bilateral symmetry, head and complete digestive tract occur inother non-chordate phyla also. Coelome is schizocoelic in annelids and enterocoelic in lowerhdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϱ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ chordates. Haemoglobin is dissolved in the plasma in annelids but it is present in the redblood corpuscles in chordates. Annelid nerve cord is double and ventral in contrast to single,hollow, dorsal nerve cord of chordates. Some striking differences exist between the annelidsand the chordates in their embryology too, hence it is difficult to accept this theory.(c) ECHINODERM -HEMICHORDATE THEORY-ORIGIN OFCHORDATES: This theory infers origin of chordates, hemichordates andechinoderms from a common ancestor. This theory is based on the followingevidences.1. EMBRYOLOGICAL EVIDENCE: Both echinoderms and chordates have enterocoeliccoelome, mesoderm and deuterostomous mouth. There is resemblance between the bipinnarialarva of certain echinoderms and the tornaria larva of hemichordates. In echinoderms chordatesthe central nervous system develops from a dorsal strip of ectoderm.2. SEROGICAL EVIDENCE:Similarity exists between the protines of the body fluid of chordates and echinoderms. Hence thechordates and echinoderms are closely related. The radial symmetry of adult echinoderms willdisapprove their relationship with the bilaterally symmetrical chordates. In echinoderms radialsymmetry is secondryly developed from a basically bilateral symmetry. Both the primitive andthe early echinoderm larve show bilateral symmetry.1.4 ANCESTORY OF CHORDATESThe unique chordate body plan evolved within the deuterostome animals sometimes before theCambrian (Valentine, Jablonski Erwin 1999; Blair and Hedges 2005). Chordates traditionallyinclude vertebrates, lancelets (cephalochordates) and tunicates, but tunicates do not exhibit achordate body plan as adults. Hemichordates are sister group to echinoderms and both phyla arean outgroup to the rest of the chordates).hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϲ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Xenoturbella has been recently included in the deuterostomes as molecular evidence unites them withhemichordates and echinoderms, but their exact position within the deuterostomes is not yet clear.m Allfive chordate characteristics (postanal tail, dorsal nerve cord, notochord, endostyle and pharyngeal gillslits) at one time or another been suggested to have homologous structures present in hemichordates, butall these features are lacking in echinoderms and Xenoturbella, the closest relatives to hemichordates,suggesting that they were lost during their evolution.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϳ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ 1.5 GENERAL CHARACTERSTICS Aquatic, aerial or terrestrial all free living with no fully parasitic forms. Bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented. Exoskeleton often present well developed in most vertebrates. Bodywall triploblastic with 3 germinal layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Coelomate animals with a true coelom, enterocoelic or schizocoelic in origin. A skeletal rod, the notochord, present at some stage in life cycle. Digestive system complete with digestive glands. Blood vascular system closed. Heart ventral with dorsal and ventral blood vessels.Hepatic portal system well developed. Excretory system comprising proto –or meso-or meta-nephric kidneys.1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF CHORDATESPHYLUM CHORDATAGroup ACRANIA( PROTOCHORDATA) (Primitivechordateswithoutheadandvertebral column)Subphylum HEMICHORDATA, Example Balanoglossus, Cephalodiscus, Rhabdopleura, these areprimitive and doubtful chordates; they are now classified under non-chordates after echinoderms.Fig.1.4 Primitive chordate characterhdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϴ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Subphylum UROCHORDATA, Example- Herdmania, Salpa, Doliolum, Pyrosoma,Oikopleura. These are sedentary or planktonic tunicates in which chordate charactersmanifest in the larval stage.Subphylum are typical chordates having chordate characters in the larval as well as adult stages.Group CRANIATA ( EUCHORDATA)(Chordates with skull, with 54,000 species of true chordates)Subphylum VERTEBRATA, chordates with head or skull, brain and vertebral column. Division AGNATHA, 90 species of paraphyletic group of jawless fishes, which werethe first vertebrates. Living forms are elongated, scaleless, slimy parasites andscavengers that include lampreys and hagfishes. They have no paired fins. Class OSTRACODERMI, extinct shelled jawless fishes of Ordovician period. forExample- Cephalaspsis. Class CYCLOSTOMATA, jawless fishes of today, without scales and paired fins. Order Myxinoidea:the hagfish’s containg 40 species. Myxine, Bdellostoma,Eptatretus are good examples. Order Petromyzontia: lampreys, 41 species, parasitic on other fishes. For ExamplePetromyzon. Division GNATHOSTOMATA, vertebrates with jaws that are modified gill archesand paired appendages. They include cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and tetrapods.5.SUPER CLASS I: PISCESClass PLACODERMI, extinct group of spiny sharks. for Example- Climatius.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϵ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Fig.1.5Super class PiscesClass CHONDRICHTHYES: cartilaginous fishes that have cartilaginous skeleton, ventralmouth, placoid scales, heterocercal tail fin and 5 pairs of gill slits. Subclass Elasmobranchii— 850 species of sharks, rays and skates. Subclass Holocephali— 30 species of ratfish (Chimaeras).Class OSTEICHTHYES 20,000 species, bony fishes. Skeleton bony, four pairs ofgills,covered with operculum, possess swim bladder or lung. Subclass Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes. Superorder Chondrostei, 25 species of sturgeons, bichirs and paddlefish. Superorder Holostei, which includes Lepistosteus (7 species) and Amia (1species) Superorder Teleostei, includes 20,000 species of bony fishes, such as tarpon,herring, perch, etc. Subclass Crossopterygii, includes 2 species of coelacanth (Latimeria).Class CHOANICHTHYS ( DIPNOI), has 6 species of lungfishes under three genera,namely, Protopterus, Lepidosiren and Neoceratodus.6. SUPERCLASS CTETRAPODA: Two pairs of paired appendagesClass AMPHIBIAhdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϬ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Order Gymnophiona (Apoda) —165 species of burrowing caecilians, elongatedbodies, and limbless, dermal scales embedded in annular folds of skin. Order Caudata (Urodela) —425 species of salamanders, tailed amphibians, usuallywith two pairs of limbs. Order Anura (Salientia) —4300 species of frogs and toads, tail-less amphibians, longhind limbs for jumping, head and trunk fused. They have sound producing and hearingorgans.Class REPTILIA, 7800 species, turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, etc.These are the tru landvertebrates and never come return breeding in water.They have internal fertilization and produce large cleiod eggs with leathery shells and areectotherms. Bodies covered with epidermal scales and vertebrae are procoelous. Order Chelonia, 300 species of turtles and tortoises having bony shell on the body. Superorder Lepidosauria, lizard-like with acrodont or pleurodont dentition. Order Rhynchocephalia ( Sphenodontia), 2 species of tuatara (Sphenodon) in NewZealand. They have acrodont teeth, amphicoelous vertebrae and a parietal eye. Order Squamata, with pleurodont teeth, procoelous vertebrae, without third eye. Suborder Lacertilia includes 4000 species of lizards. Suborder Ophidia includes 2700 species of snakes. Superorder Archosauria includes modern crocodiles and extinct dinosaurs. Order Crocodilia, 23 species of alligators, crocodiles and gavialshdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϭ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Fig.1.6 Different types of ReptilesClass AVES, 9100 species.Birds being feathered bipeds have internal fertilization and lay hard-shelled eggs andare endotherms. Nearly every anatomical feature is related to ability to fly. They are the onlyanimals with feathers that are modified from reptilian scales.Class MAMMALIA, 4,500 species.Mammals evolved in the late Triassic, the time dinosaurs first appeared and diversified greatlyfollowing the extinction of dinosaurs during the Coenozoic. Characteristics include hairs forprotection and from heat loss; mammary glands; heterodont teeth; endothermy; 4 chamberedhearts etc. Subclass PROTOTHERIA, Order Monotremata, egg laying mammals having 6species in Australia and New Zealand. No teeth and true mammary glands. Subclass METATHERIA, Order Marsupialia, 275 species of marsupials that havebrief gestation period after which the embryo develops in a pouch. They haveprolonged lactation and parental care. Marsupials include: opossum, kangaroo, koala,Tasmanian devil, wombat, etc.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϮ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Subclass EUTHERIA, 16 orders which include 4700 species of placental mammalsthat are truly viviparous, with a placenta for gas and nutrient exchange between themother and foetus. They also have true mammary glands.Fig.1.7 Different class of chordate1.7 SUMMARYThe chordates are of various body forms but they all have notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord,pharyngeal slits and a post anal tail at some stage of life .Various theories have been proposed to explainthe origin and evolution of chordates but none of them is completely satisfactory, However, it is belivedthat they evolve sometimes before Cambrians.The most advanced forms of chordates are mammals.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϯ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ 1.8 GIOSSARYCephalochordataGroup of Chordate clade whose members possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord,pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage besides, they possess ciphalon i.ehead.ChordataPhylum of animals distinguished by their possession of a notochord, a dorsal tubularnerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail at some point during their developmentCraniataClade composed of chordates that possess a cranium; includes Vertebrata together withhagfishesCraniumBony, cartilaginous, or fibrous structure surrounding the brain, jaw, and facial bonesDorsal hollow nerve cordHollow, tubular structure derived from ectoderm and is located dorsal to the notochord inchordatesLanceletMember of Cephalochordata; named for its blade-like shape.NotochordFlexible, rod-shaped support structure that is found in the embryonic stage of allchordates and in the adult stage of some chordatesPharyngeal slitOpening in the pharynxPost-anal tailMuscular, posterior elongation of the body extending beyond the anus in chordatesTetrapodPhylogenetic reference to an organism with a four-footed evolutionary history; includesamphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammalsTunicatehdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϰ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Sessile chordate that is a member of UrochordataUrochordataClade composed of tunicatesVertebral columnSeries of separate bones joined together as a backboneVertebrataMembers of the phylum Chordata that possess a backbone.1.9 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS1. Which of the following is the Class of the Jawless nathaWhich of the following is not a feature of the Class Agnatha?A. External FertilliationB. EctothermicC.No Paired LimbsD.Has scales3.4.Notochord is confined to proboscis hordataChondrichthyes have a.A.Closed circulatory systemB.3 chambered heartC.ClitellumD.Radial symentryE.All of the abovehdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϱ
,KZ d 5.6.7.8.9 KϮϬϭ An example of an animal from the Class Agnatha is a.A.Red Trailed FoxB.HumanoidC.Rock BassD.LampreyWhich of the following is not an example of an animal from the Class Chondrichthyes?A.RayB.SkateC.Sea UrchinD.SharkWhat would a rainbow trout be an example E.None of The AboveWhich class would a frog belong to?A.FroganiaB.AmphibianC.AgnathaD.AnimmaliaDry scaly skin, ectothermic, 2 Paris of legs, lungs, internal fertilization, leathery eggswith amniotic shell, and a 3.5 chambered heart are all properties of the hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϲ
,KZ d KϮϬϭ Answers1.(D) 2.(E) 3.(B) 4.(A) 5 (D) 6. (C) 7.(A) 8.(B) 9.(D) .1.10 TERMINAL QUESTION ANSWERS1. Give the classification of Chordata.2. Give the gearenal characters of the phylum chordate.3. Describe the diagnostic characters of the phylum chordate and point out the main differencesfrom that of nonchordate?4. Classify phylum Chordata upto classes giving the important characters and examples of eachclass?1.11 SUGGESTED READING1. Nigam, H.C.1983.Zoology of chordates, Vishal publication, Jalandhar.2. Kotpal, R.L 2012.Vertebrata, Rastogi publication Merruth.1.12 REFERENCES1. Jordan E.L. and P.S. Verma 1995.Chordate Zoology and Elements of AnimalPhysiology.S.Chand and Co.New Delhi2. Kotpal, R.L 2012.Vertebrata, Rastogi publication Merruth.3. Nigam,H.C.1983.Zoology of chordates,Vishal publication,Jalandhar4. Some figure and tax material are adopted from Wikipedia.5. Some figure and tax material are adopted from Biozoomer.hdd Z , E KW E hE/s Z /dz WĂŐĞ ϭϳ
,KZ d UNIT 02: KϮϬϭ General characters and classification2.3.1- General characters of Himichordata2.3.2- Classification up to order level2.4.Types studies and Affinities2.4.1- General study of Balanoglossus.2.4.2- Affinities of ssment question.2.8.Suggested Readings2.9.T
RTMENT OF ZOOLOGY HOOL OF SCIENCES KHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY ZO- 201. BSCZO-201 CHORDATA DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail info@uou.ac.in htpp://uou.ac.in . MEMBER OF THE BOARD OF STUDIES Prof. B.D.Joshi Dr. H.C.S.Bisht Retd.Prof. Professor Department of Zoology Department of .
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