The Respiratory System - Scottsbluff Public Schools
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / BartholomewThe RespiratorySystemPowerPoint Lecture Outlinesprepared by Alan Magid, Duke UniversitySlides 1 to 85Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System FunctionsFunctions of Respiratory System Gas exchange between blood and air Move air to and from exchangesurfaces Protect exchange surfaces fromenvironmental variations andpathogens Produce sound Detect olfactory stimuliCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationComponents of the Respiratory System Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasalsinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea, bronchi Lungs Bronchioles Alveoli (gas exchange)Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Componentsof the RespiratorySystemFigure 15-1
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Respiratory Tract Conducting portion Conduct the air movement From nares to small bronchioles Respiratory portion Gas exchange region Respiratory bronchioles and alveoliPLAYThe Respiratory TractCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Nose External nares (nostrils) admit air Nasal vestibule lined with hairs to filter air Vestibule opens into nasal cavity Hard palate separates nasal and oral cavities Cavity continues through internal nares tonasopharynx Soft palate underlies nasopharynx Respiratory epithelium lines the airwaysCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Nose, Nasal Cavity, and PharynxFigure 15-2
Respiratory System OrganizationRespiratory Mucosa Respiratory epithelium plus supportingconnective tissue with mucous glands Lines nasal cavity and most of airways Goblet and gland cells secrete mucus Mucus traps inhaled dirt, pathogens, etc. Ciliated cells sweep the mucus out ofthe airways into pharynx Irritants stimulate secretion Causes “runny nose”Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationTheRespiratoryEpitheliumFigure 15-3(a)
Respiratory System OrganizationTheRespiratoryEpitheliumFigure 15-3(b)
Respiratory System OrganizationThree Regions of the Pharynx(Throat) Respiratory system only Nasopharynx Shared with digestive system Oropharynx Opens into both esophagusand larynx LaryngopharynxCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Larynx Also called, “voice box”Made of nine cartilagesAir passes through glottisCovered by epiglottis during swallowing Keeps solids, liquids out of airways Made of elastic cartilage Supports true vocal cords Exhaled air vibrates them to make soundCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationTheAnatomyof theLarynxand VocalCordsFigure 15-4(a)
Respiratory System OrganizationTheAnatomyof theLarynxand VocalCordsFigure 15-4(b)
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Anatomy of the Larynx and Vocal CordsFigure 15-4(c)
Respiratory System OrganizationTheAnatomyof theLarynxand VocalCordsFigure 15-4(d)
Respiratory System OrganizationTheAnatomyof theLarynxand VocalCordsFigure 15-4(e)
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Trachea Also called “windpipe” Stiffened by C-shaped cartilage rings Esophagus stuck to posterior surface Cartilage missing there Trachea distorted by balls of food asthey pass down esophagus tostomachCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Anatomy of the TracheaFigure 15-5
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Bronchi Trachea forms two branches Right and left primary bronchi Primary bronchi branch Form secondary bronchi Each ventilates a lobe Secondary bronchi branch Form tertiary bronchi Tertiary bronchi branch repeatedly Cartilage decreases, smoothmuscle increasesCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Bronchioles Cartilage absent Diameter 1.0 mm Terminal bronchioles deliver air to asingle lobule Smooth muscle in wall controlled by ANS Sympathetic causes bronchodilation Parasympathetic causesbronchoconstriction Excess bronchoconstriction is asthmaCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe BronchialTreeFigure 15-6(a)
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli Gas exchange regions of lung Respiratory bronchioles lead intoalveolar ducts Ducts lead into alveolar sacs Sacs are clusters ofinterconnected alveoli Gives lung an open, spongy look About 150 million/lungCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Lobules of the LungFigure 15-6(b)
Respiratory System OrganizationAlveolar OrganizationFigure 15-7(a)
Respiratory System OrganizationAlveolarOrganizationFigure 15-7(b)
Respiratory System OrganizationAnatomy of the AlveolusRespiratory membrane Simple squamous epithelium Capillary endothelium Shared basement membrane Septal cells Produce surfactant to reduce collapse Alveolar macrophages Engulf foreign particlesCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationAlveolarOrganizationFigure 15-7(c)
Respiratory System OrganizationAlveolarOrganizationFigure 15-7(d)
Respiratory System OrganizationLung Gross Anatomy Lungs comprise five lobes Separated by deep fissures three lobes on right, two on left Apex extends above first ribBase rests on diaphragmCovered by a serous visceral pleuraLie with pleural cavities Lined by a serous parietal pleuraCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System OrganizationThe Gross Anatomyof the LungsFigure 15-8
Respiratory System OrganizationAnatomical Relationshipsin the Thoracic CavityPLAYRespiratory MovieFigure 15-9
Respiratory PhysiologyThree Integrated Processes Pulmonary ventilation—Moving air into andout of the respiratory tract; breathing Gas exchange —Diffusion between alveoliand circulating blood, and between bloodand interstitial fluids Gas transport—Movement of oxygen fromalveoli to cells, and carbon dioxide fromcells to alveoliCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyPulmonary Ventilation Respiratory cycle—A single breathconsisting of inspiration (inhalation) andexpiration (exhalation) Respiratory rate—Number of cycles perminute Adult normal rate 12 to 18 breaths/minute Child normal rate 18 to 20 breaths/minute Alveolar ventilation—Movement of air intoand out of the alveoliCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyKey NoteThe direction of air flow is determinedby the relationship of atmosphericpressure and pressure inside therespiratory tract. Flow is always fromhigher to lower pressure.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyQuiet versus Forced Breathing Quiet breathing—Diaphragm and externalintercostals are involved. Expiration ispassive. Forced breathing—Accessory musclesbecome active during the entire breathingcycle. Expiration is active.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyPressure andVolumeRelationships inthe LungsFigure 15-10(a)
AT RESTINHALATIONEXHALATIONSternocleidomastoidScalene musclesPectoralis minorSerratus ctalabdominis(otherabdominalmusclesnot shown)DiaphragmPressure outside andinside are equal, so nomovement occursPo PiVolume increasesPressure inside falls,and air flows inPo PiCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsVolume decreasesPressure inside rises,so air flows outPo PiFigure 15-10(b)1 of 4
AT RESTPleuralspaceMediastinumDiaphragmPressure outside andinside are equal, so nomovement occursPo PiCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-10(b)2 of 4
AT RESTINHALATIONSternocleidomastoidScalene musclesPectoralis minorSerratus diastinumDiaphragmPressure outside andinside are equal, so nomovement occursPo PiVolume increasesPressure inside falls,and air flows inPo PiCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-10(b)3 of 4
AT RESTINHALATIONEXHALATIONSternocleidomastoidScalene musclesPectoralis minorSerratus ctalabdominis(otherabdominalmusclesnot shown)DiaphragmPressure outside andinside are equal, so nomovement occursPo PiVolume increasesPressure inside falls,and air flows inPo PiCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsVolume decreasesPressure inside rises,so air flows outPo PiFigure 15-10(b)4 of 4
Respiratory PhysiologyCapacities and Volumes Vital capacity—Tidal volume expiratoryreserve volume inspiratory volumeVC TV ERV IRV Residual volume—Volume of airremaining in the lung after a forcedexpirationCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyRespiratory Volumes and CapacitiesFigure 15-11
Respiratory PhysiologyGas Exchange External respiration—Diffusion of gasesbetween alveolar air and pulmonarycapillary blood across the respiratorymembrane Internal respiration—Diffusion of gasesbetween blood and interstitial fluidsacross the capillary endotheliumCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyAn Overview ofRespiration andRespiratoryProcessesPLAYRespiration: Gas ExchangeFigure 15-12
Respiratory Physiology
Respiratory PhysiologyGas Transport Arterial blood entering peripheralcapillaries delivers oxygen andremoves carbon dioxide Gas reactions with blood arecompletely reversible In general, a small change in plasmaPO2 causes a large change in howmuch oxygen is bound to hemoglobinCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyKey NoteHemoglobin binds most of the oxygenin the bloodstream. If the PO2 in plasmaincreases, hemoglobin binds moreoxygen; if PO2 decreases, hemoglobinreleases oxygen. At a given PO2hemoglobin will release additionaloxygen if the pH falls or thetemperature rises.PLAYRespiration: Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen ExchangeCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyCarbon Dioxide Transport Aerobic metabolism produces CO2 7% travels dissolved in plasma 23% travels bound to hemoglobin Called carbaminohemoglobin 70% is converted to H2CO3 in RBCs Catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase Dissociates to H and HCO3 HCO3- enters plasma from RBCCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory PhysiologyCarbon Dioxide Transport in the BloodFigure 15-13
Respiratory PhysiologyKey NoteCarbon dioxide (CO2) primarily travels inthe bloodstream as bicarbonate ions(HCO3-), which form through dissociationof the carbonic acid (H2CO3) produced bycarbonic anhydrase inside RBCs. Lesseramounts of CO2 are bound to hemoglobinor dissolved in plasma.PLAYRespiration: Pressure GradientsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillaryPlasmaCells inperipheraltissuesHbHb O2Hb 2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsO2 deliveryFigure 15-14(a)1 of 5
Red blood Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-14(a)2 of 5
Red blood cellPulmonarycapillaryPlasmaHbHb O2O2O2AlveolarairO2spaceO2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-14(a)3 of 5
Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillaryPlasmaHbHb O2Hb O2O2O2AlveolarairO2SystemiccapillaryspaceO2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsO2 deliveryFigure 15-14(a)4 of 5
Red blood cellsPulmonarycapillaryPlasmaCells inperipheraltissuesHbHb O2Hb 2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsO2 deliveryFigure 15-14(a)5 of 5
Cl–PulmonarycapillaryHCO3–HbH CO2CO2Hb H H2OCO2H2OHbHb CO2Cl–H2CO3H2CO3CO2H HCO3–ChlorideshiftHbH HCO3–HbHCO3–HbSystemiccapillaryCO2 deliveryCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCO2Hb CO2CO2 pickupFigure 15-14(b)1 of 7
CO2CO2SystemiccapillaryCO2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-14(b)2 of 7
H2CO3CO2H2OHbSystemiccapillaryCO2Hb CO2CO2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-14(b)3 of 7
HCO3–H HCO3–ChlorideshiftCl–HbH2CO3Hb H CO2H2OHbSystemiccapillaryCO2Hb CO2CO2 pickupCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-14(b)4 of 7
Cl–PulmonarycapillaryHCO3–HCO3–H HCO3–ChlorideshiftCl–HbH2CO3Hb H CO2H2OCO2HbHb CO2SystemiccapillaryCO2 deliveryCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCO2Hb CO2CO2 pickupFigure 15-14(b)5 of 7
Cl–PulmonarycapillaryHCO3–HbH CO2Cl–H2CO3H2CO3CO2H HCO3–Hb H H2OCO2H2OCO2HbHb CO2ChlorideshiftHbH HCO3–HbHCO3–SystemiccapillaryCO2 deliveryCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCO2Hb CO2CO2 pickupFigure 15-14(b)6 of 7
Cl–PulmonarycapillaryHCO3–HbH CO2CO2Hb H H2OCO2H2OHbHb CO2Cl–H2CO3H2CO3CO2H HCO3–ChlorideshiftHbH HCO3–HbHCO3–HbSystemiccapillaryCO2 deliveryCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCO2Hb CO2CO2 pickupFigure 15-14(b)7 of 7
The Control of RespirationMeeting the Changing Demand for Oxygen Requires integration cardiovascular andrespiratory responses Depends on both: Local control of respiration Control by brain respiratory centersCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Control of RespirationLocal Control of Respiration Arterioles supplying pulmonarycapillaries constrict when oxygen is low Bronchioles dilate when carbon dioxideis highCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Control of RespirationControl by Brain Respiratory Centers Respiratory centers in brainstem Three pairs of nuclei Two pairs in pons One pair in medulla oblongata Control respiratory muscles Set rate and depth of ventilation Respiratory rhythmicity center in medulla Sets basic rhythm of breathingCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Control of RespirationBasicRegulatoryPatterns ofRespirationFigure 15-15(a)
The Control of RespirationBasicRegulatoryPatterns ofRespirationFigure 15-15(b)
The Control of RespirationReflex Control of Respiration Inflation reflex Protects lungs from overexpansion Deflation reflex Stimulates inspiration when lungs collapse Chemoreceptor reflexes Respond to changes in pH, PO2, and PCO2in blood and CSFCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Control of RespirationControl by Higher Centers Exert effects on pons or onrespiratory motorneurons Voluntary actions Speech, singing Involuntary actions through the limbicsystem Rage, eating, sexual arousalCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Control of RespirationKey NoteInterplay between respiratory centersin the pons and medulla oblongatasets the basic pace of breathing, asmodified by input from chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and stretchreceptors. CO2 level, rather than O2level, is the main driver for breathing.Protective reflexes can interruptbreathing and conscious control ofrespiratory muscles can act as well.Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Control of RespirationThe Control ofRespirationFigure 15-16
Respiratory Changes at BirthConditions Before Birth Pulmonary arterial resistance is highRib cage is compressedLungs are collapsedAirways, alveoli are filled with fluidConditions After Birth An heroic breath fills lungs with air,displaces fluid, and opens alveoli Surfactant stabilizes open alveoliCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory System and AgingRespiratory System Loses Efficiency Elastic tissue deteriorates Lowers vital capacity Rib cage movement restricted Arthritic changes Costal cartilages loses flexibility Some emphysema usually appearsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Respiratory Systemin PerspectiveFIGURE 15-17Functional Relationships Betweenthe Respiratory System and Other SystemsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-171 of 11
The Integumentary System Protects portions of upperrespiratory tract; hairs guardentry to external naresCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-172 of 11
The Skeletal System Movements of ribs importantin breathing; axial skeletonsurrounds and protects lungsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-173 of 11
The Muscular System Muscular activity generatescarbon dioxide; respiratorymuscles fill and empty lungs;other muscles controlentrances to respiratory tract;intrinsic laryngeal musclescontrol airflow through larynxand produce soundsCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-174 of 11
The Nervous System Monitors respiratory volumeand blood gas levels; controlspace and depth of respirationCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-175 of 11
The Endocrine System Epinephrine andnorepinephrine stimulaterespiratory activity and dilaterespiratory passagewaysCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-176 of 11
The Cardiovascular System Red blood cells transportoxygen and carbon dioxidebetween lungs andperipheral tissues Bicarbonate ions contributeto buffering capability ofbloodCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-177 of 11
The Lymphatic System Tonsils protect againstinfection at entrance torespiratory tract; lymphaticvessels monitor lymphdrainage from lungs andmobilize specific defenseswhen infection occurs Alveolar phagocytes presentantigens to trigger specificdefenses; mucous membranelining the nasal cavity andupper pharynx trapspathogens, protects deepertissuesCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-178 of 11
The Digestive System Provides substrates,vitamins, water, and ions thatare necessary to all cells ofthe respiratory system Increased thoracic andabdominal pressure throughcontraction of respiratorymuscles can assist indefecationCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-179 of 11
The Urinary System Eliminates organic wastesgenerated by cells of therespiratory system;maintains normal fluid andion balance in the blood Assists in the regulation ofpH by eliminating carbondioxideCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-1710 of 11
The Reproductive System Changes in respiratory rateand depth occur duringsexual arousalCopyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 15-1711 of 11
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology,4th Edition Martini/Bartholomew . Respiratory Physiology An Overview of Respiration and Respiratory Processes Respiration: Gas Exchange Figure 15-12 PLAY. Respiratory Physiology. Respiratory Physiology
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Paediatric Anatomy Paediatric ENT Conditions Paediatric Hearing Tests and Screening. 1 Basic Sciences HEAD AND NECK ANATOMY 3 SECTION 1 ESSENTIAL REVISION NOTES medial pterygoid plate lateral pterygoid plate styloid process mastoid process foramen ovale foramen spinosum jugular foramen stylomastoid foramen foramen magnum carotid canal hypoglossal canal Fig. 1 The cranial fossa and nerves .
