From: Postharvest Management Of Fruit And Vegetables In The Asia .
From:Postharvest Management of Fruitand Vegetables in the Asia-PacificRegion APO 2006, ISBN: 92-833-7051-1Reports of the APO seminar on Reduction ofPostharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetablesheld in India, 5–11 October 2004andMarketing and Food Safety: Challenges inPostharvest Management of Agricultural/Horticultural Products in Islamic Republic of Iran,23–28 July 2005Published by Asian Productivity Organization1-2-10 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0093, JapanTel: (81-3) 5226 3920 Fax: (81-3) 5226 3950E-mail: apo@apo-tokyo.org URL: www.apo-tokyo.organdFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsAgricultural and Food Engineering Technologies ServiceViale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, ItalyTel: (390) 657056872 Fax: (390) 657054960Disclaimer and Permission to UseThis document is a part of the above-titled publication, and is provided in PDFformat for educational use. It may be copied and reproduced for personal use only.For all other purposes, the APO's permission must first be obtained.The responsibility for opinions and factual matter as expressed in this documentrests solely with its author(s), and its publication does not constitute anendorsement by the APO of any such expressed opinion, nor is it affirmation of theaccuracy of information herein provided.Bound editions of the entire publication may be available for limited purchase.Order forms may be downloaded from the APO's web site.
Reports of the APO seminar on Reduction of Postharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetablesheld in India, 5–11 October 2004 and Marketing and Food Safety: Challenges in PostharvestManagement of Agricultural/Horticultural Products in Islamic Republic of Iran, 23–28 July2005.This volume was edited by Dr. Rosa S. Rolle, Rome, Italy.The opinions expressed in this publication do not reflect the official view of the APO. Forreproduction of the contents in part or in full, the APO’s prior permission is required. Asian Productivity Organization, 2006ISBN: 92-833-7051-1-i-
CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsForewordPrefacePart ISummary of Findings .Part II Resource Papers1. Recent Developments in Reducing Postharvest Losses in the Asia-Pacific Region. Dr. M. L. Choudhury2. Improving Postharvest Management and Marketing in the Asia-Pacific Region:Issues and Challenges . Dr. Rosa S. Rolle3. Processing of Fruits and Vegetables for Reducing Postharvest Losses andAdding Value . Dr. Rosa S. Rolle4. Packaging and Transportation of Fruits and Vegetables for Better Marketing. Dr. Somjate Sirivatanapa5. Linking Production and Marketing of Fruit and Vegetables for Better FarmIncomes in the Asia-Pacific Region .Grant Stephen Vinning and Joann Young6. New Roles of Government in Improving Fruit and Vegetable Marketingat National and Local Levels . Dr. Bahaeddin Najafi7. Measures to Assure Better Food Safety, Marketing, and Consumer Satisfactionin Fruits and Vegetables . Cornelis Sonneveld8. Postharvest Management of Fruits and Vegetables for Better Food Quality andSafety. Dr. Majid RahemiPart III Country Papers1. Bangladesh . Abul Fazal Badrud-doza2. Cambodia . Minea Mao3. Republic of China . Dr. Chao-chia Huang4. Fiji . Virendra Kumar5. India (1) . Dr. Hafiza Ahsan6. India (2) . Dr. Venkatarayappa Chikkasubbanna7. Indonesia (1). Dr. Bambang Haryanto, Sri Royaningsih and Henky Henanto8. Indonesia (2). Dr. Bambang Haryanto and Andjar Rochani9. Islamic Republic of Iran (1). Dr. Reza Moghaddasi, Mehrbanian Elaheh and Shervin Shariati10. Islamic Republic of Iran (2) . Dr. Mohammad Shahedi Baghkhandan11. Republic of Korea (1) . Han Suk Ho12. Republic of Korea (2) . Han Hyun-Soo13. Malaysia . Mohammad Nasir Bin Muda14. Nepal (1). Khadga Bhakta Paudel15. Nepal (2) . Shashi Adhikari16. Pakistan . Muhammad Ilyas Anjum and Iftikhar Ahmed Awan17. Philippines (1) . Dr. Edrallina P. Serrano18. Philippines (2) . Dr. Rosendo S. Rapusas- ii 5181187191200209216227
19.20.21.22.23.24.25.Singapore . Goh Siew Lian GraciaSri Lanka (1) . Swarnasiri Dickwella Patabedige CyrilSri Lanka (2) . Madinage D. FernandoThailand (1) . Dr. Sungcom TechawongstienThailand (2). Dr. Rumphan KoslanundVietnam (1) . Tran Thuy HaiVietnam (2) . Truong Vinh Yen245253264276284293298Part IV List of Participants, Resource Persons and Secretariat1. Seminar on Reduction of Postharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetables .2. Seminar on Marketing and Food Safety: Challenges in Postharvest Management .303307- iii -
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Asian Productivity Organization and participants at the seminar convened in New Delhi,in 2004, gratefully acknowledge the hospitality extended by Mother Dairy Food ProcessingLimited, and the Management of the Azadpur Market.The hospitality extended by Arjomandi Trading Company; Green Plants of Life Co. Ltd., andthe Fruit and Vegetable Market situated within the Municipality of Tehran Iran were alsogreatly appreciated by the Asian Productivity Organization and participants at the seminarconvened in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.- iv -
FOREWORDRecent regional economic growth and changes in dietary patterns have made both theproduction and consumption of fruit and vegetables increasingly important. The fruit andvegetable sector has a vital role in farm income enhancement, poverty alleviation, foodsecurity, and sustainable agriculture in Asia, especially in developing countries. This sector,however, suffers greatly from postharvest losses. Some estimates suggest that about 30–40%of fruit and vegetables are lost or abandoned after leaving the farm gate. Huge postharvestlosses result in diminished returns for producers. International markets reject fruits and vegetables containing unauthorized pesticides, with pesticide residues exceeding permissiblelimits, and with inadequate labelling and packaging. Similarly there have been increasingconcerns over food-borne diseases and poisoning such as Escherichia coli or Salmonellaoutbreaks.Obviously, postharvest management determines food quality and safety, competitiveness in the market, and the profits earned by producers. The postharvest management of fruitand vegetables in most developing countries in the region is, however, far from satisfactory.The major constraints include inefficient handling and transportation; poor technologies forstorage, processing, and packaging; involvement of too many diverse actors; and poor infrastructure.In light of the incidence of the huge postharvest losses in the region and new challenges faced under trade liberalization and globalization, serious efforts are needed to reducepostharvest losses, especially of fruit and vegetables. This would include linking operationsand actors involved more closely and systematically, modernizing marketing infrastructureand technologies, capacity building of individual actors, and strengthening the policy/institutional settings for better marketing. The concerted efforts of all, including the private andpublic sectors, are required to alleviate these constraints.To discuss the issues and challenges in strengthening postharvest management of fruitand vegetables, the APO organized two seminars. The first seminar on the “Reduction ofPostharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetables” was hosted by the Government of India in NewDelhi from 5 to 11 October 2004 (hereafter called the India Seminar). This seminar discussed recent developments in management of postharvest losses of fruit and vegetables, andissues and constraints in reducing postharvest losses. The second seminar on “Marketing andFood Safety: Challenges in Postharvest Management of Agricultural/Horticultural Products”,was hosted by the Government of Islamic Republic of Iran from 23 to 28 July 2005 (hereaftercalled the Iran Seminar). The latter seminar focused on emerging marketing and food safetyissues and challenges in the postharvest management of fruit and vegetables, and impediments in addressing them.This publication is a compilation of the selected resource papers and country paperspresented at the seminars. I hope that it will serve as a useful reference on the subject in theAsia-Pacific and elsewhere.The APO is grateful to the Government of India for hosting the India Seminar; and theNational Productivity Council (NPC), and the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation ofthe Ministry of Agriculture for implementing the program. We express our gratitude for theGovernment of Islamic Republic of Iran for hosting the Iran Seminar; and the National-v-
Iranian Productivity Organization (NIPO), and Agricultural Planning and Economic ResearchInstitute (APERI) of the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture for implementing the program.Special thanks are due to the resource speakers and the participants for their valuable contributions, as well as, Dr. Rosa Rolle, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome for editingthe present volume.SHIGEO TAKENAKASecretary-GeneralTokyoNovember 2006- vi -
PREFACEPostharvest priorities across the globe have evolved considerably over the past four decades,from being exclusively technical in their outlook, to being more responsive to consumerdemand. Consumer-driven trends which have contributed to this shift include rising incomesin urban areas, changing dietary habits, more women in the work-place, reduced time formeal preparation and growing demand for safety, quality and convenience. Other factorssuch as globalization, urbanization and the need to achieve efficiencies and reduce costs havealso contributed significantly to this shift in priorities and continue to re-shape and restructure the fresh produce sector.Growing populations across the Asia-Pacific region continue to create demand forfresh produce and processed horticultural products. Meeting these requirements as well asthose of export markets necessitates assuring quality and safety in both domestic and exportsupply chains. Capacities must therefore be developed across the region in order to respondto consumer and market demand and to avert the risk of large numbers of small farmersbecoming marginalized. At the same time, Governments in the region must develop a visionfor the development of the postharvest sector and facilitate activities within the sector inorder to realize that vision.It has been a pleasure for the Agricultural Support Systems Division of the Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO) to provide technical support to the APO Seminar on theReduction of Postharvest Losses in Fruits and Vegetables, convened during the period 5–11October 2004 in India, and the Seminar on Marketing and Food Safety: Challenges inPostharvest Management of Agricultural/Horticultural Products, convened in Iran on 23–28July 2005. FAO is also pleased to collaborate with the APO in collaboratively publishing thiscompilation of the papers and proceedings of both seminars. It is our hope that seriousconsideration will be given to the recommendations of both seminars in shaping the futuredevelopment of the postharvest sector of the Region.Geoffrey C. MremaDirectorAgricultural Support Systems DivisionFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRomeNovember 2006- vii -
Summary of FindingsSUMMARY OF FINDINGSAsian Productivity Organization (APO) organized two seminars to address postharvest management issues in the Asia-Pacific Region.The first seminar on the “Reduction of Postharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetables”was hosted by the Government of India in New Delhi from 5 to 11 October 2004 (hereaftercalled the India Seminar). The program was implemented by the National Productivity Council(NPC) with financial and technical collaboration of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture. Fourteen participants representing 11 APO member countries and by 5 resource persons attended.The second seminar on “Marketing and Food Safety: Challenges in Postharvest Management of Agricultural/Horticultural Products”, was hosted by the Government of IslamicRepublic of Iran from 23 to 28 July 2005 (hereafter called the Iran Seminar). The NationalIranian Productivity Organization (NIPO), and Agricultural Planning and Economic ResearchInstitute (APERI) of the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture implemented the program. Twentyparticipants from 12 APO member countries and 6 resource persons participated. Six observersfrom the host country also took part.The objectives of the India Seminar were to: discuss recent developments in postharvestlosses in fruits and vegetables in member countries; identify issues and constraints to reducing postharvest losses; and to define strategies and measures to reduce such losses. While theIran seminar discussed: marketing and food safety issues and challenges in the postharvestmanagement of fruits and vegetables; issues and impediments to improving the marketingand safety of fruits and vegetables; and measures to resolve these issues.The program of each seminar included the presentation and discussion of resourcepapers by experts, presentation country papers by participants, a workshop (group discussions) to reflect on and focus on the critical issues, and field visits designed to provide a firsthand appraisal of postharvest handling and processing of fruits and vegetables in the respectivehost countries.The Workshop convened during the India Seminar identified a number of technicalissues which impact upon horticultural chain management and recommended solutions toaddress these technical issues. While outputs of the working groups at the Iran Seminar, weresynthesized into a framework for postharvest development in APO member countries. Theoutputs of their findings at the respective seminars are summarized below:India SeminarTwo working groups identified issues/problems in reducing harvest and postharvestlosses of fruit and vegetables in the region and formulated recommendations to address them.The outputs of Group I and Group II are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.-3-
n PlanResponsibilityGovernment, universities, stakeholders inthe handling chain,donors and development agencies(FAO), ADB-4-No established maturity index Research and developmentfor some commodities; lack of with emphasis on quality,maturity index for local andsafety and sustainabilityexport marketsDevelop maturity indicesLow adoption of establishedindices; price and distance tomarket influence adoptionDevelop farmer-friendly harvestindicesConduct extension activitiesAPO, NPO, FAO,Create awareness on appropriateADBharvest indices through training,preparation of manuals, posters, etc.Harvestingmethodsandtime ofharvestingRough handling; untimelyharvestingCreate awareness on appropriatemethods and time of harvestingConduct training, disseminateinformation and safety practicesLack of appropriate and/orpoorly-designed harvestingtools, equipment and harvestcontainersResearch and developmentfocusing on design and efficiency of harvesting tools, andequipmentFieldsorting,grading andpackingEstablish sorting, grading andInadequate field sorting,Training of farmers and stakegrading and packing protocols packing protocols for certainholders; information materialsfor commodities that lend well commoditiesdevelopment and disseminationto field packingEducate the farmers and stakeholdersPre-cooling Lack of and costly pre-cooling Create a good policy environment Encourage subsidy from governfacilitiesment and investment from thewhich promotes investment andformation of alliances/commodity- private sectorbased clusters to overcomeconstraints of limited number offacilitiesFAO, APO, NPODonors and development agencies,universities, researchinstitutionsGovernment andrelated institutionsand cooperatives,stakeholders, FAOGovernment,private sector,cooperativesPostharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific RegionTable 1. Issues/problems in Harvesting, Preparation for Marketing, Storage and Transportation of Fruits and Vegetables, and RecommendedSolutions
Lack of knowledge about pre- Research and developmentcooling technology at commer- focusing on the use of pre-coolingcial scale; lack of information on a commercial scaleon cost benefits of pre-coolingtechnologyTransporta- Poor infrastructure (roads,Encourage investment fromtionbridges) and lack of appropri- private sector and policy supportate transport systems; lack of from governmentrefrigerated transportRequest technical assistance toobtain cost-benefit information onpre-cooling technology applied ona commercial scaleDevelopmentorganizations likeFAO, UNDP,USAID, EU, ADBProvision for logistics and management to lower cost and facilitateefficiency of distribution or movement of commoditiesGovernment, NGO,development organizations (FAO, EU,USAID, UNDP,ADB)Conduct cost-benefit studies onefficient and appropriate transportsystems-5-StorageConduct training, seminars;develop and disseminate information materialsAPO, NPO, FAOShortage of storage facilities at Create favorable policy environthe farm level and refrigerated ment for investmentstorage at the markets, portsResearch and development todetermine cost and benefit ofstorage systemsEncourage financial support fromgovernment and private sectorGovernment, localprivate sector, donoragencies (EU, DFID,USAID, FAO)Poor temperature conditions,including sanitation of thestorage room and facilitiesLack of knowledge on temperature requirements andethylene sensitivities of different commodities for mixedloadingConduct training of storage opera- APO, NIPO, FAOtors and other handlersCreate awareness on the correctoperations and management ofstorage facilitiesResearch and developmentfocusing on temperature, relativehumidity, ethylene sensitivities ofdifferent commodities understorageConduct cost-benefit analysis ondifferent storage systemsConduct studies and disseminatefindingsFAO, APO, NPOSummary of FindingsPoor temperature management, Create awareness on properloading and unloading practransport system managementtices
IssueGradingProblemAction PlanLack of national standards and Develop national standardspoor enforcement of standardsAssessment, research anddevelopment; dissemination,implementation and maintenancethrough training anddemonstration, etc.Lack of skill, awareness/financial resourcesAwareness, motivation, trainingand government financial supportIdentify strategic locations-6-Procurement Lack of collection ategyCapacity buildingGovernment support forclusteringResponsibilityGovernment &Standard regulatingauthority andfarmers’associations, APO,NPO, FAO, etc.SHG, Farmers’association,Financialinstitutions (e.g.,ADB, World Bank,etc.), GovernmentGovernment, NPO,APO, FAO, ADB,World Bank, etc.Develop/adapt from existingInadequate packingtechnologiestechnology/suitablepackaging (for transportation,storage, and consumers)Develop suitable packagingtechnology fit for sites/CommercializationCapacity buildingLack of skill, and awarenessof appropriate use ofpackaging/Financial resourcesAwareness, motivation, trainingand government financial supportfor stakeholders for appropriateuse of packaging technologies andmaterialsDevelopment of regulatory policies Government andrelated institutionsand regulationsNegative environmentalimpact of packagingGovernment regulationLack of suitable labelingFormulation of regulatory system Develop appropriate regulatorypolicies/systemsGovernment andrelated institutionsPostharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific RegionTable 2. Issues/problems in Grading, Packaging, Processing and Marketing of Fruits and Vegetables, and Recommended Solutions
quate knowledge ofaccess to appropriatetechnologies for antibrowning, protection frommicrobial contaminationCapacity building andinformation disseminationespecially to small processorsDevelop suitable technologyAwareness and training forstakeholders especially smallprocessorsSecondary Limited availability of suitable Develop suitable varietiesCollection and introduction ofProcessing varieties for processingDisseminate Information to small germplasm for breeding programprocessorsDissemination of informationDevelop and/or adapt appropriateInadequate appropriateResearch and Developmentprocessing technologiestechnologiesInadequate commercialization Government support (technical,of new technologies and lack policy and infrastructure, etc.)of basic infrastructure-7-Development of novel/nicheproductsResearch and DevelopmentInadequate suitable facilities/infrastructuresLack of processed productpromotionResearch and DevelopmentEstablish National/Regionalinformation networking systemDevelopment of market centersat different levelsDevelop strategic alliances withmultinational companies andcorporationsGovernment,Private sectorGovernment,Private sectorEstablishing pilot plantsDo cost/benefit cost and consumerstudiesDevelop innovative niche productsCommercialize indigenousproductsGovernment,Private sectorDevelop suitable facilities/infrastructuresPromotion/Exhibition FairMass media announcementExemption of tax and financialsupport to the industriesGovernment,Private sectorGovernment,Private sectorDevelop market informationsystems and marketing strategiesConstruction of suitable marketinfrastructurePublicity and advertising throughmass mediaGovernment,Private sectorGovernment,Private sectorGovernment,Private sectorGovernment,Private sectorSummary of FindingsMarketing Limited market information andlack of marketing strategiesInadequate marketinfrastructureInability to market products indomestic and internationalmarketsProduct awarenessGovernment, NPO,APO, FAO, ADB,World Bank, etc.
Postharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific RegionIran SeminarThe participants deliberated on issues and problems in horticultural chain management in the region and identified a number of actions to resolve them. The collective recommendations of the participants were synthesized into a framework for development ofhorticultural chain management in the region (Table 3).Table 3. Regional Framework for Horticultural Chain 1. Inadequate twoway dialoguebetweengovernment andstakeholders1. Develop a detailed1. International organiLack of visionstrategic plan tozations workingbacked by stratesupport the vision forthrough governmentgies by governmenthorticulture value2. Relevant ministriesfor the horticulturalchainto facilitate thevalue chain2. Develop specificformation of theindustry strategiccouncilsdevelopment plans3. Form industry peakbody councils comprising producers,processors, wholesalers, retailers, logisticsector, exporters2. Poor decisionmaking by allchainparticipantsLack of awareness 1. Make participants1. Ministry of Agriculture,that informationaware through mediaMinistry responsibleexists, lack ofcampaigns, princifor food processinginformation itself,pally radio andand industrylack of ability toposters, that informa- 2. Ministry of Agriculuse the informationtion existsture to facilitate the2. Provide production,provision of themarketing andinformation, includtechnical informationing market price3. Train users in the usereporting systemsof the information3. International organizations, tertiaryinstitutions, paragovernmental organizations, NGOs3. Poor basicinfrastructureaffectingproductionplanning andpostharvestinfrastructurePoor planning,poor funding bygovernment, fewincentives1. Use horticulturalvalue chain vision2. Provide financialincentives both interms of front andback ends3. Provide laws thatprovide investorswith assurance ofsecurity-8-1. Vision: Ministry ofAgriculture2. Ministry of finance,banks, private sector3. Relevant ministries.4. International donorsand lending institution
Summary of Findings4. Inappropriateand lack ofadequatetechnology1. Funding by relevantPoor linkage with 1. Make research byministriesuniversities;universities andabsence of allresearch and develop- 2. Internationalorganizationshorticulture valuement institutionschain participantsmore commercially 3. Universities, andresearch andin research andoriented through adevelopmentdevelopment and inrewards systeminstitutionsdecision making; 2. Greater use bylack of holisticinternational organiapproach in decizations in makingsion making; pooravailable existingextension services;appropriate technollack of supportogyfunding3. Fund greater dissemination of existingtechnology andresearch results4. Increase the capacityof the extensionservice in production,postharvest handling,and marketing5. Low level oforganizationUnwillingness to1. Adherence to the1. International donorscollaborate; lack ofvision and its supportthrough governunderstanding ofing developmentalmentthe benefit ofstrategies2. All levels of govcollaboration; lack 2. Use facilitators withernment legislationof collaborationcommunication skills– national, regional,amongst relevantas a precondition toand localministriesgetting further aid3. Government legislation to supportvertical (contract) andhorizontal (clusterfarms)6. Small andscattered natureof horticultureLand tenure legisla- 1. Legislation1. Relevant levels oftion2. Use facilitators togovernment fromshow the benefits ofnational to regionalgroupingthrough to local3. Build better publicgovernmentutilities (roads, water, 2. International donorsand electricity)through government3. National, regionaland local governments-9-
Postharvest Management of Fruit and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific Region7. Unsafe foodPoor water quality, 1. Enact food safety1. Relevant ministrieslegislation withchemical and2. International agenmeaningful workingmicrobiologicalcies through governregulations and trainedhazards, poormentpersonnel to enforceworker hygiene,3. Government andthe Actpoor market sanitaprivate sectortion, lack of legisla- 2. Implement GAP, GMP,HACCP schemestion3. Provide appropriatefood safety and qualitylaboratories, alongwith trained scientists8. Poor qualityPoor inputs (water,seed, fertilizer,agricultural chemicals), poor handling, lack ofstandards, lack ofmaturity indices,inappropriatepacking along withpoor and expensivepackaging material,poor integrated(cold) chains,minimum involvement of the privatesector, environmental factors1. Have explicit standardscovering domestic andinternational marketswith appropriateinspection capabilities2. Train all horticulturevalue chain participants3. Provide incentives forprivate sector involvement4. Undertake awarenesscampaigns5. Ensure relevant andtrue-to-type seedavailability throughgovernmentally approved seed sellers6. Quality standards to beformulated by stakeholders with a facilitating role by government7. Appropriate inputs9. Inability toPoor standards, no 1. Ensure meaningfulinitiate and vision, little promovolumes, quality,sustaintion, few incentives, stability and timelylinkages with lack of economiescommitment to deliverinternational of scale, lack of2. Comply with internamarketscompetitiveness,tional benchmarksmarket information, 3. Make greater use ofnon-membership ofinternational marketWTO, instability ofresearchers & marketsupplydevelopment specialists- 10 -1. International agenciesthrough relevantministries2. Relevant ministries3. Ministry of Finance4. Consumer associations funded bygovernment. Relevantministries5. Relevant ministries6. International agenciesthrough governmentto increase capacityof stakeholderorganizations to selfregulate7. Private sector regulated by government1. Private sector facilitated by governmentthrough appropriateinfrastructure2. International organizations3. Government throughinternational organizations4. Government usingoutside experts
Summary of Findings4. Have strong chainlinkages that reduc
and Vegetables in the Asia-Pacific Region APO 2006, ISBN: 92-833-7051-1 Reports of the APO seminar on Reduction of Postharvest Losses of Fruit and Vegetables held in India, 5-11 October 2004 and Marketing and Food Safety: Challenges in Postharvest Management of Agricultural/ Horticultural Products in Islamic Republic of Iran, 23-28 July 2005
Small-scale Postharvest Handling Practices and Improved Technologies for Reducing Food Losses Lisa Kitinoja, The Postharvest Education Foundation November 2016 This is a free pdf e-learning manual of 12 self-managed assignments on easy to learn postharvest extension methods. Assignments
Monitoring Fruit Maturity: When color just begins to show along the suture, fruit should be mature in roughly 30 days. Begin measuring fruit internal pressure once fruit shows color. Warmer weather slows fruit maturity; cooler weather faster fruit maturity. Fruit lose 1 to 2 lbs fruit pressure per week and are mature at 3 - 4 lbs internal .
harvest. From this study, it was revealed that the postharvest quality and shelf life of the fruit in part will depend on some postharvest handling practices and treatments carried out a er harvest. Handling
The fruit of Silence is Prayer. The fruit of Prayer is Faith. The fruit of Faith is Love. The fruit of Love is Service. The fruit of Service is Peace. These five lines were written on St. Teresa of Calcutta's business cards. The card didn't have her name or the Missionaries of Charity written on it, just these simple words. On the back of the .
postharvest best handling practices and optimum postharvest conditions for different types of horticultural crops. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of the course, students should have an appreciation for the factors related to quality deterioration and wastage of horticultural commodities after
control of postharvest losses of root and tuber crop produce was 2.858. Marketing extension services had significant effect on the volume of postharvest losses of root and tuber crop produce in the study area given that the F- statistics of 102.569 is significant at 1% level of significance and that computed F- value was higher than
Fruit drink obtained by mixing two or more fruit juice pulp and purées from different kinds of fruit species 3.10 Fruit squash . The products shall be soft drinks beverage intended for human consumption which contains, fruit juice, fruit pulp or other edible parts of the fruits. It may be made from a .
seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit. Cetakan 1 : 2009 Katalog Dalam Terbitan World Health Organization. Country Office for Indonesia Pedoman pelayanan kesehatan anak di rumah sakit rujukan tingkat pertama di kabupaten/ WHO ; alihbahasa, Tim Adaptasi Indonesia. – Jakarta : WHO Indonesia, 2008 1. Child health services 2. Hospitals, Pediatric I. Judul II. Tim Adaptasi .
