Development Of A Mobile GIS Property Mapping Application .
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 8, No. 10, 2017Development of a Mobile GIS Property MappingApplication using Mobile Cloud ComputingVictor NeeneMonde KabembaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of ZambiaLusaka, ZambiaDepartment of Computer ScienceUniversity of ZambiaLusaka, ZambiaAbstract—This study presents the development of a mobileGIS Property mapping application for use by local authorities indeveloping countries. Attempts to develop property mappingapplications especially in developing countries have mostly usedGIS desktop productivity software tools that required thedigitization of property maps by highly skilled GIS experts. Inaddition, these applications lacked real time capture of attribute,spatial and image data of properties. A survey was conducted inthe Kafue local authority to gather systems requirements for themobile application. After design and modeling, the developedapplication was trialed in the field and 10 properties weremapped successfully. The software tools used in this studyincluded Android Studio, Leaflet mapping library, Apache2 treetMaps and MapBox mobile cloud computing mappingservices. The hardware tools used included a laptop computerand a mobile phone running android operating system. The studyshowed that mobile property mapping applications can bedeveloped by tapping into the computing resources provided bymobile cloud computing. The benefits of this model include realtime complete property data capture and the use of non GISexperts in mapping projects.Keywords—Leaflet; MapBox;OpenstreetMaps; property mappingI.mobilecloudcomputing;INTRODUCTIONProperty mapping is very important because localauthorities generate revenue from properties. The revenue thatis generated is utilized on the provision of basic services,infrastructure development and maintenance of infrastructurewithin the jurisdiction of the local authority. Despite thebenefits that would accrue to local authorities through thecollection of property taxes, it still only makes a smallcontribution of 0.5 percent to the GDP in Sub-Saharan Africacompared to a contribution of 2 percent in the developedworld [1]. The small contribution to the GDP in Sub-SaharanAfrica is attributed to paper based property databases thatlocal authorities maintain. These databases do notsubstantially help in the process of identification of propertiesbecause they do not have the required geographicalinformation on the properties that are physically on the ground[2]. The property databases also in most cases do not havestreet names of the residential areas. This has resulted in thefailure by the local Authorities to locate the properties forpurposes of bill delivery either physically or through thepublic postal office system. In addition, follow-ups toresidents that have defaulted on tax payments have proved tobe a very daunting task [3]. The other challenge pertains to theupdate of the maps that show the geographical locations of theproperties that are captured in the property databases. Thisproblem has been exacerbated by the high number ofproperties that are being developed [4].In this study, we develop a field based mobile GISproperty mapping application to help the local authoritiesovercome challenges of property identification and capture.We begin by first reviewing the literature on the existingtechnologies and the related applications that have beendeveloped. We then proceed to discuss the materials andmethodology used in the study after which we describe howthe application works. A discussion on the design andmodeling then follows. We then compare our application withrelated applications before we discuss the work and thenconclude.II. LITERATURE REVIEWA. Mobile Cloud ComputingApplications developed for mobile devices areincreasingly becoming abundant because mobile computinghas provided tools to users for utilization wherever they areand whenever they want to use them irrespective of theirgeographical position [5]. Examples of applications that haveemerged include m-commerce, m-learning, m-healthcare, mtravelling and m-GIS applications [6]. This mobility hascreated a resource constraint for mobile devices because theywere designed with limited computing, storage and energyresources [7]. The solution to this problem has been providedby mobile cloud computing technology which is anamalgamation of mobile computing and cloud computing.Cloud computing depends on the sharing of network resourcesto attain a high availability of computing resources and ithelps in reducing management and economic costs. It isfacilitated by hardware virtualization technology, parallelcomputing, distributed computing and web services [8].Applications are delivered as services on the internet and areprovided by shared hardware and software systems in verylarge data centers. This model ensures that computingresources are offloaded from the mobile device and are in turnprovided as pay as you go and on demand services [5].B. Leaflet, GeoJSON and OpenStreetMapsThe Leaflet mapping Library and GeoJSON objects aresome of the tools that can be used to build mobile GIS CloudComputing applications. The Leaflet Mapping Library is an57 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 8, No. 10, 2017opensource JavaScript Mapping Library that is used formobile friendly interactive maps. It has a very smallJavaScript code footprint of only 38Kb and it has most of themapping features that developers require for use in theirmobile mapping application projects. It works on almost allthe existing desktop and mobile platforms and it is scalablethrough the use of plugins. It is also used for rendering vectorand raster maps such as OpenStreetMaps and MapBoxrespectively [9]. GeoJSON objects are geographical dataformats coded in JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) that areused for encoding different geographic data structures. Thegeographic structures include point, polygon, ].OpenStreetMaps are free vector maps that are beingconstructed by mapping volunteers around the globe. TheOpenstreetMap (OSM) project was started becausegeographical data is not provided for free in many parts of theworld. The affordable GPS units embedded in mobile deviceshave facilitated the voluntary creation of free vector maps bymapping volunteers around the world [11]. OSM is sometimesreferred to as the Wikipedia of maps because the projectfacilities distributed work around a common product (maps).Its database contains geographic data for many parts of theworld. Its website has a set of software tools that enablesregistered users to contribute to, download, or otherwiseinteract with the spatial database [12]. The most commonmethod used to record spatial data is through a GPS receiverand the spatial data is later edited using the freely availableeditors. Additional information about the collected spatial datais added by supplying attribute data and storing the final dataset in the OSM database [13].C. Related WorksIn the USA, Rutgers University developed an offlinevacant property mapping application that used a smartphonerunning ArcGIS collector as the front end and ArcGIS desktopas the backend. The backend and the frontend were linkedusing ArcGIS online (AGOL) that provided the map data.Primary attribute and spatial data was collected offline andlater synchronized because of budget limitations [14]. InGhana, Martey and Tagoe developed a GIS based PropertyInformation System (GPTIS). GPTIS was developed to help inthe administration of Property Tax through the use of a digitalMap that showed the properties in the Municipality. It wasdeveloped for Tarkwa Nsuaem Municipal Assembly (TNMA).GPTIS was programmed using the .NET developmentframework and Visual Basic was used as the programmingLanguage. The Map Object Library developed by theEnvironmental Systems Research Institute Inc(ESRI) wasused to provide Mapping functions. MapBox Earth API’swere also used. The Backend for data storage used shape datafiles, image files and Microsoft Access Database. GPTISinterface allowed users to perform spatial and non-spatialqueries, update of newly registered properties, update andprocessing of property attribute data. Spatial data wasobtained by digitizing the Map of the study area and GISsoftware was used to geo-reference the Map. Non SpatialAttribute Data was entered through the user interface. GPTISwas designed as a standalone application with limited remoteaccess features [15].In Nigeria Oluwadare and Ojo used GIS in Olorunda LocalGovernment Authority to determine the geographical locationof each property with the associated property attribute data tohelp in the effective collection of tenement rates (propertytaxes). Spatial data was collected using a GPS receiver deviceon 85 parcels of land in Orolanda Local GovernmentAuthority. Satellite imagery of the area was downloaded fromMapBox Earth software application. The Satellite image wasthen digitized into vector Maps using Corel Draw 11 andILWIS 3.0 environment for georeferencing softwareapplications. The final digitized map layers were thenexported to ArcView 3.2a software. Property attribute dataand GPS co-ordinates were input in a Microsoft AccessDatabase and then linked with ArcView GIS. The GPS datasethelped in determining the shape and size of the property landparcels [16]. In Oluyole local Government Area of Oyo stateNigeria, a land information system was developed to mapproperties. Spatial data was acquired through the digitizationand geo-referencing of the hard copy layout plan of the area.Attribute data was obtained through a social survey on theground. ArcGIS desktop GIS were used both as a front endand a backend [17].In Sri Lanka, an Integrated Geographical Buffering System(IGBS) was developed by for use to value land parcels for thepurposes of property Taxation in the Gampola region inKandy District in the Central Province of Sri Lanka. A highresolution satellite image of the area was digitised usingArcView GIS Version 3.1. A hand held GPS Receiver Device(Geo Explora XT) was used to assign co-ordinates on theimage of the location of interest. IGBS features includedacquisition, storage and retrieval of valuation and taxationinformation about the land, compilation of complete taxrecords, graphical display of spatial data, analysis andprocessing of meaningful land valuation [18]. In Mexico,Bently federated GIS developed the Cancun FederatedGeospatial Information System so that Property TaxCollection Revenues could be increased. Ariel Photographywas used to capture the Image of Cancun Municipality.Mobile hand held GPS devices where used to capture GeoCoordinates, property attribute data and images of theproperty. The property spatial and attribute data wassubsequently integrated into a single map desktop GIS. TheGIS system allowed the update of property information,discovery of properties with new development, entering,recording and production of property tax records. The GISdatabase was centralized and was accessible by otherdepartments within Cancun Municipality [19]. In China, aService Oriented GIS based Web Application was developedby Yang et al. to provide information on land and thecorresponding prices in Feng County in the Jiangsu Provinceof the People’s Republic of China. The Latest city maps ofFeng County were digitized using ArcGIS and later uploadedto a Server. SQL Server 2008 was used as the main RelationalDatabase Management Systems and ArcSDE and ADO.NETwere used as communication tools between the business logictier and data tier. This was done to facilitate management ofspatial and attribute data in SQL Server 2008. ArcGIS serverwas used to display, query and analyze land prices. Thefeatures of the GIS based Web Application included, mapframe for viewing of spatial land price Information, Zoom58 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 8, No. 10, 2017in/out, map printing, document download, upload of new datasets of spatial and attribute data [20].III. MATERIALSThe materials used in this study included hardware andsoftware tools. The hardware included an Asus LaptopComputer and a Huawei G630 mobile phone. The softwareTABLE I.Hardwareincluded Android Studio 1.3.2, PostgresSQL version 9.3 withPostGIS extensions, Apache2 version 2.4.7, the LeafletMapping Library version 0.7.7, jquery and OpenStreetMapsand MapBox mobile cloud computing services. Table 1 givesthe specifications of the hardware tools that were used in thestudy.HARDWARE TOOLS SPECIFICATIONSSpecificationsAsus Laptop 1TB HDD5th gen Intel Core i5 processor 2.2 GHz with Burst Frequency up to 2.7 GHz8GB of RAM clocked at 1,600MHz2GB Nvidia GeForce 920M366 x 768 pixel resolution64 bit Operating SystemHuawei G630 Mobile Phone GSM/HSPA Network720 x 1280 pixels ( 294 ppi pixel density)Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A74 GB, 1 GB RAMCamera - Geo-tagging,8 MP Back , 1 MP front, autofocus, LED flashGPS with A-GPSAndroid 4.3microSD, up to 32 GB (dedicated slot)IV. METHODOLOGYThe study used the agile software developmentmethodology. The mobile application system requirements forthe study were formulated from the survey that was conductedat Kafue local authority and from secondary sources in theliterature. The survey used questionnaires and interviews toinform the design of the mobile mapping application. Beforethe property mapping commenced, the trial mapping area wasmapped by using the embedded GPS unit of the mobile phoneand OpenStreetMap mapping tools to include roads and pointsof interest. More than five days later, the changes becomevisible on the global OpenStreetMap vector maps. Themapping of roads facilitated the smooth mapping of propertyland parcels. The developed mobile application was trialed inthe Parkview Estates of Kafue local authority. The attribute,spatial and image data was captured in real time on the groundfrom residents after consent was obtained to have theirproperties mapped. The property data was stored on the laptopcomputer. Ten properties were successfully mapped. Spatialdata was obtained using a combination of MapBox rastermaps and the Mobile Device's GPS unit in conjunction withOpenStreetMaps vector maps from the mobile cloudcomputing services. The mobile device's Internet speed andthe saving of the property attribute, spatial and image data onthe laptop using the phone’s WIFI (802.11 b/g/n) did notmanifest any adverse latency during the mapping sessions.The latency was less than 100 milliseconds (0.10 seconds) onaverage.details. The second task involves the capture of spatial dataand property image data.A. How to Capture Attribute DataProperty attribute data capture is carried out in three stagesusing three different screens. The first screen that is used isshown in Fig. 1. This screen captures details that pertain to theproperty owner. Validation checks are performed to ensurethat data is entered correctly and that all mandatory fields arenot left blank. When the create button is clicked the propertyowner record is saved in the PostgresSQL database and aunique owner identity number is generated.V. OPERATION AND USE OF THE MOBILE GIS PROPERTYMAPPING APPLICATIONThis section describes how the implemented mobile GISapplication is operated and used. The first task in the propertymapping process involves the capture of the property attributedata which includes the capture of owner, land and propertyFig. 1. Property owner details capture screen.59 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 8, No. 10, 2017Fig. 2 shows the screen that is used to capture landattribute data. When a valid Owner Identity Number is enteredand focus moves to the next field, property owner names andnational registration card number (NRC) are retrieved. Therest of the fields from the land use type to ward require theuser to fill them manually. As data is entered in the fields,appropriate validation and mandatory checks are done. Whenthe create button is clicked, the land record is created and aunique land identity number is generated.B. How to Capture Spatial and Image DataFig. 4 and 5 shows the first and second tabs of the propertymapping screens, respectively. The first tab is used to retrieveowner property details as shown. The second tab is used toselect the property mapping mode and also to capture imagesof the property.Fig. 3 shows the property details screen that is used tocapture property (building) attribute data. When a valid owneridentity number is entered in the owner id field, details fromthe owner record and from the associated land record areretrieved. Property Descriptions, year constructed and buildinguse data fields are entered manually by the user. As the datafields are filled, validation and mandatory field checks aredone.Fig. 4. First tab.Fig. 2. Land details capture screen.Fig. 3. Property details capture screen.Fig. 5. Second tab.60 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 8, No. 10, 2017Fig. 6 shows the MapBox satellite image of the propertymapping area when the Map Using Satellite Map option isselected. The mapper zooms in on the property using the ( )zoom icon. When the property is located, the mapper uses theline tool bar to draw the land parcel as shown. When theFinish menu item is clicked, the GPS coordinates representedby the white squares are then saved to the database and anappropriate message is displayed.Fig. 7 shows the screen for the Map Using GPS option.The GPS Blue Marker, shown is displayed for ten seconds. Asthe mapper moves around, the marker also moves. When theapproximate visual position of the GPS marker is on anapproximate beacon location as guided by the underlyingOpenStreetMap roads, a white square is placed on top of themarker to capture the GPS coordinates. This process isrepeated for all the beacons. When the finish menu item isclicked, the GPS coordinates represented by the white squaresare then saved to the database and an appropriate message isdisplayed.Fig. 6. Mapping using the MapBox Satellite Image.The take picture function invokes the mobile devicecamera to enable the mapper take pictures of the property. Apicture is transmitted to the webserver for storage immediatelyit is taken. The application allows the mapper to take as manypictures as possible.C. How to View Mapped PropertiesFig. 8 and 9 shows the list of properties and an overviewof land parcels respectively when captured during the propertymapping Exercise.Fig. 10 shows the Mapped Land Parcels and the Picturesof the Property when mapped. When the Land parcel is tappedon the map, details of the property are displayed as shown.Clicking on the view photos of the property link displays thepictures of the property that are captured during a mappingexercise as shown in Fig. 11.Fig. 7. Mapping using device GPS.Fig. 8. Viewing mapped properties report.61 P a g ewww.ijacsa.thesai.org
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,Vol. 8, No. 10, 2017Fig. 9. Viewing mapped land parcels.VI. APPLICATION MODELLINGThis section presents the results of the final applicationmodeling that was achieved after the several requirementsformulation iterations.Fig. 10. Tapping mapped land parcels.A. Entity Relationship Diagram(ERD)Fig. 12 shows the ERD of the application. Thedevelopment of the ERD first started by identifying theentities from the business rules. There after the relationshipsbetween the entities were identified and the multiplicities andparticipation were also identified appropriately. There afterprimary and foreign keys for each entity were also identified.This was followed by the identification of other attributes foreach enti
time complete property data capture and the use of non GIS experts in mapping projects. Keywords—Leaflet; MapBox; mobile cloud computing; OpenstreetMaps; property mapping I. INTRODUCTION Property mapping is very important because local authorities generate revenue from properties. The revenue that is generated is utilized on the provision of basic services, infrastructure development and .
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