Anatomy Study Guide Chapter 1 “The Human Body: An

NamePeriodDateAnatomy Study GuideChapter 1 – “The Human Body: An Orientation”Introduction to Human Anatomyis the study of the & of the body & its parts. It also involves thebetween those body parts. , on the other hand, is the study of thebody & its parts or . Physiology is really only explainable in terms of the. Special Note: It is possible to study anatomy & physiology .However, you must study in order to have a true of !Anatomy can be studied on different levels. anatomy involves the study ofstructures that are easily . Along the same lines, anatomy is theprocess of studying structures only in a particular . anatomyinvolves studying specific . By contrast, anatomy involvesthe study of very structures that can only be viewed with aid of a .Levels of Structural OrganizationHuman complexity is based on a simple organizational hierarchy. The smallest level of organization is thechemical level. The next level involves just studying . Cells are the smallest ofthings, and they are a combination of various & . Cells are highly& capable of complex with .are groups of similar that have common . There are four maincategories: 1) tissue body surfaces and cavities; 2)provides ; 3) tissue & body organs; &4) tissue provides , internal .are structures composed of at least different types that perform specific ,while organ are groups of working together to perform specific .Necessary Life FunctionsAll body cells are interdependent & must work cooperatively for the - of the body!1) Must have the ability to maintain keeping what’s &what’s .2) is also important. The ability to substances thebody is an important feature. So is the ability to the body from place to place.

3) is the ability to changes (internal & external) & .4) is required for the - & delivery of .5) activities are the used tosubstances into components and the of complexparts from smaller substances. Additionally, metabolism uses & inthe production of .6) is the elimination of created by reactions.7) involves the production of , and is a necessity for theproduction of of people.8) is required & is the result of an increase in & .Survival RequirementsLife is extremely , & we must have the following in order to survive:1) are chemicals used for energy & . They includethings like a) carbohydrates (a major source), b) (used for building& ), c) (for storage), d)& (required for ).2) is required for chemical reactions .( )3) .accounts for 60-80% of body . It provides the fluid base for all, , & .4) body temperature is required. If temps are too low, chemical reactions. If temps are too high, chemical reactions & proteins/enzymesare .5) Atmospheric must be appropriate which directly affects breathing rates & gasexchange rates.WARNING!! or of any or all of these requirements may be equally !!(i.e. is a requirement for life; however, amounts are actually to cells!!)Overview of HomeostasisOnly a few of our cells are in with the external environment. Most areinside our bodies and bathed in . The body cannot if theinternal environment from a of acceptable levels. Cells uselarge amounts of keeping this environment stable.

means “ ” and is the ability to maintain aenvironment despite in the environment. It implies a “ ” state while,in fact, the body is constantly to internal and external changes. Homeostasis is critical forbody . Homeostasis can be better described as .Changes are always occurring, but the net result is that the & parametersare kept within limits.Maintaining Homeostasiswithin the body is for homeostasis! systems areutilized to help maintain homeostasis. feedback systems the effects of achange in homeostasis. They work very much like a household and theof (or completely shut off) the original stimulus. Most homeostatic control systems in thebody work this way (body , rate, levels, etc.). The goal of negativefeedback systems is to prevent , within the body.feedback systems are much than negative feedback systems.They or the original stimulus and are only rarely used by the body. Thereare 2 common examples: 1) During childbirth, the baby passing through the cervix triggers the contractionsto ; and 2) the of after a cut or scrape.A homeostatic is a disturbance in homeostasis that results in . As youincrease in , you will be at greater risk of developing a homeostatic . This explainswhy the get sick more often their body control systems become .Organ System Overviewsystems consist of to perform a. The human body is composed of systems.Organ system1)2)Physiological Role (function)- forms external body- provides against internal injury- synthesizes- plays a role in .sweat/oil glands- provides body- of organs- attachment site for- site of blood cell- stores

3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)11)- skeleton- maintains- produces- moves substances through organs- physiological processes- / to the environment- directs- controls physiological processes:( , , )- nutrients, , hormones, & metabolic- carries & excess- invading microbes- involved in- provides area for- acquisition- carbon dioxide- supplies body with- provides materials for &- removes from bloodstream- removes- water & nutrients- production of & cells for reproduction- production of male & femaleAnatomical Position & the Language of AnatomyStandard anatomical position is used in anatomy because it provides a point. When inanatomical position, the body is with the slightly . The arefacing , while the are pointing .Special terminology is used to . Exact terms are used for ,, , & . They specifically explain where individual bodystructures are in to others.Orientation & Directional Terms1) – Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above2) – Away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body; below3) ( ) – Toward the front of the body; in front of4) ( ) – Toward the back of the body; behind5) – Toward the midline of the body; middle6) – Away from the midline of the body; side

7) – Toward the origin of the body part or the attachment point of a limb at the trunk8) – Away from the origin of the body part or the attachment point of a limb at the trunk9) – Toward the body surface; more external10) – Away from the body surface; more internalBody Landmarks

Body PlanesThe plane divides the body into & halves. Aplane divides the body into & halves. Aplane divides the body into & halves. If something is “cut”using a plane then it is divided into left & right halves.Body Cavities**Need to know ONLY the bold faced labels in the “Body Cavities diagram!!

The cavity is formed by the bones of the and contains the . Thecavity is formed by the bones of the spinal column & contains the .The cavity is the region between the neck & the diaphragm & contains the &. The cavity is the area between the diaphragm & the pelvis & contains the, spleen, , , & the stomach. The cavity is enclosedwithin the pelvis & contains the urinary , sigmoid colon, , ovaries, & .Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavities: membranes are thin, -layeredmembranes found surrounding the . One layer is called theserosa and is the part of the double-layered membrane that lines the .The other layer is the serosa and is the part of the double-layered membrane that covers thein the cavity. Additionally, there is fluid which forms a thin,layer the membranes. This allows the membranes to reduce between theorgans & the surrounding tissues.The membranes are named for the & the with which they are associated. Forexample, the parietal is the membrane that lines the body cavity surrounding the ,& the visceral is the membrane that covers the . Also, theparietal is the membrane that lines the body cavity surrounding the , while thevisceral is the membrane that covers the .Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Regions

Chapter 1 – “The Human Body: An Orientation” Introduction to Human Anatomy _ is the study of the _ & _ of the body & its parts. It also involves the . The human body is composed of _ systems. Organ system Physiological Role (function) 1)