Quali Cation Exam: Classical Mechanics
Qualification Exam: Classical MechanicsName:, QEID#64646959:December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 1QEID#6464695921983-Fall-CM-U-1.a. Consider a particle of mass m moving in a plane under the influence of a spherically symmetric potential V(r).i) Write down the Lagrangian in plane polar coordinates r, θ.ii) Write down Lagrange’s equations in these coordinates.iii) What are the constants of the motion (conserved quantities).Riv) Derive an equation for the orbit θ(r), in the form θ(r) f (r)dr. Thefunction f(r) will involve V(r).b. Consider a particle of mass m moving in a plane in the potential V (r, ṙ) e2(1 ṙ2 /c2 ), where c and e are constants. Obtain the Hamiltonian. Yourranswer should be in terms of the polar coordinates r and θ and their conjugatemomenta Pr and Pθ .Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 2QEID#6464695931983-Fall-CM-U-2.Take K 4k and m1 m2 M . At t 0 both masses are at their equilibriumpositions, m1 has a velocity v 0 to the right, and m2 ispat rest. Determine the distance,π. Hint: First find the normalx1 , of m1 from its equilibrium position at time t 4 mkmodes and the normal mode frequencies, then put in the initial conditions.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 3QEID#6464695941983-Fall-CM-U-3.A hollow thin walled cylinder of radius r and mass M is constrained to roll withoutslipping inside a cylindrical surface with radius R r (see diagram). The point Bcoincides with the point A when the cylinder has its minimum potential energy.a. What is the frequency of small oscillations around the equilibrium position?b. What would the frequency of small oscillations be if the contact between thesurfaces is frictionless?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 4QEID#6464695951983-Spring-CM-U-1.A ball, mass m, hangs by a massless string from the ceiling of a car in a passengertrain. At time t the train has velocity v and acceleration a in the same direction.What is the angle that the string makes with the vertical? Make a sketch whichclearly indicates the relative direction of deflection.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 5QEID#6464695961983-Spring-CM-U-2.A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with velocity v 0 . Assume air resistance exerts a force proportional to the velocity. Write down a differential equationfor the position. Rewrite this equation in terms of the velocity and solve for v (t).Does your solution give the correct result for t ? What is the physical meaningof this asymptotic value? Would you expect the time during which the ball rises tobe longer or shorter than the time during which it falls back to the ground?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 6QEID#6464695971983-Spring-CM-U-3.Two metal balls have the same mass m and radius R, however one has a hollow in thecenter (they are made of different materials). If they are released simultaneously at thetop of an inclined plane, which (if either) will reach the bottom of the inclined planefirst? You must explain your answer with quantitative equations. What happens ifthe inclinced plane is frictionless?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 7QEID#6464695981984-Fall-CM-U-1.Sand drops vertically from a stationary hopper at a rate of 100 gm/sec onto a horizontal conveyor belt moving at a constant velocity, v , of 10 cm/sec.a. What force (magnitude and direction relative to the velocity) is required to keepthe belt moving at a constant speed of 10 cm/sec?b. How much work is done by this force in 1.0 second?c. What is the change in kinetic energy of the conveyor belt in 1.0 second due tothe additional sand on it?d. Should the answers to parts 2. and 3. be the same? Explain.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 8QEID#6464695991984-Fall-CM-U-2.Two forces FA and FB have the following components B A Fx 18abyz 3 20bx3 y 2 Fx 6abyz 3 20bx3 y 2BAF B 18abxz 3 10bx4 yF A 6abxz 3 10bx4 y ,F :F : yB yA2Fz 6abxyz 2Fz 18abxyzWhich one of these is a conservative force? Prove your answer. For the conservativeforce determine the potential energy function V (x, y, z). Assume V (0, 0, 0) 0.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 9QEID#64646959101984-Fall-CM-U-3.a. What is canonical transformation?b. For what value(s) of α and β do the equationsQ q α cos(βp),P q α sin(βp)represent a canonical transformation? Assume that α and β are constants.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 10QEID#64646959111984-Spring-CM-U-1.a. A small ball of mass m is dropped immediately behind a large one of mass Mfrom a height h mach larger then the size of the balls. What is the relationshipbetween m and M if the large ball stops at the floor? Under this condition, howhigh does the small ball rise? Assume the balls are perfectly elastic and use anindependent collision model in which the large ball collides elastically with thefloor and returns to strike the small ball in a second collision that is elastic andindependent from the first.b. It is possible to construct a stack of books leaning over the edge of a desk asshown. If the stack is not to tip over, what is the condition on the center ofmass of all the books above any given book? Consider identical books of widthW . For a single book, the maximum overhang (distance extending over theedge of the desk) is obviously W/2. What is the maximum overhang, L, for astack of 2 books? 3 books? 4 books? By extrapolation write a general formulafor L for N books.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 11QEID#64646959121984-Spring-CM-U-2.A particle of mass m moves subject to a central force whose potential is V (r) Kr3 .a. For what kinetic energy and angular momentum will the orbit be a circle ofradius a about the origin?b. What is the period of this circular motion?c. If the motion is slightly disturbed from this circular orbit, what will be theperiod of small radial oscillations about r a?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 12QEID#64646959131984-Spring-CM-U-3.a. Find a kinetic energy T is 2-dimensions using polar coordinates (r, θ), startingwith T m2 (ẋ2 ẏ 2 ).b. For the rest of this problem, let the potential energy V (r, θ, t) rA2 f (θ ωt), where A and ω are constants. Write down the Lagrangian L, thendetermine the conjugate momenta pr and pθ .c. Find the Hamiltonian H(θ, pθ , r, pr , t). Does H represent the total energy, T V ?d. Is energy, angular momentum or linear momentum a constant of the motion?Give a reason in each case.e. Now use r and α θ ωt as variables. Find pr and pα , and H(α, pα , r, pr , t).f. Does H 0 H? Does H 0 represent the total energy? What constants of motioncan you identify?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 13QEID#64646959141985-Fall-CM-U-2.A straight rod of length b and weight W is composed of two pieces of equal lengthand cross section joined end-to-end. The densities of the two pieces are 9 and 1. Therod is placed in a smooth, fixed hemispherical bowl of radius R. (b 2R).a. Find expression for the fixed angle β between the rod and the radius shown inFig.1b. Find the position of the center of mass when the rod is horizontal with its denserside on the left (Fig. 1). Give your answer as a distance from the left end.c. Show that the angle θ which the rod makes with the horizontal when it is inequilibrium (Fig. 2) satisfiestan θ 18q5(2R/b)2 1Note the fundamental principles you employ in this proof.d. Show that the equilibrium is small under stable displacements.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 14QEID#64646959151985-Fall-CM-U-3.Three particles of the same mass m1 m2 m3 m are constrained to move ina common circular path. They are connected by three identical springs of stiffnessk1 k2 k3 k, as shown. Find the normal frequencies and normal modes of thesystem.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 15QEID#64646959161985-Spring-CM-U-1.Consider a mass m moving without friction inside a vertical, frictionless hoop of radiusR. What must the speed V0 of a mass be at a bottom of a hoop, so that it will slidealong the hoop until it reaches the point 60 away from the top of the hoop and thenfalls away?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 16QEID#64646959171985-Spring-CM-U-2.Two cylinders having radii R1 and R2 and rotational inertias I1 and I2 respectively,are supported by fixed axes perpendicular to the plane of the figure. The largecylinder is initially rotating with angular velocity ω0 . The small cylinder is moved tothe right until it touches the large cylinder and is caused to rotate by the frictionalforce between the two. Eventually, slipping ceases, and the two cylinders rotate atconstant rates in opposite directions. Find the final angular velocity ω2 of the smallcylinder in terms of I1 , I2 , R1 , R2 , and ω0 .Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 17QEID#64646959181985-Spring-CM-U-3.A damped one-dimensional linear oscillator is subjected to a periodic driving forcedescribed by a function F (t). The equation of motion of the oscillator is given bymẍ bẋ kx F (t),where F (t) is given byF (t) F0 (1 sin(ωt)) .The driving force is characterized by ω ω0 and the damping by φ b/2m ω0 ,where ω02 k/m. At t 0 the mass is at rest at the equilibrium position, so that theinitial conditions are given by x(0) 0, and ẋ(0) 0. Find the solution x(t) for theposition of the oscillator vs. time.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 18QEID#64646959191986-Spring-CM-U-1.A mass m hangs vertically with the force of gravity on it. It is supported in equilibriumby two different springs of spring constants k1 and k2 respectively. The springs areto be considered ideal and massless.Using your own notations (clearly defined) for any coordinates and other physicalquantities you need develop in logical steps an expression for the net force on themass if it is displaced vertically downward a distance y from its equilibrium position.(Clarity and explicit expression of your physical reasoning will be important in theevaluation of your solution to this problem. Your final result should include y, k1 , k2 ,and any other defined notations you need.).Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 19QEID#64646959201986-Spring-CM-U-2.A “physical pendulum” is constructed by hanging a thin uniform rod of length l andmass m from the ceiling as shown in the figure. The hinge at ceiling is frictionless andconstrains the rod to swing in a plane. The angle θ is measured from the vertical.a. Find the Lagrangian for the system.b. Use Euler-Lagrange differential equation(s) to find the equation(s) of motionfor the system. (BUT DON’T SOLVE).c. Find the approximate solution of the Euler-Lagrange differential equation(s) forthe case in which the maximum value of θ is small.d. Find the Hamiltonian H(p, q) for the system.e. Use the canonical equations of Hamilton to find the equations of motion for thesystem and solve for the case of small maximum angle θ. Compare your resultswith b. and c.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 20QEID#64646959211986-Spring-CM-U-3.Two masses m1 m2 m are in equilibrium at the positions shown. They areconnected together by three springs, two with spring constants k, and one with springconstant K. The masses move across a horizontal surface without friction.a. Disconnect the center spring from the left mass. Isolate the left mass, drawthe force vectors on the mass, and use the Newton’s Law to get the differentialequation of motion. Solve the equation and find the angular frequency ω0 forthe vibration.b. With all the springs connected write down the equations of motion for the twomasses in terms of x1 and x2 , again using the Newton’s Law.c. Find the normal modes of the vibration and calculate their associated eigenfrequencies.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 21QEID#64646959221987-Fall-CM-U-1.A block of mass m slides on a frictionless table with velocity v. At x 0, it encountersa frictionless ramp of mass m/2 which is sitting at rest on the frictionless table. Theblock slides up the ramp, reaches maximum height, and slides back down.a. What is the velocity of the block when it reaches its maximum height?b. How high above the frictionless table does the block rise?c. What are the final velocities of the block and the ramp?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 22QEID#64646959231987-Fall-CM-U-2.jpgA massless rope winds around a cylinder of mass M and radius R, over a pulley, andthen wraps around a solid sphere of mass M and radius R. The pulley is a hoop, alsoof mass M and radius R, and is free to turn about a frictionless bearing located atits center. The rope does not slip on the pulley. Find the linear accelerations a1 anda2 of the centers of the sphere and cylinder respectively, and the angular accelerationα of the pulley. The positive directions for a1 , a2 , and α are shown in the figure.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 23QEID#64646959241987-Fall-CM-U-3.A rigid body has three different principal moments of inertia I1 I2 I3 . Showthat rotations about the 1 and 3 axes are stable, while rotation about the 2 axis isunstable. Define what you mean by stability.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 24QEID#64646959251988-Fall-CM-U-1.A bucket of mass M is being drawn up a well by a rope which exerts a steady forceP on the bucket. Initially the bucket contains a total mass m of water, but this leaksout at a constant rate, so that after a time T , before the bucket reaches the top, thebucket is empty. Find the velocity of the bucket just at the instant it becomes empty.Express your answer in terms of P , M , m, T , and g, the acceleration due togravity.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 25QEID#64646959261988-Fall-CM-U-2.A string of beads, which are tied together and have a total length L, is suspended ina frictionless tube as shown in the figure. Consider the beads to have a mass per unitlength µ. The tube is supported so that it will will not move. Initially the beads areheld with the bottom most bead at the bottom of the vertical section of the tube, asshown in the figure. The beads are then released at time t 0.Find the horizontal force exerted against the tube by the beads after they havefallen a vertical distance x.(Assume that L is much larger compared to the radius of the curvature of thetube.).Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 26QEID#64646959271989-Fall-CM-U-1.Two equal masses m are connected by a string of force constant k. They are restrictedto motion in the x̂ direction.a. Find the normal mode frequencies.b. A leftward impulse P is suddenly given to the particle on the right. How longdoes it take for the spring to reach maximum compression?c. How far does the mass on the left travel before the spring reaches maximumcompression?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 27QEID#64646959281989-Fall-CM-U-2.jpgA ball is on a frictionless table. A string is connected to the ball as shown in thefigure. The ball is started in a circle of radius R with angular velocity v0 . The forceexerted on a string is then increases so that the distance between the hole and theball decreases according tor(t) R a1 t2where a1 is a constant. Assuming the string stays straight and that it only exerts aforce parallel to its length.a. Find the velocity of the ball as a function of time.b. What must a1 be for the assumption about the force to be valid?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 28QEID#64646959291989-Fall-CM-U-3.A stream of incompressible and non-viscous fluid of density ρ (kilograms per cubicmeter) is directed at angle θ below the horizontal toward a smooth vertical surfaceas shown in the figure. The flow from the nozzle of cross section a (square meters)is uncomplicated by nozzle aperture effects. The beaker below the vertical surface,which catches all the fluid, ha a uniform cross section A (square meters). Duringthe experiment the fluid level in the beaker rises at a uniform speed of v (metersper second). What horizontal force is exerted by the stream of fluid on the verticalsurface? The horizontal distance from the spout opening and the wall is d (meters).Give your final result in therms of the notation used in the problem statementandany other notation you think you need to define.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 29QEID#64646959301989-Spring-CM-U-1.A particle of mass m scatters off a second particle with mass M according to apotentialαU (r) 2 ,α 0rInitially m has a velocity v0 and approaches M with an impact parameter b. Assumem M , so that M can be considered to remain at rest during the collision.a. Find the distance of closest approach of m to M .b. Find the laboratory scattering angle. (Remember that M remains at rest.).Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 30QEID#64646959311989-Spring-CM-U-2.A platform is free to rotate in the horizontal plane about a frictionless, vertical axle.About this axle the platform has a moment of inertia Ip . An object is placed on aplatform a distance R from the center of the axle. The mass of the object is m and itis very small in size. The coefficient of friction between the object and the platformis µ. If at t 0 a torque of constant magnitude τ0 about the axle is applied to theplatform when will the object start to slip?.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 31QEID#64646959321989-Spring-CM-U-3.A coupled oscillator system is constructed as shown. Assume that the two springsare massless, and that the motion of the system is only in one dimension with nodamping.a. Find the eigenfrequencies and eigenvectors of the system.b. Let L1 and L2 be the equilibrium positions of masses 1 and 2, respectively. Findthe solution for all times t 0 for x1 (t) and x2 (t) for the initial conditions:x1 (t 0) L1 ;x2 (t 0) L2 ;dx1 /dt V0 at t 0dx2 /dt 0 at t 0.Classical MechanicsQEID#64646959December, 2012
Qualification ExamProblem 32QEID#64646959331990-Fall-CM-U-1.A small steel ball with mass m is originally held in place by hand and is connectedto two identical horizontal springs fixed to walls as shown in the left figure. The twosprings are unstretched with natural length L and spring constant k, If the ball isnow let go, it will begin to drop and when it is at a distance y below its originalposition each spring will stretch by an amount x as shown in the right figure. It isobserved that the amount of stretching x is very small in comparison to L.a. Write down the equation that determines y(t). (Take y to be positive in goingdownward.) Is this simple harmonic motion?b. Find the equilibrium position yeq about which the steel ball will oscillate interms of m, g, k, and L.c. Find the maximum distance, ymax , that th
Classical Mechanics QEID#64646959 December, 2012. Quali cation Exam QEID#64646959 19 Problem 18 1986-Spring-CM-U-1. A mass mhangs vertically with the force of gravity on it. It is supported in equilibrium by two di erent springs of s
Continuum mechanics is the application of classical mechanics to continous media. So, What is Classical mechanics? What are continuous media? 1.1 Classical mechanics: a very quick summary We make the distinction of two types of equations in classical mechanics: (1) Statements
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Quantum Mechanics is such a radical and revolutionary physical theory that nowadays physics is divided into two main parts, namely Classical Physics versus Quantum Physics. Classical physics consists of any theory which does not incorporate quantum mechanics. Examples of classical theories are Newtonian mechanics (F ma), classical .
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