I. POPULATION IN THE COLONIAL AND CONTINENTAL
I. POPULATION IN THE COLONIAL AND CONTINENTALPERIODS.CENSUS PROCEDURE IN COLONIAL AND CONTINENTAL PERIODS-POPULATION PRIOR TO 1790-RECENT ESTIMATES OF EARLY POPULATIONPOPULATION OF CITIES-CHANGES IN URBAN POPULATIONEnumerations of population, more or less accurate,were made in nearly all the Northern colonies duringthe Colonial period, and several of the states took oneor more censuses during the Continental period.Nearly all of these enumerations were more than asimple numbering of the people; in some instances,the inhabitants were classified by race, sex, age, andmarital condition.Colonial period (prior to 1774) .-Most of the enumerations ·of the Colonial period were made at theinstance of the British Board of Trade-which at thisperiod exercised many of the functions now vested ina colonial office-in order to obtain information whichwould be of value in the administration of the affairsof the colonies. Thus, in a sense, the British Board ofTrade was the originator of census taking ju America.These enumerations were made under the immediate supervision of the colonial governors, by sheriffs,justices of the peace, and other county or town officers.No enumeration embracing all the colonies was evermade, and in some of the colonies no accurate countof population occurred during the entire Colonialperiod. At times the board experienced great difficulty in getting the information desired. Its demandswere often but partially complied with by the colonies,were sometimes entirely ignored, and were generally a source of friction. In consequence, the population statistics given out were not always reliable.Indeed, the colonial governors encountered so manyobstacles in their attempts to make the required enumerations, that in many cases the tables prepared bythem to supply the information demanded were basedon muster rolls and lists of taxables, rather than onactual counts. Even when actual enumerations weremade, they were often incomplete or inaccurate.The small population dispersed over large areas, thedifficulties of travel, the independent spirit of the people, and the fact that in many instances the sheriffsand other officers charged with the enumeration received no compensation for their services, were all factors opposed to completeness and accuracy. "Superstition also was an influence opposed to census taking.In 1712 Governor Hunter undertook an enumeration ofthe inhabitants of New York. In writing to the homegovernment he excused the imperfection of the returnsin part by saying that 'the people were deterred bya simple superstition and observation that sickness1710TO1900.followed upon the last numbering of the people.' Governor Burnett, of New Jersey, in a communicationto the Britis!1 board in 1726, alluding to an enumeration made in New York three .Jvears before' said J 'Iwould ha Ye then ordered the like accounts to be takenin New Jersey, but I was advised that it might makethe people uneasy, they being generally of a NewEngland extraction, and thereby eJ;lthusiasts; and thatthey "\Vould take it for a repetition of the same sin thatDavid committed in numbering the people, and mightbring on the same judgments. This notion put me offat that time, but, since your lordships require it, Iwill give the orders to the sheriffs that it may be doneas soon as may be.'" 1Continental period (1774-1789) .-The Colonial periodin North America had covered more than a centuryand a half, and the policy of the board of trade iii.demanding exact returns of population at frequent intervals during this period doubtless had great weightin educating the people of the colonies to an appreciation of the value of accurate statistical information. Itis significant, at least, that the states which took censuses in the Continental period upon their own initiative, after having thrown off the yoke of Great Britain,were those in which, as colonies, enumerations hadbeen made by British authority; while those stateswhich made no such enumerations were in the mainthose in which no colonial enumerations had beenmade. The Continental censuses are of great interest,and, so far as accuracy and completeness are concerned, probably compare well with the first Federalcensus. Especially to be noted is th(3 Rhode Islandcensus of 1774, in which the schedule of enumerationis almost identical with that of the Federal census of1790.The necessity for a national census, comprehenclingall the states, became apparent early in the Continentalperiod. During the War of the Revolution, the Continental Congress had authorized and directed theissue of 3,000,000 in bills of credit. It had alsoresolved that the credit of the Thirteen United Colonies should be pledged for the redemption of thesebills; that each colony should provide ways andmeans to redeem its proportion in such manner asit should see fit ; that the proportion of each colonyshould be determined by the number of its inhabitants1Johnston's New Universal Encyclopaedia, vol. I, page 845.(3)
A CENTURY OF POPULATION GROV\'TH.4of all ages, including negroes and mulattoes; and thatit should be recommended to the colonial authoritiesto ascertain in the most confidential manner theirrespectiYe populations, and to send the returns, properly authenticated, to Congress. :Massachusetts andRhode Island took a censas upon this recommendation in 177G, but most of the colonies failed to comply.In ovember, 1781, a resolution vrns introduced inCongress recommending to the several states thatthey make un enumeration of their lrhite inhabitantspursuant to the ninth article of the Confederation.The resolution failed to pass and the article ·wasinoperative. Several of the states, however, madean enumeration about this time. The question ofa settlement of the national debt became continuallymore serious, and the unwillingness of some of thestates to order a general census and assume theirequitable proportion made it apparent that a completeenumeration of the inhabitants of the country couldnever be made except by a central directing authority.Hence, when the Constitutional Convention met, allmembers seem to have been agreed that a provisionfor a Federal census at stated intervals should beincorporated in the Constitution.CENSUSES PRIOR TO1790.The following table shows the number of officialof the inhabitants, of which record has beenfound, made in each of the colonies before 1790:censuse ?."UMBER OF s . iNew England colonies .iIi moo to1mm.II1111650 to I 1700 to 11w to 1774 to1m. i 1749.1773.1789. [ ::::::i:--!--!--i----i/!i14 /11 .1120j . -!-. !3 I8 )91114 . . . . : : : : ': : :; r:: ::: i::::::Southern colonies . . . !Ii3s1i tJ r-: : :ii·.:l H.::-:!:l.· .[/: :; 1:Middle colrmies. . . . . . . . . .i nental! period. ITotal.i Conti-Colonial period.·1110 ::11-----'::i2!1I:::::::;f: I::::::'.}::::::!1 . :1 :1 11-- --------- fr 7 ::::::::::: ::: ::::§ -···. i·':::::::::. ·-- - '.:. :·. ··2:; i m i - ! ; : : :::::::Britain. Apparently the British Government desired·more definite statistical information regarding its colonies than it required concerning the British Isles.New York and Rhode Island developed the greatestaptitude for census taking; of the total of 38 enumerations made before the date of the first Federal census,18, or more than half, were made in these two colonies-11 in the former and 7 in the latter. The peopleof :Massachusetts and Connecticut manifested considerable opposition to census taking, seeing no adYantagein it to themselves, and fearing that in some Viray theinformation obtained vrnuld be used by the Britishauthorities to their disadvantage. The first census em.bracing all the inhabitants of Connecticut was t:aken in1756, and the first in Massachusetts not until 1764when the general court, after continued demands fromthe governor, and fearing longer to irritate British authority, ordered a general census. Pennsylvania andDelaware, as "\\"ell as the Southern colonies, present amarked contrast to New York; so far as appe irs, theFederal census of 1790 was the first thorough enumeration ever made within the borders of any o:f them,except Virginia.The records of enumerations before 1790 are in manycases fragmentary; often totals only are given, and insome instances the results of the same enumeration arereported differently by different authorities. It mustbe remembered, however, that correct enumeration ofany community is at 9est a difficult task, and the results of early censuses in every country haYe beeninaccurate and disappointing. The later censuses inthe Colonial period and most of those of the ContinentaI period, 1vere more accurate, and compare wellwith the first Federal census.The follo1ving paragraphs present, for each of thecolonies in turn, the general results of all known enumerations up to 1790, together with the estimatesmade by colonial governors and other officials whichappear to possess a fair degree of accuracy, and alsocertain estimates by modern students of Colonial population. The results of all pre-Constitutional censusesare presented in detail on pages 149 to 185. In thesummaries and more extended tables which follow, thepopulation as sho\vn by the first Federal census, 1790,is included for comparison.1Vew Hamp8ltire.-"None of the figures given belowinclude the Vermont towns.i: ::::::::: : ::::::: : ::::: ::::: ::: : :::::::.: :::::::Estimates.lf 41.HiSG. .1675 . . . ··········-1716 . . . . . . . ········ ······ ···The table shows that 38 censuses of various colonieswere taken, V{ithin the area of the original thirteenstates, before the first enumeration was made in GreatCensuses.1,000 ·······-···· 4,000 . ···· · 6,000 . 9,000 . . . -1721.1732. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,500 ··········· 12,500 . 1742 . . . . . . . . . . . - . . 24,000 . . Ii·-::;;;;;;::;; lil;: illi!! ;!:i :; ;;!H! !i!l! i:j ;;.;ii; : : : :j: ·::::! fit
POPULATION IN COLONIAL AND CONTINENTAL PERIODS.The census of 177 5 was taken in order t"o ascertainthe quantity of arms and ammunition in the province,and to correct the wild estimate made by Congress of102,000 inhabitants, exclusive of slaves.Massachusetts (including Maine).-The first censusin Massachusetts was one of the "negro slaves, bothmales and females, 16 years old and upward," orderedin 1754, and finished in the beginning of 1755. Theearliest recorded movement for a census of all the inhabitants was begun in 1760, and the resulting censuswas taken in 1764-65. This census was comprehensivein its scope, and the schedule of information strikinglyresembles that of the first Federal census. It wasordered in 1764, and by the terms of the act was tohave been completed by the last of that year; but theselectmen in some of the towns were negligent and dilatory, and did not send in their returns as required. OnMarch 5, 1765, an act was approved by the governorby which the selectmen were required to complete thecensus and make their returns before May 25 following,under a penalty of 50. But even then, either sometowns failed to make returns or else the returns havebeen lost. 1This census was taken according to the followingschedule:u1te peopl e, un d er 16 years {Male.Female.Tm.nTI lh·lb16 years {Male.vv ite peop e, a oveFemale.Families.Houses.Males.Negroes and mulattoes { Fema1es.Indians {Males.Females.The followinO' are contemporary estimates of thecombined pop lation of Massachusetts and Maine(including New Hampshire in 1665):1632. - - - - - - - --- - - - - . - - . - . - - - - - - . - - . - - - - - - . - . - - - 2, 3001643 ·-·----·-····----·-· 16,000to17,0001665. - - - - - - ----- - - - . - - - - - - - - - . - . - . - - - - - - - . - . - - - 30, 0001675. - - -. - - ---- - - - . - - - - - . - . - . - - - - - - - - - . - . - - . - - - 33, 0001692. - - - - - - -- -- - . - - . - . - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - . - - . - - - 60, 0001721. - - -- - - - --- - - - - - - - . - - - - . - - - - . - . - - - - - - . - . - . - 94, 0001735. - - - - - - -. -- - . - - - - - . - . - - . - . - . - - . - - - - . - . - . - - . 145, -----· 165,0001751. - - - - - - - -- -- - - - . - -". - - - - - - . - . - - . - - - - . - . - - - . - 165, 0001755 . . - . - - --· - -- - . - . -· -- . --·-. -- . 200, 000The estimate given for 1735 includes 2,600 negroes,and that for 1755 includes from 4,000 to 5,000. Thefact that the population remained stationary duringthe nine years from 1742 to 1751 is ascribed to uagreat depopulation by smallpox and war." . .The totals reported at the three pre-Constitutionalcensuses of :Massachusetts and :Maine are comparedbelow ·with the results of the Federal census of 1790.The census of 1784 was a count of polls only. The1 Dr. J. Belknap (Mass. Hist. Soc. Collections, Vol. LV, page 198)says that this census, being an unpopular measure, was not accurately taken.76292-09-25population figures given are estimates by DoctorChickering, 2 based on the results of the count.: 1fassa- :chusetts. Maine.CENSCS.1764-G.5 . .2rn, 71823,9931776 . ·· · · . . .1784. ·- . .1790 . .2:)1,1473-!tJ,, b.5347,ii20Gl.40fi375,550oo;c43Rhode Island.-Of the seven pre-Constitutional censuses of Rhode Island, that of 1774 was particularlyelaborate, giving the names of the heads of families,white males and ·white females over and under 16years, negroes, and Indians. The results of thiscensus were published in detail in 1858. Because ofRhode Island's share in the slave trade, the proportion of colored persons in the population was largeone person in every nine being either a negro or anIndian.lYE.\R.Estimates. i f'.,eususes.- - -- - ---- -- ! 1658 . . . " . !1,2001!. . ::!::::::::::: :Of:'.-Of the population at the census of 1730, 985 wereIndians. The decreases in population from 1774 to1782 were directly due to the war, during which alarge portion of the state was in the possession of theBritish forces. Indeed, the census of 1782 specifically excluded one whole town which was still in theenemy's hands.·Oonnectic:ut.-The number of official enumerationswas much smaller in Connecticut than in RhodeIsland. The grmvth of population, however, wasmore regular. The information desired by the BritishBoard of Trade was furnished more often from estimates than from enumerations.YE.A.R.! Estinrn.tes. ! Censuses. - !I I1643 . . . . . . . . . . . i16U5 . . . . ········:lti79. ·- . . . . . . . ··:M :::::I5.i'i-001 . 9 (;00 :. .14. 0001 -·- i : f I::::::::::::1m ;H;;;;;;;;u;i;:-;; :; i:H;;:;i;;;;:; ;;:; ;;1; :jr:: mOf the nopulation reported at the census of 1761,930 were Indians. The stunted growth in the lateryears appears to have been due to the heavy emigration from Connecticut to Nmv York and to the West.2 Statisticr.l View of the Population of Iassachusetts from 1763 to1840, page 7.
A CENTURY OF POPULATION GROW.TH.6.New Ym·k and V'ermont.-Eleven enumerationswere made in New York prior to 1790-a. larger numlu:.,r than i:u anv other colonv. The first of these,made in 1698. as the first c nsus of any magnitudeon tlrn contin nt. There is no evidence that Vermontwas included in any of the colonial censuses of NewYork, except that of 1771.-YEAI!. ·Iii-·--Estimate: .-II.Pennsylvania. and Delaware.-The census of 1790appears to have been the :first thorough enumerationever attempted in either Pennsylvania or Delaware.Accordingly estimates of the population are subject toa laraemar!!inof error. In the case of some of th1Bbb estimates gi·ven below, for years prior to 1770, it I:Suncertain whether the inhabitants of Delaware a?1Bincluded.Censuses.The dute nf the first estimate, 1664r is the :rear ofthe British Conquest. Governor Hunter's census, in1712, met with so much opposition, from a super-stitious fear that it \vould breed sickness, that onlypartial returns ·were obtained. The census of 1746also was incomplete; .Albany county was reported as"not possible to he numbered on account of theenemy." The census of 1749 was taken by GovernorClinton, who volunteered the inlormation that thereturns, in common with those of preceding censuses,might not be strictly accurate, since the officers received no Pf!-Y for this service, and it was performedreluctantly and carelessly.Of the population reported at the census of 1771,163,337 waa reported for New York and 4,669 specifically for certain Vermont towns. .A.t the Federal censusof 1790 the population of New York was 340,241 andthat of Vermont \Vas 85,341.New Jersey.-There is very little information concerning the population of the colony of New Jersey,only three enumerations having been made before thefirst Federal census. Census taking was unpopular,because of the religious prejudices an l superstition of1GS1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1685 .1700 .1715 .1730 .1731 . - . - . - . - . . . . . . .1740 . - - . - . - . - . - . - . - - - - .1750. -- - . - . - . - . - . - . - - - . . . .1757 .1760 . - . - .5007,20020,00045,80049,00069, 000100, 000150, 000200,000220, 000The 500 inhabitants given as the estimate for 1681-before the arrival of Penn's settlers-were whites, andmainly Swedes, on the banks of the Delaware. The1730 estimate, made by Governor Gordon, is probablytoo small.The following are estimates made separately for thetwo colonies of Pennsylvania and Delaware, togethHrwith the returns of the Federal census of 1790:YEAP.Penn yl-1 De}awarE!.I1 vama.----1 t : ::: ::::::: : :::::: :::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::1 . - : - . ;; gg: :::: : g .59; 646.Maryland.-}.farylancl presents, throughout its colonial history, a uniform and gradual growth, which strikingly resembles that of Connecticut.YEAR.\IEstimates. Censuses.IIthe people.YEAF.Estimates. Censuses.1ill2 . -- . -. -. -· . -··-·· . - ··- -. . -. .172/'L .173': . .li4ii . -·. . . -·· . -·····------- . -·--. - -- . .17 -·-··--·- �--·--·······1754. . . . . .1774.·- . ·---·-··--···· . -·· . .1784 . -. . ···-··· . - - -.1190 . .Of the population reported at the census of 1745,4,606 were slaves. The estimate for 1749 is for whitesonly; the estimates for 17 54 and 1784 include 5,500and 10,500 blacks, respectively.The population reported at the census of 1712 included 81830 negroes, and the total reported for 17 J55was composed of 107,208 whites, 42,764 negroes, and3,592 mulattoes. The estimates for 1719, 1748, an.d1761 include 11,000, 36,000, and 49,675 blacks, respectively.·Virginia.-Thefustof all the colonies to be foundedVirginia, had a feeble growth at the start, but so 0 became the leader in population.
POPULATION IN COLONIAL AND CONTINENTAL PERIODS.census of 1790 or the estimate for 1775 would indicate.He made the very conservative assumption, in (4),that the number of the militia (males between 16and 50) equaled the number of free males 16 years ofage and over; had he assumed that the number ofthe militia equaled the number of free males 21 yearsof age and over-in accordance with the proportionswhich can readily be obtained by analyzing (2)-hisestimate would have been increased to 301,068 freepersons and 274,608 slaves, or a total of 575,676.North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.-Nothorough enumeration was ever made in these colonies during the Colonial or the Continental period.Accordingly all of the population figures given below,except for the Federal census of 1790, are estimates.YEAR.1616 . - . - . - . - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1620 . . .i t3512, 4001 . : . . . . . . . . . ·····i t .ii;I ?i:: :: 8: g jg i::: :::::::::: · in: r·L.L·I;m[· : :: :·::1100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7·17 . 610. -----------·- --""'""""---------·--For the four years 1782 to 1785, inclusive, there arein existence lists of polls in some of the Virginia counties. The population given above for 1782 is the estimate made by Thomas Jefferson, based on the list forthat year. 1The meager data on which :Mr. Jefferson's estimatewas based were that in 1782, in all but 8 of the Virginia counties, there were 53,289 free males 21 years ofage and over, 211,698 slaves (of both sexes and allages), and 23,766 "tithable slaves" (apparently slaves16 years of age and over); and that in the 8 countiesnot included in the list of polls there were, in 1779 and1780, 3,161 militia.Mr. Jefferson made :five assumptions: (1) That thenumber of persons under 16 years of age equaled thenumber 16 years and over; (2) that the number ofmales from 16 to 20 years of age, inclusive, was equalto the number of unmarried men in the militia (malesbetween 16 and 50 years), which was one-third of thetotal number in the militia, or about one-fourth of allmales 16 years and over; (3) that the number offemales equaled the number of males; (4) that thenumber of free males 16 years of age and over in 1782,in the 8 counties not included in the list of polls, wasequal to the number of the militia in those counties in1779 and 1780; (5) that the ratio of free to slave population was the same in these 8 counties as in the rest ofthe state.With the facts and the basis outlined above, Mr.Jefferson evolved the following data:Popu.lation of Virginia in .178!.iPOPULATION.' Counties iincluded in ! Oth rlistofpolls., counties.The' state.!i'1---.---1543, 438 :24, Total population . . . . l 5il7. 014 .- rn I::!Gfi,852148,42674,,21374, 21318 55321 years and o;-er . -. - l 55:6fi0148,426j 270, 762s1av! afioi:i::::: :: :::::::::::::::::::::::::;,:':!1:.; iil!i:iIIt will be observed that :Mr. Jefferson's estimate issmaller than either the population at the Federal1 Thomas Jefferaon: Notes on the State of Virginia, pages 94and 95.7North Carolina.I! EstimatedYEA.R.: population.lfiii -· . -··· . - . ·- - . - . - . - .114,000.'i,0001701 . . . - . . - . . . . . . . . '1711 . . . . - . -- . -. ·- . . . . . . . .7,000m ::::::::::::::::110,00036,00090,00013.5,00017G4 . . . . . . . . . . i1774 . . ··-·· ···········-········ . . . . . . . . . . :li90 . :260,0001395,005IiCensus.The estimate given for 1732 includes 6,000 negroes,and that for 1754 includes 20,000 negroes.South Carolina.I. o:unox.ESm ATED1YEAR.j Total. : '\Vhite. : Xegro.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- ::---:--lfi8:::? . . . . . . . . . . . :2,200 ,(l)I (l)1708 . . . . . . . . . . . .?,,, 500 : 4, 000 I 5, soo1714 . . . .lo, ooo1 1 300 I6 300 11m:· ::::::· .:.·. ·. :: :::::::::::::: ::: 1ftJS m · .tt m111790 . . . -··· . - . - . . . . 2249, 07311!140,178iNot estimated separately.2108,895'Census.The decrease in the number of negroes between 1773and 1790-which was accompanied by a marked decrease in the proportion they formed of the total population-was due to a. large deportation of negroes byBritish authority during the War of the Revolution.Georgia.ESTIMATED POPULATION.YEAR.Total. Ii White.1Negro.11:---.---17.52 . · · . -. . . . . . . .1760 . . . . . . .1766- . . . . . . . . . . .1773. . . . . . . . . .1776 . . . . ·· · . ·············-·········1 otestimatt!d separately.2:ggg18, 000 , ooo j10, 0001'1:1II33, ooo50,000 .282,5481,18, 000(1)!252, 12cens11s. 1J,oooS, 00015, 000(l}!129,662
A CENTURY OF POPULATION GRO"\VTH.8RECENT ESTilCATES OF POPULATION PRIOR TO1790.Attention has already been culled to the fact thatprior to 1700 was there a simultaneous enuof all the colonies. Estimates for variousbeen nu: le, hmYezer, by a number of his,.,. , .-, ."'' and statisticians. In the preparn,tion of this.,., . , ,., , assistance vms obtained from the exby Prof. Franklin Bmvditch Dex,,,.,,. .,,.,,, y of population in the sei:;eralArm rican colonies. Estimates in Bancroft's Historyof the -Cnited Stutes also proved helpful. Mr. Bancroft, hov,·en. r, says of one of his estimates that it''rests or1consideration of many· details and opiniorn; of that dny, prirnte journals and letters, reportstoof trade, and official papers of the provincial goYemments." Professor Dexter apparentlydepended less on British sources of information, andptit more credence in official enumerations and in estimstes hused on militia rolls and lists of polls.It is interesting to compare the estimates of the two. n hr."''t"'."' mentioned aboYe 1vith the estimates prepared by .Mr. J. B. D. De Bov.-, Superintendent of theSeventh Census ( 1850), and published in the reportof that census. Accordingly the various estimatesobtainable from these three sources are summarizedin the follmving stutement:.Eliti:rrw,u1Dextf:r.Bancroft.Bancroft's estimate of population, by colo:r .Total.YI:AR.:11,De Bow.I :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: tm: 1 t :8 For tv;o years, 1688 and 1754, Mr. Bancroft presented estimates for each of the colonies. These aredeemed of sufficient interest and importance to bepresented in full.Bancroft's estimates of population, by colonies.16S81COLO! .'Y.IIl17li4lTotal.1Black.\Vllite.I!263,500All colonies . i 200,00011 1, 428, 500 11 1, 165,000New Ha.-npshire . iMassachusetts and Maine . !Rhode Island . ···iConnecticut . : : k v::::::::::::: :: :::: :: :: ::!t! -·-·.::::::::::::::::::::::::\1ll :hitc.i ::::: :: :: ::::::::::::: ::: :::: ::: ::::: ::::: i; '.ggg i; ; g;gggPennsylninia and Delaware . 1of colonial population: 1640 to 1780.YEAR.l\fr. Bancroft says, concerning his estimate for 1754:''The board of trade reckoned a few thousand moreand revisers of their judgment less." He also makesa subdivision by color for each of his estima.tes, exceptthat for 1688, as follows:North Carolina . }South Carolina .Georgia . . . ,I6,ooo 1'1,0006,000I'}fIirn,ooo !III20 00010:000 ! ,DOD INo,00000,000ii8,000it{!jI2G3,000 00080,0007,000&D,000 ,,207,000 O·i,0001G8,00070,00040,0005,oooiiI!IIHistory of the United States, Vol. I, :page 602.2History of the United States, Vol. II, page 389.iProfessor Dexter's first estimate relates to the period '''hen Parliament gained the ascendency in England; at that time, he states, "60 per cent of the inhabitantg were in New· England and most of the remainderin Virginia." His second estimate indicates that at thetime of the Restoration the population had more thantrebled, "the greatest gain being in the most loyaldivisions, Virginia and Maryland, which now comprehended one-half the whole." Concerning a group of]ater estimates Professor Dexter sajs: "A roundhalf milJion appears to have been rcach d about 1721,withMiddle colonies sho·wing again the largestpercentage of growth and Ne'iv England the least. Amillion follom d in twenty-two years more, or in 1743,figuredouhlcd in turn twenty-four yearsor in 1767, the latter reduplication being dea little, doubtless by the effect of interveningwars."Concerning the estimates for 1754, Mr. Bancroftsays: "Nearly all are imperfect. The greate:st discrepancy in judgments relates to Pennsylvania and theCarolinas.''Mr. De Bow's estimates for the several colonies in1701, 1749, and 1775-which, it will be remembered,are the only statements concerning pre-Constitutionalpopulation hitherto published in a Federal censusreport-are as follows:De Bow's estimates of population, by colonies.Alloolon . COL :. .\ 2:: I,.:::J-21-.:-:-.-00-0S1n.,es, rostinmted . . . j . . !.Xew Ilampshlre . '. .
i. population in the colonial and continental periods. census procedure in colonial and continental periods-popu lation prior to 1790-recent estimates of early population
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Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Texts of Wow Rosh Hashana II 5780 - Congregation Shearith Israel, Atlanta Georgia Wow ׳ג ׳א:׳א תישארב (א) ׃ץרֶָֽאָּהָּ תאֵֵ֥וְּ םִימִַׁ֖שַָּה תאֵֵ֥ םיקִִ֑לֹאֱ ארָָּ֣ Îָּ תישִִׁ֖ארֵ Îְּ(ב) חַורְָּ֣ו ם
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