HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE - MPSC Material
HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCEMaharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pone. 56.00STANDARD TEN"'"'"'"'"'"' "'"'"'"'"'
The Coordination Committee formed by GR No. Abhyas - 2116/(Pra.Kra.43/16) SD - 4Dated 25.4.2016 has given approval to prescribe this textbook in its meeting held on29.12.2017 and it has been decided to implement it from the educational year 2018-19.HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCESTANDARD TENMaharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production andCurriculum Research, Pune.The digital textbook can be obtained through DIKSHA Appon a smartphone by using the Q. R. Code given on title pageof the textbook and useful audio-visual teaching-learningmaterial of the relevant lesson will be available through theQ. R. Code given in each lesson of this textbook.
First Edition : 2018 Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and CurriculumResearch, Pune - 411 004.The Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research reservesall rights relating to the book. No part of this book should be reproduced without the writtenpermission of the Director, Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and CurriculumResearch, ‘Balbharati’, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune 411004.History Subject CommitteeDr Sadanand More, ChairmanShri. Mohan Shete, MemberShri. Pandurang Balkawade, MemberDr Shubhangana Atre, MemberDr Somnath Rode, MemberShri. Bapusaheb Shinde, MemberShri. Balkrishna Chopde, MemberShri. Prashant Sarudkar, MemberShri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-SecretaryDr Shubhangana AtreDr Ganesh RautDr Shubhangana AtreDr Vaibhavi PalsuleDr Manjiri BhaleraoDr Sanjot ApteHistory and Civics Study GroupShri. Vishal KulkarniShri. Sanjay Vazarekar Prof. Shekhar PatilShri. Ramdas ThakarSmt Sunita DalviDr Ajit ApteProf. Shivani LimayeDr Mohan KhadseShri. Bhausaheb Umate Smt Shivkanya KaderkarDr Nagnath YevaleShri. Gautam DangeShri. Sadanand Dongre Dr Vyankatesh KharatShri. Ravindra PatilShri. Ravindra JindeSmt Rupali GirkarDr Prabhakar LondheDr Minakshi Upadhyay Dr Manjiri BhaleraoDr Raosaheb ShelkeDr Satish ChapleDr Vaibhavi PalsuleScrutinyDr Shrikant Paranjape, ChairmanProf. Sadhana Kulkarni, MemberDr Prakash Pawar, MemberProf. Ajinkya Gaikwad, MemberProf. Sangita Aher, MemberDr Mohan Kashikar, MemberShri. Vaijnath Kale, MemberShri. Mogal Jadhav, Member-SecretaryShri. Subhash RathodPolitical ScienceTranslationCivics Subject CommitteeShri. Rahul PrabhuAuthorsHistoryProf. Shashi NighojkarCover and IllustrationsShri. Devdatta Prakash BalkawadeTypesettingDTP Section, BalbharatiPaper70 GSM CreamwovePrint OrderN/PB/2018-19/QTY.- 1,00,000PrinterM/s. RENUKA BINDERS, PUNECoordinationMogal JadhavSpecial Officer, History and CivicsVarsha SarodeSubject Assistant, History and CivicsProductionSachchitanand AphaleChief Production OfficerPrabhakar Parab, Production OfficerShashank Kanikdale,Asst. Production OfficerPublisherVivek Uttam Gosavi, ControllerMaharashtra State Textbook Bureau,Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400 025.
IntroductionFriends,You have studied ‘History and Civics’ from Std. III to Std. V as a part of‘Environmental Studies’. From Std. VI History and Civics are included in thesyllabi independently. Starting from Std. VI, these subjects appear as two separatesections of a single textbook. We are very happy to hand over to you, the ‘Historyand Political Science’ textbook for Std. Ten.The book is written with a view to ensure that students find the book easy tounderstand and enjoyable. We wish that along with gaining knowledge, you shouldalso feel happy while studying. You will find coloured pictures added with thispurpose in mind. So, read the lessons very carefully. If you have difficulty inunderstanding any part of the book, request your teachers and parents to explainit. The additional information appearing in special frames is meant to enhanceyour knowledge. Audio-visual material can be accessed through ‘App’ by usingthe Q.R.Code. This would certainly help you in your studies. If you make historyyour friend and study the book, you will definitely develop a deep interest in thesubject.In this book, you will learn about ‘Applied History’ in the history section.Many people find interest in history as an exciting subject and a hobby. However,many have doubts about the necessity of including it in the school syllabi;availability of professional opportunities; if a student chooses to specialise in thesubject, its usefulness in the student’s chosen field of career; etc. It is difficult toclear these doubts as there is a lack of enough information. This textbook providesthis information. All aspects of the day-to-day life, all occupations and crafts havea particular history of their development. This textbook highlights the fact thatknowledge of such history is useful in the enhancement of an individual’soccupational skills.The section of ‘Political Science’, is about the ‘Constitution of Indian’.Information regarding elections, the process of conducting them, main politicalparties at national and regional levels, their agenda, political and social movementsthat lead to healthy democracy and challenges faced by the Indian democracy isincluded in this book. Students of Std. Ten will soon be getting a right to vote.This information will prepare them for fulfilling this new role capably.PuneDate : 18 March 2018, GudhipadvaIndian Solar Year : 27 Phalgun 1939(Dr. Sunil Magar)DirectorMaharashtra State Textbook Bureau
- For the Teachers History is an awe-inspiring subject and many take it up as a hobby. However, manyfeel anxious about the need to include it in the school syllabi, career prospects if one choosesto specialise in it or if it would add value to one’s qualifications in his chosen field ofcareer. Not enough information is available to help in overcoming this anxiety.So far, courses in ‘Method of History and Historiography’, ‘History of Historiography’,etc. were offered to students only at college and university level. They did not form a partof the school syllabi. Hence, two lessons in this book are devoted to historiography. Whiledoing so the possible lack of clarity in student’s mind about the scientific method of history,is taken into consideration.History is not confined to narrating the stories of various dynasties and the battles foughtby them or the stories of great warriors. From time to time, the history textbooks have strivedto create awareness of this fact among school-going students. However, they did not haveany opportunity to learn about the larger scope of history beyond political history and therelation of history with the present. The Std. Ten history syllabus is drawn with a specialfocus on this aspect. The lessons are also arranged with this view.Indeed, the day-to-day human transactions and history are closely related. A new branchof knowledge known as, ‘Applied History’ or ‘Public History’ has been developing since fewdecades. Universities in many countries are offering various courses in this field. This textbooktells us about this new discipline, as also about several available opportunities to professionalsto enhance their qualifications by studying history and the increasing need for expert historians.The book also contains information about various courses in applied history and the institutions,which offer such courses.May it be about the day-to-day transactions or about occupational skills; every field hasits own history. Knowledge of such history helps in the enhancement of one’s professionalskills. This textbook strives to make this co-relationship between history and variousprofessional fields.The students on the verge of starting college education face various questions regardingthe choice of graduate programmes and proper decision making for selecting a career.Especially, students who aspire to specialise in history find very few informative inputs, whichwill guide and encourage them. This textbook has tried to overcome this shortcoming. Itincludes interesting information and suitable illustrations with this purpose in mind.The scope of school syllabi of ‘Civics’ and ‘Political Science’ is very exhaustive, whichincludes an array of topics starting with the introduction of social-political environment tointernational diplomatic relations and various political processes at national level. You willindeed fulfill the learning objectives while studying and teaching the textbook. However, it isalso anticipated that the class interaction should not be limited to mere information. Theyshould be linked with day-to-day events and happenings. There is no doubt that the Indiandemocracy is faced with many challenges but at the same time there are many traditionsemerging, which would strengthen it. They can be taught objectively with the help ofdiscussions and dialogues. For this to happen, opportunities should be made available tostudents forming small groups.The structure of this textbook will expose students to newer fields of knowledge. Webelieve that the teachers and parents would receive this book with full support.(F)
Competency StatementsNo.UnitCompetency1.CriticalSummary ofHistory fromAncient toModern PeriodExplains the traditions of Historiography.Understands that a number of western thinkers have contributedto the development of the discipline of historiography.Studies various periods of Indian history with a critical andcomparative viewpoint.Obtains information regarding historical research done in Indiaand other countries.Explains that History is a scientific discipline.2.Applied HistoryUnderstands the concept of Applied History.Understands the applicability of history in various fields and also inreal life.3.Mass Media andHistoryBrings out the interrelation between mass media and history.Develops independent historical outlook with the help of variousmedia.Obtains information regarding specialisations in the concernedprofessional field.4.5.Entertainmentmedia andHistoryArt, Sports,Literature andHistoryExplains the necessity of entertainment.Throws light on the interrelation between entertainment and history.Understands the changes that have taken place in the entertainmentmedia.Gives description of various arts in India.Takes pride in the achievements of Indians in various sports andfeels inspired by it.Studies various aspects of Art, Sports, Literature and explainstheir historical application.6.Tourism andHistoryUnderstands the relevance of History in the field of Tourism.Identifies opportunities in the field of tourism in our country.Understands that tourism can offer employment opportunities tomany people.Understands the interrelation between History and Tourism.7.History and otherdisciplinesHighlights the importance of museums/libraries/archives instudying history.Understands that objective analysis is possible in historicalstudies.Can correlate between History and other disciplines.(G)
ContentsApplied HistoryNo.TitlePage No.1.Historiography : Development in the West.12.Historiography : Indian Tradition.73.Applied History.154.History of Indian Arts.225.Mass Media and History.326.Entertainment and History.397.Sports and History.468.Tourism and History.529.Heritage Management.59(H)
1. Historiography : Development in the WestIn historical research it may not bepossible to use the method of laboratoryexperiments and observation. This is sobecause we were not present in thehistorical time and space and the historicalevents cannot be recreated. Also in historyit is not possible to formulate laws thatremain true irrespective of the time andspace.To begin, we need an expert whoknows the language and script of ahistorical document in order to read itand understand its meaning. Also, theexperts can examine the authenticity ofthe document by using criteria such aslettering style, author’s style of writing,manufacturing date and type of paper,stamps of authority, etc. Such a documentis further scrutinised by a historian withthe help of relevant historical references.1.1 Tradition of Historiography1.2 Modern Historiography1.3 DevelopmentofScientificPerspective in Europe andHistoriography1.4 Notable ScholarsHistorical research, writing and studiesare carried out with an objective ofunderstanding the chronology of the pastevents and their interconnections. This isa continuous process.In the physical and natural sciencesthe empirical method (laboratory methodof experiments and observation) is usedto verify the available knowledge. Thismethod allows formulating laws thatremain true irrespective of the time andspace. Those laws can be tested andproved repeatedly.Historical Research MethodExamining relevantreferences of the availablehistorical informationCritically examiningof various sources ofhistoryWriting ing relevantquestions in view of thehistorical references1Collecting historical information,highlighting the processes that leadto historical transitions, carryingout comparative analysisUnderstanding the referencesregarding time and space of thegiven historical events and alsovarious conceptual frameworksused in historical research method
Methods of various disciplines areuseful in historical research. For y, Epigraphy (Study ofinscriptions), Analysis of lettering style,Linguistics, Numismatics (Study of coins),Genealogy (Study of lineage), etc.Do you know ?1.1 Tradition of HistoriographyWe have learnt about the historicalresearch method, critically examining thehistorical sources and writing the historicalnarrative. The writing of critical historicalnarrative is known as ‘Historiography’. Ascholor who writes such a narrative is ahistorian.The historian cannot include everypast event in his narrative. The inclusionand interpretation of historical events bythe historian often depends on theconceptual framework adopted by him.His style of writing is determined by thatconceptual framework.The tradition of writing historicalnarrative, that is historiography, was notprevalent in the ancient societies of theworld. However, that does not mean thatthey were not aware of the historical timeor were not eager to know about it.Ancient people also felt the need ofpassing on the stories of the life andvalour of the ancestors to the nextgeneration. Ancient communities all overthe world used various means like cavepaintings, story-telling, singing songs andballads, etc. for this purpose.Thesetraditional means are looked upon as thesources of history in the modernhistoriography.The earliest inscription in theLouvre museumThe above picture shows afragment of the earliest inscription.A forward marching file of soldiersholding shields and spears is seenhere. The General is in the front.The tradition of recordinghistorical event can be traced backtoSumercivilisationinMesopotamia. Names of Sumeriankings and the stories of battlesfought by them have been preservedin various inscriptions. The earliestinscription shown above, dates backto 4500 B.C.E. It records a battlefought between two kingdoms. It isnow displayed at the Louvremuseum in France.(1) Its method is based on scientificprinciples. It begins with the formation ofrelevant questions.(2) These questions are anthropocentric.It means that these questions are about thedeeds of the members of ancient humansocieties of a particular period. Historydoes not suggest any interrelation betweenthe Divine and human deeds.1.2 Modern HistoriographyFour main characteristics of modernhistoriography :2
René Descartes(1596-1650) : RenéDescartes was theforemostamongscholars who insistedon verifying thereliabilityofhistorical documentsbycriticallyRené Descartesexaminingthem.Amongtherulesgiven by him in his book, ‘Discourse onthe method’, the following is supposed tohave a great impact on the scientificmethod of research : Never to acceptanything for true till all grounds of doubtare excluded.(3) Answers to these questions aresupported by reliable evidence.(4) History presents a graph ofmankind’s journey with the help of pasthuman deeds.It is said that the modernhistoriography with above characteristicshas its roots in the ancient Greek historicalwritings. ‘History’ is originally a Greekterm. Herodotus, the Greek historian ofthe fifth century B.C.E. used it first forhis book entitled, ‘The Histories’.1.3 EuropeandTill the eighteenth century C.E.Europe had achieved a remarkableprogress in the fields of Philosophy andScience. Scholars by then had come tobelieve in the possibility of studying thesocial and historical truths by applyingscientific methods. Now the philosophicaldiscussions focused more and more on theobjectivity in history and historiography.Prior to the eighteenth century allEuropean universities were interested onlyin the philosophical discourses revolvingaround Divine phenomena. However,gradually this scenario began to change.In 1737 C.E. the Gottingen Universitywas founded in Germany. This universityfor the first time had an independentdepartment of history. Later, other Germanuniversities also became centres ofhistorical studies.Voltaire (1694-1778) : Voltaire’soriginal name was François-Marie Arouet.He was French. Heopined that alongwith objective truthand chronology e,economy, agriculture,Voltaireetc. was also equallyimportant in historiography. It gave riseto the thought that understanding allaspects of human life is important forhistory writing. Thus, it is said thatVoltaire was the founder of modernhistoriography.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel(1770-1831) : Hegel was a Germanphilosopher. He insisted that the historicalreality should be presented in a logicalmanner. To him the timeline of historicalevents was indicative of progress. He alsothought that the presentation of history isbound to change over time as new1.4 Notable ScholarsThe contributions of many scholarsare important in the development ofhistoriography. Let us have a look at thecontributions of the few notable scholars.3
Leopold von Ranké (1795-1886) :Historiography of the nineteenth centurywas greatly influenced by the thoughts ofLeopold Von Ranke of Berlin University.He spoke about the critical method ofhistorical research. He put emphasis onthe utmost importance of informationgatheredthroughoriginal documents.He also stated thatalltypesofdocuments associatedwith a historicalevent need to beexaminedwithgreatest care. Hebelieved that withLeopold von Rankéthis method it waspossible to reach the historical truth. Hecriticised imaginative narration of history.Collection of his articles is published intwo books, entitled ‘The Theory andPractice of History’ and ‘The Secret ofWorld History’.Karl Marx (1818-1883) : In thelatter half of the nineteenth century a newschool of thought arose keeping in viewthe new thesis formulated by Karl Marx.According to Karl Marx, history was notabout abstract ideas; it was about livingpeople. Human relationships are shapedby the fundamental needs of people andthe ownership as well as nature ofprevalentmeansof production tomeet those needs.The accessibilityof these means todifferent strata ofthe society maynot be equal. Thisinequality causesKarl Marxevidencewouldcome forth. WithHegel’s philosophymany scholars wereconvincedthathistorical methodswere not of lesserquality though theydifferedfromscientific methods.Georg WilhelmFriedrich HegelThe collection of hislectures and articlesis published in a book, entitled‘Encyclopaedia of Philosophical Sciences’.His book, ‘Reason in History’, is wellknown.It is good to know this :According to Hegel, graspingthe meaning of any event happensin terms of two direct opposites.Human mind cannot understand thetrue nature of that ev
History is an awe-inspiring subject and many take it up as a hobby. However, many feel anxious about the need to include it in the school syllabi, career prospects if one chooses to specialise in it or if it would add value to one’s qualifications in his chosen field of
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