Fretting–corrosion At The Modular Tapers Interface .
This is a repository copy of Fretting–corrosion at the modular tapers interface: Inspectionof standard ASTM F1875-98.White Rose Research Online URL for this n: Accepted VersionArticle:Bingley, R, Martin, A, Manfredi, O et al. (8 more authors) (2018) Fretting–corrosion at themodular tapers interface: Inspection of standard ASTM F1875-98. Proceedings of theInstitution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, 232 (5).pp. 492-501. ISSN 0954-4119https://doi.org/10.1177/0954411918760958 IMechE 2018. This is an author produced version of a paper published as Bingley, R, etal. (2018) Fretting–corrosion at the modular tapers interface: Inspection of standard ASTMF1875-98. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal ofEngineering in Medicine. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications.ReuseItems deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unlessindicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted bynational copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use ofthe full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online recordfor the item.TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us byemailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal terose.ac.uk/
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Journal nameFretting-Corrosion at the Modular Taper Interface: Inspection of standard ASTM F1875-98Bingley, Rachel1, Martin, Alan2, Manfredi, Olivia2, Nejadhamzeeigilani , Mahdiyar 1, Siddiqui , Sohail1,Oladokun, Abimbola1, Beadling, Andrew Robert1, Anderson, James3, Thompson, Jonathan3, Neville,Anne1, Bryant, Michael*11. University of Leeds, Institute of Functional Surfaces (iFS), School of Mechanical Engineering.Leeds, UK2. University of Sheffield, School of Mechanical EngineeringSheffield, UK3. DePuy International LtdLeeds, West Yorkshire, UK*M.G.BRYANT@Leeds.ac.ukAbstractFoInterest in the degradation mechanisms at the modular-taper interfaces has been renewed due toincreased reported cases of adverse reactions to metal debris and the appearance of wear andcorrosion at the modular taper interfaces at revision. Over the past two decades a lot of researchhas been expended to understand the degradation mechanisms, with two primary implant loadingprocedures and orientations used consistently across the literature. ASTM F1875-98 is often used asa guide to understand and benchmark the tribocorrosion processes occurring within the modulartaper interface. This paper presents a comparison of the two methods outlined in ASTM F1875-98 aswell as a critique of the standard considering the current paradigm in pre-clinical assessment ofmodular-tapers.rReerPKeywords: Fretting-Corrosion, Modular-Taper, ASTM F1875-98, High Nitrogen Stainless Steel,CoCrMo1. 4748495051525354555657585960Page 2 of 23Interest in the performance of modular metal THR has recently been renewed due to the recentpublicity associated with metal-on-metal bearings and the links to adverse reactions to metal debris(ARMD) [1]. Fretting-corrosion at the modular taper interface was first observed clinically at least 25years ago [2]. Since then extensive effort has been made to understand the mechanisms at play atthe modular taper interface and the interaction between implant and patient factors on clinicaloutcomes. The degradation of modular tapers is widely accepted as ‘mechanically assisted’ crevicecorrosion as defined by Goldberg et al [3]. Whilst efforts have been made to optimise the taperinterface in the 1990’s, clinical incidence and awareness in the systemic effects of wear andcorrosion at these interfaces has increased over the past 5 years [1].One aspect that has been relatively unchanged is the testing and simulation techniques prescribedfor the analysis of modular components. Uni-axial cyclic loading is often described and usedextensively in the literature. ASTM F1875-98 [4] is a standardthat occurs in the head-stem interface of a modular hip joint. ISO 7206-6 [5] alsoprovides a method of assessment based on an upright stem orientation. Whilst the loading profilesare similar, mounting instructions differ when compared to the ASTM standard. Whilst these are notused to predict in-vivo performance, many researchers are using these methods to understand andinterrogate mechanisms occurring in-vivo. Within ASTM F1875-98 two primary test methods, one1http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/(site)
Page 3 of 23‘upright’ and one ‘inverted’, are provided. The inverted method additionally has the choice of twosub-methods, one of which includes electrochemical analysis. A compromise between bothscenarios has been adopted in literature, with the integration of electrochemical techniques withinthe upright ‘physiologically relevant’ sample orientation.The mechanical loading profile is fundamentally the same for both orientations. However, the use ofthe inverted test method is not well documented in the literature. Differences such as fluid pressure,fluid ingress and retention of wear debris at the interface may affect the subsequent tribocorrosionprocesses. Some of these complicating differences likely occur in-vivo with actual components. Thispaper therefore aims to assess and compare the role of sample orientation on the degradationprocesses at the modular taper interface. The methods described in the ASTM F1875-98 standardwere analysed with the inclusion of in-situ corrosion measurement and further surface analysis. Theresults and findings of this study will be further discussed and set in context with the current ASTMrecommendations.Fo2. Methodology and Materials2.1. Components and ApparatusrPHigh nitrogen stainless steel C-Stem AMT femoral stems (12/14 taper, DePuy Synthes, UK) and Ø36mm M-Spec (DePuy Synthes, UK) high carbon CoCr femoral heads were tested in this study. Thesolution used for all electrochemical measurements was aerated 0.9% NaCl solution (pH 7.4) at 37 C, prepared using analytical grade reagents and deionised water. In each case 100 mL of fluid wasused. Prior mounting of the head-stem structure within the test fixtures the femoral head wasmounted onto the stem taper according to ASTM F1440 using specially design fixtures to ensure thetaper and trunnion were kept concentric. The femoral head was assembled dry using a static load of2 kN.evrReeThe stem orientations investigated in this study are shown in Figure 1. Fixtures were designed tomeet the standard but also allow for the same fixture to be used for both orientations. Stemmedcomponents were orientated according to the ASTM F 1440 and fixed using a high edge retentionmetallographic resin to the cement indication markers given on the femoral stem. In each case, thehead – neck interface was immersed in 100 mL of 0.9 g/L NaCl. The head force was actuated againsta soft polymer ring to avoid depassivation of the femoral head surface. All components weresubjected to a cyclic sinusoidal load (300 – 3300 N) at 1 Hz for 1 million cycles using an E-10k fatiguemachine (Instron, UK) to enable comparison of surfaces after each 1525354555657585960Journal nameUpon completion of fatigue testing the implants were carefully removed from the fixture and thecomponents were separated. Head-taper pull off tests were conducted according to the ASTMF1440-98. The femoral stem-head combinations were mounted and secured between two parallelplates and secured to the machine test bed with the centre of the femoral head axial to the load cell.The actuator was brought down to the femoral head and a clamp fitted to facilitate a tensile pull offload. No additional load was applied to the femoral head. The actuator was then advanced in thetensile direction at a rate of 2 mm/s. Displacement was ceased when the test load reached 0 kN. Thepull-off force was taken as the maximum measured force during separation.2http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/(site)
Journal name2.2. Electrochemical Test MethodsIn all cases, the fixed stem-head components acted as the working electrode (WE), facilitated via aconductive connection to the stem. The site of the connection and remaining interfaces were sealedusing a silicone sealant to ensure they did not contribute to electrochemical and mass lossmeasurements. A combined silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode (RE) and platinum(Pt) counter electrode (CE) (Thermo-Scientific, UK) was used to complete the cell. All electrochemicalmeasurements were conducted using an Autolab PGSTAT101 potentiostat (Metrohm, Netherlands)at an acquisition rate of 0.2 Hz.Two electrochemical methodologies were employed in part reference to ASTM F1875-98:For tests where the taper interface was orientated in an upright configuration (Figure 1a), OpenCircuit Potential (OCP) of the system was monitored continuously throughout cyclic loading. Inthis configuration, the potential difference between the test stem and the reference electrodewas measured to provide a non-destructive semi-quantitative indication on the severity ofcorrosion at the taper interface. This is not prescribed by ASTM requirements but was includedto facilitate comparison between loading configurations.rPFoFor tests where the taper interface was orientated in an inverted configuration (Figure 1b), ZeroResistance Ammetry (ZRA) was employed as per the ASTM standard for the ‘inverted’ tests. Inthis configuration a high nitrogen stainless steel C-Stem AMT femoral stem acted as a secondworking electrode (WE2) in which the net anodic/cathodic current generated through corrosionand fretting-corrosion could be measured. The second femoral stem was immersed in the test toreplicate the area of loaded stem concealed by the resin. The mixed potential of both femoralstems was also measured relative to a RE.2.3. Surface and Solution 4748495051525354555657585960Page 4 of 23After testing, the taper interfaces were visually inspected and photographed. For surface formprofiling a sub-micron accurate Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM, Mitutoyo Legex 322, Japan)was used to map the surface using a Ø 1 mm ruby and a point spacing of 0.2 mm. These points onthe surface were used to generate a Cartesian coordinate cloud which was then imported intoSphere Profiler (RedLux, UK) software. Deviations from the original surface were analysed byexcluding areas of known contact (which can be seen visually) and fitting the surface using conicaltaper geometric identities. By analysing damage noted on the surface, an estimate of the volumeloss could be made.Inductively Coupled-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to analyse elemental composition of theelectrolytes post-test after 1 million cycles. 1 mL of test electrolyte was diluted to 10 mL with HNO3prior to analysis. Samples were centrifuged at 1000 RPM form 10 minutes to extract particulate fromthe electrolyte prior to dilution. Co59, Cr52, Mo96 and Fe57 isotopes were used to analyse testelectrolytes.Optical microscopy (OM) was used to analyse the taper surfaces post simulation. To enable access tothe engaged portions of the taper-trunnion interface femoral heads were sectioned by wire erosion3http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/(site)
Page 5 of 23along the axis perpendicular to the toggling motion. Surfaces were imaged at 5mm intervals long thetaper.3. Results3.1. Electrochemical measurementsFigure 2 shows the evolution of the open circuit and mixed potential over the duration of each test.Two distinct trends were observed; for the upright test (Figure 2a) an initial negative shift in therecorded potential was observed upon the initiation of fatigue, followed by ennoblement of thesystem to values more positive than noted before loading. For the inverted cell (Figure 2b) upon theapplication of cyclic loading a sustained decrease in OCP was observed. This remained lower thanthe original OCP recorded before the application of loading. For the inverted cell, at the point whenload ceased, an ennoblement in the OCP was noted. This was not seen for the upright cell.FoFigure 3 shows the ZRA net current measurements obtained from the inverted tests. Upon theapplication of cyclic loading an increase in the current was observed. This indicates an increase incurrent flow from WE1 to WE2, representing an increase in corrosion at the taper interface. In allcases a positive charge transfer was observed corresponding to a corrosive mass loss from the taperinterfaces. Table 1 tabulates these and presents an estimate of the material lost due to corrosion(including static corrosion and mechanically induced corrosion) based on the assumptions thatcobalt was the primary corrosion reactions (i.e.; molar mass 58.9 g/mol,valence 2).rReerPExperimentCharge transfer (Q)Inverted 1 (Fig 3a – red)0.03Inverted 2 (Fig 3b)0.74Inverted 3 (Fig 3a – black)0.80Estimated corrosive mass loss 51525354555657585960Journal name0.010.230.243.2. ICP-MSFigure 4 shows ICP-MS data for solution samples taken after upright (Figure 4a) and inverted (Figure4b) testing (n 3). Each measurement was conducted three times during each test and the resultspresented as an average standard deviation. Differences were observed between the orientationswith the inverted orientation demonstrating increased release of Co and Cr compared to the uprighttests. No difference in Mo concentration was observed. An increase in Fe was noted in the uprightcell compared to the inverted. In both cases a preferential release of Co was observed accounting for50-70% of the total ions released. A correspondence between the release of ions in and alloy ratiowas not observed.4http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/(site)
Journal name3.3. Optical PhotographyFigure 5 shows both surfaces of the taper interface after 1million cycles of fatigue loading in theupright cell. Little to no evidence of wear or corrosion was seen after the tests. Light abrasion of thefemale taper was seen in test 2, although not observed in the other tests.Figure 6 shows the modular taper surfaces after 1 million cycles in the inverted cell. Evidence ofwear and corrosion was observed in all cases. Corrosion deposits on both surfaces was seen.Imprinting of the male trunnion topography on the female taper surface was also observed,especially in ‘test 2’.3.4. CMMFigure 7 shows the CMM profiles obtained for the upright tests. Some deviation away from theoriginal surface was observed; in the region of 500 nm and within the accuracy of the machine. Suchprofiles were consistently observed in all upright test. This is also supported by optical images.Estimated volume loss is 0.20 0.048 mm3.rPFoFigure 8 shows the CMM measurements for the inverted tests. Clear evidence of material loss wasobserved, with deviations from the original surface similar to those observed in-vivo. A Coup-contracoup appearance was observed, characteristic of a toggling action. Deviations in the region of 1.5 – 6µm were observed, with imprinting of the male trunnion threads on the taper surface visible. This issupported with digital photography and visual inspection. Estimated volume loss was 0.84 0.35mm3.rReeFigure 9 shows the CMM plots for the male trunnion surface. Due to the nature of the fittingalgorithms used, an accurate measurement of surface deviation is not possible due to the coursenature of the threads. Qualitative assessment shows no visible loss of threads on either test.3.1. Optical Light 48495051525354555657585960Page 6 of 23Figure 10 shows OM images taken across the length of the female taper surface. For the uprighttests, the surface showed little deviation in surface appearance across the length of the taper with atypically machined surface evident. Towards the top end of the taper, evidence of corrosion wasobserved. For the inverted tests, evidence of damage was seen within the region of engagement.Evidence of corrosion was seen, along with imprinting of the trunnion thread surface onto thesurface of female taper, as indicated by the white arrows. The extent of corrosive damage increasetowards the top end of the taper.4. DiscussionFretting-corrosion, fretting-crevice corrosion and mechanically assisted crevice corrosion are termsinterchangeably used to describe the processes occurring at the interface [1,9]. The use of passivemetallic materials has been practiced extensively in the orthopaedic sector since the 1950s.However, when used in load-bearing aqueous environments, corrosion and wear are inevitable. Thiscombination of mechanical and electrochemical factors enhances degradation of materials – betterknown as tribocorrosion [6]. This describes the co-existence and inseparable action of corrosion and5http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/(site)
Page 7 of 23wear owing to abrasion of the native oxide film and exposure of the reactive bulk alloy. As a result,metallic ions and particles are generated, potentially resulting in local and systemic biologicalreactions. Whilst an initial body of work was conducted in this area in the 1990’s by Goldberg andco-workers [3, 7-11], simulation methods and interrogation of the test standards remain unexplored.The results from this study further the current understanding by highlighting some key differencesbetween methods prescribed by ASTM and ISO. Whilst some variables (e.g. durations and loadingrates) differed from those described by the standard, this was done to ensure results werecomparable between each test series. In summary;Differences in outcomes based on component orientation were observed – a higher degree ofmaterial loss was observed using ASTM F 1875 method II.Inclusion of electrochemical, CMM and ICP-MS methods are vital if degradation mechanisms atthe interface are going to be determined.Fretting-corrosion at the modular surface can occur in stainless steel – CoCrMo alloys systems; alesser investigated system despite the high levels of implantation especially in the UnitedKingdom.FoThe tribocorrosion processes occurring at the modular taper interface are well studied. However,the investigation of stainless steel-CoCrMo combinations has not received much attention despite itsuse in UK and EU markets. Gilbert et al [12] presented a systematic study showing high nitrogenstainless steel (Orthinox 90 )-CoCrMo systems to be more susceptible to corrosion when assembledunder wet and dry conditions when compared to all CoCrMo systems. Chaplin et al [13]demonstrated evidenc
components were orientated according to the ASTM F 1440 and fixed using a high edge retention metallographic resin to the cement indication markers given on the femoral stem. In each case, the head – neck interface was immersed in 100 mL of 0.9 g/L NaCl. The head force was actuated against
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
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