Slides For Over Head Projection Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION . - IIT Roorkee

Slides for Over Head ProjectionChapter 1:INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTLecture No.: 1: Concept and Components of EnvironmentSlide No.: 1:Introduction to EnvironmentComponents and DefinitionsGeneral PreceptionDefinition: EPA 1986The term Environment has been defined under section 2(a) of “EnvironmentProtection Act (1986) to include water, air, land and inter-relationship between water,air, land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganisms andproperty”.Definition: Mason and Langenhim“The sum of all substances and forces external to an organism whichdetermines its existence and regulates its reFigure 1.1:Pyramid of Lifeii

Slide No.: 2Major Environmental Problems are:Air PollutionWater PollutionDepletion of BiodiversityWaste ProductionFood Supply ProblemsAir pollution andGlobal climaticchange, Ozonedepletion, Urbanair pollution,Indoor pollution,NoiseBiodiversitydepletion, mental ProblemsWater Pollution,Oxygen depletion,Organic load,Nutrient over load,Sediment, Toxicelements, BacterialpopulationFood supplyproblemsOver grazing,Wetland loss, Soilerosion, Waterlogging, Watershortage loss offarm landFigure 1.2:Waste ProductionSolid Wastes,Hazardous Wastes,Biomedical WastesMajor Environmental Problemsiii

Slide No.: 3Atmospherei)Homosphere – Extends upto 80 kmComposition UniformNitrogen78.0%(by volume)Oxygen20.946%(by volume)Others0.97%Argon (Ar) 9340 ppm, Inert gasCarbon-di-oxide (CO2) 300 ppm, Active gasNeon (Ne) 182.0 ppm, Inert gasHelium (He) 53.0 ppm, Inert gasKrypton (kr) 1.2 ppm, Inert gasNitrous Oxide (N2O) 1.0 ppm, Important gasXenon (xe) 0.9 ppm, Inert gasHydrogen (H2) 0.5 ppm, Active gasOzonee (O3) Traces, Active gasRadon (Rn) Traces Radio activeppm parts per million (by volume)Other materials which are highly variable are sulfur-di-oxide (SO2), Carbon-monooxide (Co) and water vapor.iv

Slide No.: 4ii)Heterosphere 80 km – 10,000 kmComposition Non Uniform(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)Molecular Nitrogen Layer (N2)Atomic Oxygen Layer (O)Helium Layer (He)Hydrogen Layer (H2)- 80 km 200 km- 200 km 1100 km- 1100 km 3500 km- 3,500 km 10,000 kmThermal StructureFigure 1.3:Structure of Atmospherev

CHAPTER – 2.0INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS(Total Lectures Six)Lecture No. 1 :IntroductionOrigin and Story of LifeFigure 2.1Biological SpectrumPrinciple of Ecology Figure 2.2Lecture No. 2 :Cell Structure and OrganisationProkaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsGeneral Organisation of Prokaryotic Cell (Figure 2.3)General Organisation of Eukaryotic Cell (Figure 2.4)Functions of ComponentsComparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsLecture No. 3 :Molecular Organisation of CellsMetabolism- Principle- Role of enzymesBasics of MetabolismFigure 2.5Lecture No. 4 :Types of Plants and AnimalsFive Kingdom approach (Fig. 2.6 a, b, c)Estimates of Species in India (Table 2.1)Lecture No. 5:Kingdom MoneraKingdom ProtistaKingdom PlantaeLecture No. 6 :Kingdom Animaliavi

Slides for Over Head ProjectionChapter 2:INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMSLecture No.: 1Introduction to Biological SystemsEarth is a unique planet – Free water, free oxygen and live formsSlide No.: 2Biological SpectrumCellTissueOrgan(Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms)OrganismsPopulation(multicellular organisms)Organ SystemsCommunityBiosphereLiving forms exist at:Cellular level- Bacteria, Algae, ProtozoaOrganism level- Higher Plants and Animals(Multicellular having tissues and organs)vii

Slide No.: 3Every living being exists where metabolic needs are fulfilled.Ecological PrincipleFigure 2.2:Principle of EcologySlide No.: 4Cellular Organisations:ProkaryoticEukaryoticviii

CHAPTER – 3.0FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY(Total Lectures Eight)Lecture No. 1 :DefinitionEcology as a System – Ecosystem approachFirst order classification of ecosystemsEcosystem concept (Fig. 3.1)Structure and Functional ComponentsSteps in ecosystem analysisLecture No. 2 :Energy CircuitsFlow of Energy in EcosystemEstimates of Annual Net ProductivityLecture No. 3 :Biogeochemical CyclesPrinciples, TypesNitrogen Cycle (Figure 3.3)Lecture No. 4 :Phosphorus Cycle (Figure 3.4)Sulfur Cycle (Figure 3.5)Generalised Concept of Nutrient Cycle (Figure 3.6)Lecture No. 5 :Food Chain, Food WebTrophic LevelsDescription Through Managed Fish Pond (Figure 3.7)Ecological Pyramids (Figure 3.8)Lecture No. 6 :Development and EvolutionConcept, Laws of Leibig and ShelfordPhysical FactorsEcological RegulationLecture No. 7 :Ecological SuccessionCommunity Energetics, Community StructureNutrient CyclingHomeostaticsLecture No. 8 :Summing and RevisionInterrelationshiphsix

Slides for Over Head ProjectionChapter 3:FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGYLecture No. 1Slide No. 1Fundamentals of EcologyEcology deals with interactions of living and non living environment.Definition:Ecology is a science which deals with relationship of living with the nonlivingenvironment. Literally ecology is the study of organisms interacting withenvironment. It is a gross study of nature’s anatomy and physiology.First Order Classification of Ecosystem1.2.3.4.Annual Energy Flow kal/m2Unsubsidised Natural Solar powered1000-10,000Ecosystem Examples: Open seas, upland(2000)*forests. These system constitute basic lifesupport systems.Natural subsidized solar powered10,000-40,000Ecosystem Examples: Tidal estuary, Rain(20,000)forest. Natural productive Systems. Theyproduce excess organic matter which iseither stored or exported to other systemsMansubsidised solar powered systems10,000-40,000Examples: Agriculture, Aquaculture.(20,000)*They are fibre and food producingsystems supported by auxiliary fuel orenergy.Fuel powered Urban-Industrial Systems100,000-3,000,000Examples: City, suburbs, industrial parks.(2,000,000)*They are man’s wealth producing andpollution producing systems in which fuelreplaces solar energy. They are dependenton other systems for life support, foodand fibre.*estimated average valuesx

Slide No.: 2Concept of EcosystemThe living organisms (Biotic community) and physical features (bioticcomponents and gradients) of environment collectively constitute an ecologicalcomplex or a system known as Ecosystem.Structure of EcosystemProducers (plants which produce organic matter)(i) Biotic ComponentsAll living Organismsin the systemConsumers (animals which utilize or consumefood produced by plants)Decomposers (saprophytes which grow on deadOrganic matter and convert them toMinerals)The amount of living material at any given time and at any given space is termedStanding Crop.(ii) Abiotic components: include nonliving materials minerals and energy collectivelycalled Standing State.Slide No.: 3Functional Components(i) Autotrophs or Producers:They constitute a self nourishing component. They utilize carbon-di-oxidefrom water/ air and solar energy with many other inorganic minerals from theenvironment they live in and produce organic matter in excess of their ownrequirements and store as food. The pre-requisite of these organisms is that theypossess a system of photosynthetic pigments viz. chlorophyll, xanthophyl andphycocyanin.(ii) Heterotrophs or Consumers and Decomposers:They constitute those which consume the food produced by autotrophs/producers, are animals. The plants on death and decay and animals on death anddecay and the waste products (produced and thrown out of the body) promote thegrowth of individuals which can degrade the organic matter bacteria and releaseminerals (decomposers – bacteria and fungi).xi

Slide No.: 4Abiotic componentsBasic inorganic and organic compounds molecules, ions, salts,H2O, Co2, O2, Ca , Mg , Na , K , P, Co 3 HCo3 Cl, So 4 aminoacids, sugarsSmall quantity in solution immediately available, larger quantity inparticulate formBottom, sedimentWater depth, temp. cycle, light – cycle climatic regimesRate of release of nutrients from solids, input temperature cycle,light cycle, determines the rate of functionsBiotic componentsRooted vegetation – submerged, floating, emergentPhytoplanktom – AlgaeZooplankton – Protozoa, CrustaceaHigh forms – Small fish, large fishBacterial, fungus in water and water mud interfaceAn ecosystem can be conveniently analysed by:(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)Energy circuits / flowsNutrient cyclesFood chains – Trophic ChainsDiversity patternDevelopment and evolutionxii

Slide No.: 5Figure 3.1: Pond as on Ecosystemxiii

Lecture No. 3 : Molecular Organisation of Cells Metabolism - Principle - Role of enzymes Basics of Metabolism Figure 2.5 Lecture No. 4 : Types of Plants and Animals Five Kingdom approach (Fig. 2.6 a, b, c) Estimates of Species in India (Table 2.1) Lecture No. 5: Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Lecture No. 6 : Kingdom Animalia