Personality (1).ppt
3/17/2015PersonalityAn individual’s characteristic pattern ofthinking, feeling, and acting.Each dwarf has a distinct personality.Psychoanalytic PerspectiveSigmund Freud(1856‐1939)Exploring the UnconsciousA reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostlyunacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, andmemories. Freud asked patients to say whatevercame to their minds (free association) in order totap the unconscious.Freud’s clinicalexperience led him todevelop the firstcomprehensive theoryof personality, whichincluded theunconscious mind,psychosexual stages,and defensemechanisms.Culver PicturesCulver PicturesIn his clinical practice,Freud encounteredpatients suffering fromnervous disorders.Their complaintscould not be explainedin terms of purelyphysical causes.Psychodynamic PerspectiveSigmund Freud(1856‐1939)Dream AnalysisAnother method to analyze the unconsciousmind is through interpreting manifest andlatent contents of dreams.http://www.english.upenn.eduThe Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)1
3/17/2015PsychoanalysisThe process of freeassociation (chain ofthoughts) leads topainful, embarrassingunconscious memories.Once these memoriesare retrieved andreleased (treatment:psychoanalysis) thepatient feels better.Model of MindThe mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden,and below the surface lies the unconsciousmind. The preconscious stores temporarymemories.Personality StructurePersonality develops as a result of our efforts toresolve conflicts between our biological impulses(id) and social restraints (superego).Fig. 12-2, p. 473Id, Ego and SuperegoThe Id unconsciously strives to satisfy basicsexual and aggressive drives, operating on thepleasure principle, demanding immediategratification.The ego functions as the “executive” andmediates the demands of the id and superego.Personality DevelopmentFreud believed that personality formed duringthe first few years of life divided intopsychosexual stages. During these stages the id’spleasure‐seeking energies focus on pleasuresensitive body areas called erogenous zones.The superego provides standards for judgment(the conscience) and for future aspirations.2
3/17/2015Psychosexual StagesFreud divided the development of personalityinto five psychosexual stages.Table 12-2, p. 477Oedipus ComplexChildren cope withthreatening feelings byrepressing them andby identifying with therival parent. Throughthis process ofidentification, theirsuperego gainsstrength thatincorporates theirparents’ values.Defense MechanismsDefense MechanismsThe ego’s protective methods of reducinganxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.1. Repression banishes anxiety‐arousingthoughts, feelings, and memories fromconsciousness.3. Reaction Formation causes the ego tounconsciously switch unacceptableimpulses into their opposites. People mayexpress feelings of purity when they may besuffering anxiety from unconscious feelingsabout sex.2. Regression leads an individual faced withanxiety to retreat to a more infantilepsychosexual stage.4. Projection leads people to disguise their ownthreatening impulses by attributing them toothers.From the K. Vandervelde private collectionA boy’s sexual desire for his mother andfeelings of jealousy and hatred for the rivalfather. A girl’s desire for her father is called theElectra complex.Identification3
3/17/2015Defense Mechanisms5. Rationalization offers self‐justifyingexplanations in place of the real, morethreatening, unconscious reasons for one’sactions.6. Displacement shifts sexual or aggressiveimpulses toward a more acceptable or lessthreatening object or person, redirectinganger toward a safer outlet.Table 12-1, p. 475The Neo‐FreudiansNational Library of MedicineLike Freud, Adlerbelieved in childhoodtensions. However, thesetensions were social innature and not sexual. Achild struggles with aninferiority complex duringgrowth and strives forsuperiority and power.Alfred Adler (1870‐1937)Fig. 12-3, p. 475The Neo‐FreudiansKaren Horney (1885‐1952)Jung believed in thecollective unconscious,which contained acommon reservoir ofimages derived from ourspecies’ past. This is whymany cultures sharecertain myths and imagessuch as the mother beinga symbol of nurturance.Archive of the History of American Psychology/ University of AkronThe Bettmann Archive/ CorbisLike Adler, Horneybelieved in the socialaspects of childhoodgrowth anddevelopment. Shecountered Freud’sassumption thatwomen have weaksuperegos and sufferfrom “penis envy.”The Neo‐FreudiansCarl Jung (1875‐1961)4
3/17/2015Assessing Unconscious ProcessesEvaluating personality from an unconsciousmind’s perspective would require apsychological instrument (projective tests) thatwould reveal the hidden unconscious mind.Rorschach Inkblot TestThe most widely used projective test uses a setof 10 inkblots and was designed by HermannRorschach. It seeks to identify people’s innerfeelings by analyzing their interpretations of theblots.Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.Card 1:Card 3:Most Popular Responses: Bat (53%), Butterfly (39%)Most Popular Response: Two HumansWhen seeing card I, subjects often inquire on howthey should proceed, and questions on what theyare allowed to do with the card (e.g. turning it) arenot very significant. Being the first card, it canprovide clues about how subjects tackle a new andstressful task. It is not, however, a card that isusually difficult for the subject to handle, havingreadily available popular responses.Card III is typically perceived to contain twohumans involved in some interaction, andmay provide information about how thesubject relates with other people(specifically, response latency may revealstruggling social interactions).Card 4:Most Popular Responses: Animal hide, skin, rugDeveloped by Henry Murray, the TAT is aprojective test in which people express their innerfeelings and interests through the stories they makeup about ambiguous scenes.Lew Merrim/ Photo Researcher, Inc.Card IV is notable for its dark color and its shading(posing difficulties for depressed subjects), and isgenerally perceived as a big and sometimesthreatening figure; compounded with the commonimpression of the subject being in an inferior position("looking up") to it, this serves to elicit a sense ofauthority. The human or animal content seen in thecard is almost invariably classified as male rather thanfemale, and the qualities expressed by the subject mayindicate attitudes toward men and authority.Thematic Apperception Test(TAT)5
3/17/2015Projective Tests: CriticismsCritics argue that projective tests lack bothreliability (consistency of results) and validity(predicting what it is supposed to).Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspectiveModern Research1. Personality develops throughout life and isnot fixed in childhood.1. When evaluating the same patient, eventrained raters come up with differentinterpretations (reliability).2. Freud underemphasized peer influence onthe individual, which may be as powerfulas parental influence.2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normalindividual as pathological (validity).3. Gender identity may develop before 5‐6years of age.Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspectiveEvaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspectiveModern ResearchFreudʹs psychoanalytic theory rests on therepression of painful experiences into theunconscious mind.4. There may be other reasons for dreamsbesides wish fulfillment.5. Verbal slips can be explained on the basis ofcognitive processing of verbal choices.6. Suppressed sexuality leads to psychologicaldisorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased,but psychological disorders have not.The Modern Unconscious MindModern research shows the existence of non‐conscious information processing. This involves:1.schemas that automatically control perceptions andinterpretations2.the right‐hemisphere activity that enables the split‐brain patient’s left hand to carry out an instruction thepatient cannot verbalize3.parallel processing during vision and thinking4.implicit memories5.emotions that activate instantly without consciousness6.self‐concept and stereotypes that unconsciouslyinfluence usThe majority of children, death camp survivors,and battle‐scarred veterans are unable torepress painful experiences into theirunconscious mind.Evaluating the PsychoanalyticPerspectiveThe scientific merits of Freud’s theory havebeen criticized. Psychoanalysis is meagerlytestable. Most of its concepts arise out of clinicalpractice, which are the after‐the‐factexplanation.6
3/17/2015Humanistic PerspectiveSelf‐Actualizing PersonBy the 1960s, psychologists became discontentwith Freud’s negativity and the mechanisticpsychology of the behaviorists.Maslow proposed that we as individuals aremotivated by a hierarchy of needs. Beginningwith physiological needs, we try to reach thestate of self‐actualization—fulfilling ourpotential.Carl Rogers(1902‐1987)Fig. 12-11, p. 489Person‐Centered PerspectiveCarl Rogers also believed in an individualʹs self‐actualization tendencies. He said thatUnconditional Positive Regard is an attitude ofacceptance of others despite their failings.http://www.ship.eduTed Polumbaum/ Time Pix/ Getty Imageshttp://www.ship.eduAbraham Maslow(1908‐1970)Fig. 12-12, p. 490Assessing the SelfIn an effort to assess personality, Rogers askedpeople to describe themselves as they would liketo be (ideal) and as they actually are (real). If thetwo descriptions were close the individual had apositive self‐concept.All of our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in ananswer to the question, “Who am I?” refers to Self‐Concept.7
3/17/2015Evaluating the HumanisticPerspectiveHumanistic psychology has a pervasiveimpact on counseling, education, child‐rearing, and management with itsemphasis on a positive self‐concept,empathy, and the thought that people arebasically good and can improve.The Trait PerspectiveAn individual’s unique constellation of durabledispositions and consistent ways of behaving(traits) constitutes his or her personality.Examples of TraitsHonestDependableMoodyImpulsiveFactor AnalysisHans and Sybil Eysenck suggested thatpersonality could be reduced down to twopolar dimensions, extraversion‐introversion andemotional stability‐instability.Evaluating the HumanisticPerspectiveCriticisms1.Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague andsubjective and lack scientific basis.2.The individualism encouraged can lead to self‐indulgence, selfishness, and an erosion of moralrestraints.3.Humanistic psychology fails to appreciate thereality of our human capacity for evil. It lacksadequate balance between realistic optimism anddespair.Exploring TraitsEach personality is uniquely made up ofmultiple traits.Allport & Odbert (1936), identified almost18,000 words representing traits.One way to condense the immense list ofpersonality traits is through factor analysis, astatistical approach used to describe and relatepersonality traits.Biology and PersonalityPersonality dimensions are influenced by genes.1. Brain‐imaging procedures show that extravertsseek stimulation because their normal brainarousal is relatively low.2. Genes also influence our temperament andbehavioral style. Differences in children’s shynessand inhibition may be attributed to autonomicnervous system reactivity.8
3/17/2015Assessing TraitsMMPIPersonality inventories are questionnaires (oftenwith true‐false or agree‐disagree items)designed to gauge a wide range of feelings andbehaviors assessing several traits at once.The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) is the most widely researched andclinically used of all personality tests. It wasoriginally developed to identify emotionaldisorders.The MMPI was developed by empiricallytesting a pool of items and then selecting thosethat discriminated between diagnostic groups.MMPI Test ProfileThe Big Five FactorsToday’s trait researchers believe that earlier traitdimensions, such as Eysencks’ personality dimensions,fail to tell the whole story. So, an expanded range (fivefactors) of traits does a better job of smOpennessExtraversionEndpointsFig. 12-1, p. 4719
3/17/2015Questions about the Big Five1. How stable are these traits?Quite stable in adulthood.However, they change overdevelopment.2. How heritable are they?Fifty percent or so for eachtrait.3. How about other cultures?These traits are common acrosscultures.Evaluating the Trait PerspectiveThe Person‐Situation ControversyWalter Mischel (1968, 1984, 2004) points out thattraits may be enduring, but the resultingbehavior in various situations is different.Therefore, traits are not good predictors ofbehavior.The Person‐Situation ControversyThe Person‐Situation ControversyTrait theorists argue that behaviors from asituation may be different, but average behaviorremains the same. Therefore, traits matter.Traits are socially significant and influence ourhealth, thinking, and performance(Gosling et al., 2000).John Langford PhotographySamuel GoslingConsistency of Expressive StyleExpressive styles in speaking and gesturesdemonstrate trait consistency.Observers are able to judge people’s behaviorand feelings in as little as 30 seconds and in oneparticular case as little as 2 seconds.Social‐Cognitive PerspectiveBandura (1986, 2001,2005) believes thatpersonality is theresult of an interactionthat takes placebetween a person andtheir social context.Albert Bandura10
3/17/2015Individuals & EnvironmentsSpecific ways in which individuals andenvironments interactDifferent people choosedifferent environments.The school you attend and themusic you listen to are partlybased on your dispositions.Our personalities shape howwe react to events.Anxious people react tosituations differently thanrelaxed people.Our personalities shapesituations.How we view and treat peopleinfluences how they treat us.BehaviorBehavior emerges from an interplay of externaland internal influences.Personal ControlLearned HelplessnessSocial‐cognitive psychologists emphasize oursense of personal control, whether we control theenvironment or the environment controls us.When unable to avoid repeated adverse eventsan animal or human learns helplessness.External locus of control refers to the perception thatchance or outside forces beyond our personalcontrol determine our fate.Internal locus of control refers to the perceptionthat we can control our own fate.Optimism vs. PessimismAn optimistic or pessimistic attributional style isyour way of explaining positive or negativeevents.Positive Psychology and HumanisticPsychologyPositive psychology, such as humanisticpsychology, attempts to foster humanfulfillment. Positive psychology, in addition,seeks positive subjective well‐being, positivecharacter, and positive social groups.Courtesy of Martin E.P. Seligman, PhD Director,Positive Psychology Center/ University of PennsylvaniaPositive psychology aims to discover andpromote conditions that enable individuals andcommunities to thrive.Martin Seligman11
3/17/2015Evaluating the Social‐CognitivePerspectiveAssessing Behavior in SituationsSocial‐cognitive psychologists observe people inrealistic and simulated situations because theyfind that it is the best way to predict the behaviorof others in similar situations.The social‐cognitive perspective on personalitysensitizes researchers to the effects of situations onand by individuals. It builds on learning andcognition research.Critics say that social‐cognitive psychologists paya lot of attention to the situation and pay lessattention to the individual, his unconscious mind,his emotions, and his genetics.1.2.Exploring the SelfBenefits of Self‐EsteemResearch on the self has a long history because theself organizes thinking, feelings, and actions and is acritical part of our personality.Maslow and Rogers argued that a successfullife results from a healthy self‐image (self‐esteem). The following are two reasons whylow self‐esteem results in personal problems.Research focuses on the different selves wepossess. Some we dream and others we dread.Research studies how we overestimate ourconcern that others evaluate our appearance,performance, and blunders (spotlight effect).Culture & Self‐Esteem1.2.When self‐esteem is deflated, we viewourselves and others critically.Low self‐esteem reflects reality, our failure inmeeting challenges, or surmountingdifficulties.Self‐Serving BiasWe accept responsibility for good deeds and successesmore than for bad deeds and failures. Defensive self‐esteem is fragile and egotistic whereas secure self‐esteem isless fragile and less dependent on external evaluation.Self‐handicapping is how many protect their self‐imageby creating a ready excuse for failure. We protect ourself‐image by attributing our failure to external factorsrather than to ourselves, creating a no‐lose situation forour self‐esteem. .People maintain their self‐esteem even with a low statusby valuing things they achieve and comparingthemselves to people with similar positions.12
Like Freud, Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex during growth and strives for superiority and power. Alfred Adler (1870‐1937) National Library of Medicine The Neo‐Freudians Like Adler, Horney
to other personality disorders such as antisocial personality disorder. Ogloff (2005) distinguishes psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder due to the emphasis on affective and personality rather than mostly behavioral elements of antisocial personality disorder. Besides antisocial personality disorder, there are other DSM-IV personality
Understanding The Supporter Personality Chapter 5: Understanding The Promoting/Supporter Personality Chapter 6: Understanding The Promoter/Controller Personality Chapter 7: Understanding The Controller/Analyzer Personality Chapter 8 : Understanding The Analyzer/Supporter Personality Chapter 9: Understanding The Centric Personality Wrapping Up
personality and a archetype. Part of personality: The shadow is the dark side of your personality that contains the animal (and sexual) instincts. It is the opposite of the Persona (mask) and is the part of personality that is repressed from the ego ideal. As archetype: The importance of the
One of the most popular personality tests is the True Colors Personality Test. This personality test asks a serious of questions to rate your likes and dislikes. The test will then rate your personality as either a blue, green, orange or gold personality type. You may be a combination
the light of sound theoretical systems of personality. 3. To acquaint the students with the applications of personality theories in different walks of life. Unit Contents No. of Lectures Unit-I INTRODUCTION TO PERSONALITY 1.1.Definitions and nature of personality 1.2.Characteristics of good personality theory and Evaluation of personality theory
The WPS personality assessment test measures twenty personality dimensions covering the Big Five personality factors. The questionnaire also provides a measure of the General Factor of Personality (GFP). Figure 1 illustrates the WPS concept model, and Figure 2 shows the twenty facets of personality that the test measures. Table 1 provides summary
Paranoid Personality Disorder Paranoid personality disorder - A personality disorder characterized by undue suspiciousness of others' motives, but not to the point of delusion. People who have paranoid personality disorder tend to be overly sensitive to criticism, whether real or imagined. Clinicians need to weigh cultural and sociopolitical
Personality Inventory was used. Data analyses were performed in two major stages. First, factor analysis of health-relevant personality instruments was conducted. The results of these analyses indicated that . fundamental domains of personality derived from basic personality research (Digman, 1990). METHOD Subjects
