Latin Grammar Booklet Name: . Scholarship
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .1. VERBSDoing wordsLatin examples: amo I love, audio I hearSome verb terms:TensesTell us when the verb happened. The Scholarship verb tenses are:Present I am doing/I doFuture I will doImperfect I was doing/I used to doPerfect I have done/I didPluperfect I had donePersonsVerbs have persons e.g.Personst1nd2rd3SingularIYou (singular)He, she, itPluralWeYou (plural)Theyrde.g amaNT (they love) would be 3 person plural, present tenseNumberThis means whether the verb is singular or pluralst1 person singular, present tenseIf you are asked to give the 1st person singular present tense of a verb this means that you must give the mostbasic form of the verb-the one which ends in O.e.g. amO, regO etcThe Imperative Mood (Commands)e.g. Be quiet! Sit down! The Latin endings dETEsit down!regEregITErule!audIaudITElisten!13-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .ConjugationThis is a group of verbs which follow a certain pattern. Each group has slightly different endings. Thererdthare four conjugations in Latin plus one called “3½” (or mixed) which is a cross between the 3 and 4conjugations.Verb Tenses (all conjugations)1love2warn3rule3½ (mixed)capture4hearirregularbePresent(is/are )IYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou untImperfect(was/were ing)IYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou sfuistisfueruntFuture (will )IYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou (plural)TheyPerfect (did , have ed)IYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou (plural)They23-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipPluperfect(had )IYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou ERATISamavERANTInfinitive amARE(‘to’)Imperatives(Commands)singular: amAplural: amATEName: . capITEaudIaudITEesesteIrregular verbsThese are the most common irregular verbs which you might meet in a scholarship paper:goable to, canwish, wantnot SviSnon viSferSYou (sing.)iTpotESTvulTnon WeiTISpotESTISvulTISnon vulTISferTISYou mavulTmaliMUSmaVULTISmaluNTImperfectIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou leBASmaleBATmaleBAMUSmaleBATISmaleBANTFutureIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou prefermalAMmalESmalETmalEMUSmalETISmalENT
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipPerfectIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou IYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou (plural)TheyInfinitive (to .)Imperatives(Orders) TISpotuERUNTable to, canName: . , ulItulISTItulITtulIMUStulISTIStulERUNTnot ERANTferremaluERAMUSmaluERATISmaluERANTmalleiiteno imperativeno imperativeno imperativeno imperativenolinoliteferferteno imperativeno imperativeNote that the perfect and pluperfect of eo can also be formed with a V instead e.g.iVI, iVISTI, iVIT etcThe Passive VoiceThis is a type of verb which is used to describe a situation in a slightly different way e.g.active verbThe girl read the bookpassive verbThe book was read by the girlIf the word “by” is in the sentence this is a good indication of whether a verb is active or passive.Notice that ordinary verbs are called active verbs and are said to be in the “active MEANINGPRESENTI am lovedYou (sing.) are lovedHe/She/It is lovedWe are lovedYou (plural) are lovedThey are maluERUNT
Latin Grammar AMINIamaBANTURName: . .FUTUREI will be lovedYou (sing.) will be lovedHe/She/It will be lovedWe will be lovedYou (plural) will be lovedThey will be lovedIMPERFECTI was lovedYou (sing.) were lovedHe/She/It was lovedWe were lovedYou (plural) were lovedThey were lovedNB The three tenses below are formed from the perfect participle passive (AMATUS) plus the correct part of the verbSUM. See participle section below for further information of perfect participles.The participle must agree with its noun in number, gender and case e.g.The girl has been loved puella amata estThe girls had been loved puellae amatae erant.TENSEAMATUS sumAMATUS esAMATUS estAMATI sumusAMATI estisAMATI suntAMATUS eramAMATUS erasAMATUS eratAMATI eramusAMATI eratisAMATI erantMEANINGPERFECTI have been lovedYou (sing have been lovedHe/She/It has been lovedWe have been lovedYou (plural) have been lovedThey have been lovedPLUPERFECTI had been lovedYou (sing.) had been lovedHe/She/It had been lovedWe had been lovedYou (plural) had been lovedThey had been loved53-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .FUTURE PERFECTAMATUS eroI will have been lovedAMATUS erisYou (sing.) will have beenlovedAMATUS eritHe/She/It will have beenlovedAMATI erimusWe will have been lovedAMATI eritisYou (plural) will have beenlovedAMATI eruntThey will have been lovedDeponent verbsThese are verbs which look like passive verbs but translated as ordinary (active) verbs:Some common deponent verbs:conor, conari, conatus sum, tryegredior, egredi, egressus sum, go outhortor, hortari, hortatus sum, encourageingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum, go in, enterlabor, labi, lapsus sum, slip, fallloquor, loqui, locutus sum, speakminor, minari, minatus sum, I threatenmiror, mirari, miratus sum, I admiremorior, mori, mortuus sum, diemoror, morari, moratus sum, delayorior, oriri, ortus sum, arisepatior, pati, passus sum, sufferproficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, set outprogredior, progredi, progressus sum, advanceregredior, regredi, regressus sum, go backsequor, sequi, secutus sum, followvereor, vereri, veritus sum, fearvideor, videri, visus sum, seemSemi-deponent verbsWith semi-deponent verbs only the perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses look like passives. Just as withdeponent verbs, they are always translated as ordinary verbs:audeo, audere, ausus sum, dareconfido, confidere, confisus sum, trust in the dativefio, fieri, factus sum, become, am madegaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, rejoicesoleo, solere, solitus sum, be accustomed toParticiplesThese are a cross between a verb and an adjective. They are formed from verbs but must agree with a noun innumber, gender and case just like an adjective.There are 3 types of participle: present, future, perfect passive63-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipTenseGender:PRESENTMASC/FEMName: . IAamantIAamantIAamantIUMamantIBUSamantIBUSOther conjugationsndrdth2 monens, monentis; 3 regens, regentis 4 audiens, audientisIn English present participles are always translated with “ing” on the end.e.g. puellam clamantem magna voce audivi I heard the girl shouting in a loud voicePerfect participles-usually passive (also known as the PPP-perfect participle passive)thThese are formed from the 4 principal part of a verb e.g. amo, amare, amavi, amatumthNote that the 4 principal part might sometimes be irregular e.g. fero, ferre, tuli, latum I carryamatUS-A-UM having been lovedmonitUS-A-UM having been warnedrectUS-A-UM having been ruledauditus-A-UM having been heardlatUS-A-UM having been carriedThese participles decline like DOMINUS, PUELLA, BELLUMe.g visus a matre, puer domum redire constituit Having been seen by his mother the boy decided to return home.dominus iam monitum servum necavit the master killed the already warned slave (or perhaps better English: themaster killed the slave who had already been warned)NB: perfect participles of deponent verbs are not translated as passives but actives (because they are passive in formbut active in meaning)73-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .e.g. conatus having triedlapsus having slippedFuture participlesthThese are also formed from the 4 principal part of a verb (see perfect participles above)amatURUS-A-UM about to loveauditURUS-A-UM about to hear (declines like DOMINUS, PUELLA, BELLUM)dux vulneraturum militem necavit the leader killed the about to wound soldieror in much better English: the leader killed the soldier who was about to wound him.The Ablative AbsoluteThe Ablative Absolute is made up of a noun and a participle, both in the Ablative case. They are often found at thebeginning of a sentence, separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma e.g.nave deligata, cives domum redieruntwould be translated literally as: The ship having been tied up, the citizens returned home.This translation would not impress an examiner! You should think about what makes sense and sounds best in thecontext of the sentence e.g.After the ship had been tied up .When the ship had been tied up .The ship was tied up and If a present participle is used, the clause begins with the word while.e.g. magistro loquente, pueri tacebant.While the teacher was speaking the boys were quiet.The Subjunctive MoodThe tenses you have learnt so far have all been in the Indicative Mood. The Indicative is used to express facts. TheSubjunctive mood usually deals with matters which are not expressed as definite facts. In Latin the Subjunctive is usedto express purpose, wish, possibility and fear.It actually means very little on its own (but see point 6 below). It is usually used as part of other grammar constructionswhere it is just translated like a normal verb.The imperfect subjunctiveThis is formed by adding the endings (shown in bold capitals) to the present infinitive:83-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .1st conjugationloveirregularbeImperfectIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou eNTImperfectIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou perfectIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou amavisseTISamavisseNTPluperfectIYou (sing.)He/She/ItWeYou SfuisseNTThe subjunctive mood is very important in Latin. It has 6 main uses in sentences.1. Cum ClausesIf the word "cum" is used in a clause with a verb in the subjunctive, it is translated as "when" or “since.” The verb istranslated as if it was in the Indicative Mood.Cum ad templum ambulavissem.When I had walked to the temple.2. Purpose ClausesTo show that something is happening in order to do something else, a purpose clause is used. The word "ut" mustappear in the sentence between the action and the purpose. There are normally two verbs in sentences with purposeclauses - one in the indicative to show the action and a verb in the subjunctive to show the purpose.The "ut" is translated as "to" or "in order to" and the following subjunctive verb is translated as an infinitive in theindicative mood.ad tabernam ambulavimus ut ancillam videremusWe walked to the shop in order to see the slave-girl.Sometimes "qui" (who) is used instead of "ut", but the sentence should be translated in the same way.3. Result ClausesResult clauses show what happens as a result of something happening. They are formed by a "result word", the word"ut" and a subjunctive verb.The word "ut" is translated as "that" and the subjunctive verb is translated in the indicative mood.93-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .tantas divitias adeptus est ut villam splendidam iam possideatHe has obtained such great riches that he now owns a splendid villa.Result Words talis - suchtam - sotantas - such great, so greattot - so many4. Indirect QuestionAn indirect question is where the question is stated but not directly asked. They are formed by a verb of asking, a"question word" and a verb in the subjunctive. The verb in the subjunctive is translated as if it was in the indicativemood. There is no "ut" in an indirect question.miles iuvenem rogavit quid prope horreum faceret The soldier asked the young man what he was doing near thegranary.Question Words cur - whyquare - whyquid - whatquis - whoquo - where toquo modo - how (in what way)quot - how manyubi - where/when5. Indirect CommandAn indirect command is where an order is stated but not directly asked. They are formed by a verb of ordering, theword "ut" and a verb in the subjunctive. The "ut" is translated as "to" and the following subjunctive verb is translated asan infinitive in the indicative mood.centurio militibus imperavit ut hostes invenirentThe centurion ordered the soldiers to find the enemy.Common ordering words impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum - to commandiubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum - to orderpersuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum - to persuadeoro, orare, oravi, oratum - to beg6. AloneThe subjunctive is occasionally found on its own in a sentence. This is is translated as a possibility (i.e. somethingmay/might happen)103-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .It may also be a jussive subjunctive- "let him." eg amet let him loveThis is like an order. Another good example is “exeat let him/her go out”(The word “jussive” comes from the Latin word iubeo, iussi -I order).The Negative SubjunctiveTo change a sentence containing "ut" into a negative sentence, one must replace the word "ut" with the word "ne". Thesentence should still be translated in the same way, except the verb in the subjunctive should be negative.centurio militibus imperavit ne hostes invenirent The centurion ordered the soldiers not to find the enemy.Indirect Statement (also known as “accusative and infinitive” or “reported speech”Please note that this is an indirect construction where the subjunctive is NOT used:An indirect statement is where a statement is reported to someone else or written down. All indirect statements containan introductory verb, a noun in the accusative case and a verb in the infinitive.e.g. direct statement: “the merchant is approaching the city:” “mercator ad urbem appropinquat.”audio mercatorem ad urbem appropinquare I hear that the merchant is approaching the city.When translated into English, all indirect statements must contain the word "that".Common verbs which introduce an indirect statement:audio, audire, audivi, auditum - to hearcredo, credere, credidi, creditum - to believedico, dicere, dixi, dictum - to saynescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum – to not knowputo, putare, putavi, putatum - to thinkscio, scire, scivi, scitum - to know113-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .InfinitivesSo far you have only learnt present infinitives but there are also future and perfect infinitives which are also verylikely to appear in the indirect statement construction:ACTIVE INFINITIVESConjugationPresentFuturePerfectstem formed by removing –formed by removing –I fromthus from the 4 principal partthe perfect stem and addingof the verb and addingISSEURUS Presentst1nd2rd34thamARImonERIregERIaudIRIamatURUS ESSEmonitURUS ESSErectURUS ESSEauditURUS ESSEPASSIVE INFINITIVESFuturethformed from the 4 principalpart (neuter form) plus IRIamatum irimonitum irirectum iriauditum iriamavISSEMonuISSErexISSEaudivISSEPerfectthformed from the 4 principalpart plus ESSEamatus- essemonitus esserectus- esseauditus- esseExamples:audivi mercatorem ad urbem appropinquavisse I heard that the merchant was approaching the city or hadapproached the cityaudio mercatorem ad urbem appropinquaturum esse I hear that the merchant is about to approach the city.123-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .Verbs: Principal PartsWhen a typical Latin verb is presented in a vocabulary list you will almost always see FOUR forms of that verb. Theseforms are called the principal parts of the verb. Knowing them helps you to recognise, understand and produce allother forms of the verb.It is very important to learn these carefully as some can be highly irregular (see FERO below):REGULAR PRINCIPAL PARTSFirst Principal PartAMOSecond Principal PartAMAREThird Principal PartAMAVIFourth Principal PartAMATUMThe present indicative activest1 person singular The present infinitive active The perfect indicative activest1 person singular The perfect participle passive(PPP) I have lovedHaving been lovedStem amav-Stem amat-FormsFormsPerfect, pluperfect and futureperfect indicative active tensesPerfect, pluperfect and futureperfect indicative passivetensesTo loveI loveStem amareStem amaFormsFormsImperfect subjunctive activePresent, future and imperfectindicative active tensesIRREGULAR PRINCIPAL PARTSFirst Principal PartFEROSecond Principal PartFERREThird Principal PartTULIFourth Principal PartLATUMThe present indicative activest1 person singular The present infinitive activeThe perfect indicative activest1 person singular The perfect participle passive(PPP)I have been carriedHaving been carriedStem tul-Stem lat-FormsFormsPerfect, pluperfect and futureperfect indicative active tensesPerfect, pluperfect and futureperfect indicative passivetensesTo carryI carryStem ferreStem ferFormsFormsImperfect subjunctive activePresent, future and imperfectindicative active tenses133-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .2. NOUNSNames of something e.g. book, tree, deskIn Latin nouns have different endings.These tell you the noun's job in a sentence.The noun’s job is called the caseCase tiveMeaningsubject ofsentenceWhen talking tosomeoneobject ofsentenceofto or forby, with or fromOther noun termsGendermasculine, feminine or neuterNumberWhether the noun is singular or pluralSubjects and objectsIf you are asked for the subject of a verb you must look for who is doing the verb action e.g.verbMarcus puerum videtverbMarcus sees the boyThe subject would be Marcus.If you are asked for the object of a sentence you must find who is having the verb action done to them, so in thesentence above the object would be "puerum" (boy).A much easier way to spot subjects and objects is to learn the noun table below and the case meanings (above).TOP TIP: If you are asked for the case of the word “puellae” in the sentence below it will be vocative (when talking tosomeone).“salvete, puellae!” “Hello, girls!”. The speech marks are the main clue.143-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .Noun SgradUUMgradIBUSgradIBUSrd* Sometimes the 3 declension genitive plural ending can be IUM e.g. URBIUM of the citiesDeclension:Gender:4thneuterkneeth5usually femday (m or IBUSdiESdiESdiESdiERUMdiEBUSdiEBUSdays153-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .3. PRONOUNSA pronoun is a word which can replace a noun in a sentence. Examples are:I, you, we, this, thatPersonal PronounsThese are not essential in Latin because the verb person is contained in the verb itself e.g. amo I love.When they are used with a verb it is often for extra emphasis or to point out a contraste.g. ego clamo sed tu taces I shout but you are quiet.NB there is no vocative in I and ivedativeablativeYou (singular)egono vocativememeimihimetututetuitibiteWenosno vocativenosnostri ornostrumnobisnobisYou (plural)vosvosvosvestri or vestrumvobisvobisDemonstrative pronounshic/haec/hoc rumhishisPLURAL163-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .is/ea/id thatIf there is no noun with the pronoun it translates as: he/she/it or him/her/ite.g. is puer cantat that boy is singingis cantat he is singingmagistra puellam videt the teacher sees the girlmagistra eam videt the teacher sees herNote that eius lle/illa/illud that (more emphatic than is/ea/id)If there is no noun with the pronoun it translates as: he/she/it or him/her/ite.g. ille puer cantat that boy is singingille cantat he is singingmagistra puellam videt the teacher sees the girlmagistra illam videt the teacher sees 173-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . llisRelative pronounsqui/quae/quod who or usquibusquaequaequorumquibusquibusPLURALEmphatic pronounsipse/ipsa/ipsum he himself, she herself/it itselfe.g regina ipsa pompam spectavit the queen herself watched the psisPLURAL183-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .idem/eadem/idem the demeorundemeisdemeisdemPLURAL4. ADJECTIVESThese describe nouns e.g. big, smallLatin examples and possible endings:stnd1 and 2declension adjectivesbonus good (masculine ending)parva small (feminine ending)magnum big (neuter ending)rd3 declension adjectivestristis sad (masculine and feminine ending)forte brave (neuter ending)rdSee noun tables for a reminder of how 3 declension adjectives declineththNB: There are no 4 and 5 declension adjectives in LatinComparative AdjectivesThese are used when you are comparing nouns e.g.This road is longer than that onelonger is a comparative adjective.in Latin they are formed by adding -IOR to the stem e.g. longIOR longerLook out for plurals: longIORES and neuter nouns: longIUS193-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .Superlative AdjectivesThese are used when you want to say “very long” or “longest”In Latin they are formed by adding ISSIMUS to the stem e.g. longISSIMUS very long/longestIf an adjective ends in ER (e.g. pulchER beautiful) ERRIMUS is added instead e.g. pulchERRIMUS very beautifulIRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESIn Latin (as in English) some adjectives are irregular when they are used in comparisons:positivecomparativesuperlativebonus (good)melior (better)optimus (best; very good)malus (bad)peior (worse)pessimus (worst; very bad)magnus (big)maior (bigger)maximus (biggest; very big)parvus (small)minor (smaller)minimus (smallest; very small)multus (much)plus (more)plurimus (most; very much)multi (many)plures (more)plurimi (most; very many)5. ADVERBSThese describe verbs e.g. slowly, quicklyPossible Latin endings:-E-TERe.g. lentE slowlye.g. celeriTER quickly5. ADVERBS CONTINUEDAlso look out for:Adverbs of Timee.g. subito suddenlydeinde thendiu for a long timeTOP TIP: If you have been asked to find an adverb and you get really stuck you could always look for NON (not)which is also an adverb. It will be found in front of a verb e.g. NON curro I do not run6. PREPOSITIONSTell us where something is (the positions of things) e.g.: in, on, underIn Latin prepositions always stand in front of a noun.203-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .The noun following it always has an accusative or ablative ending.You may be asked to find the following in a Latin passage:1. a preposition followed by a noun in the accusative case2. a preposition followed by a noun in the ablative caseTo answer this question you must learn the following list carefully:Prepositionsfollowed byaccusativenounsadcontrain *MeaningPrepositionsfollowed byablative nounsMeaningto, towardsagainstintoa/abcumdeperpropetransthrough, alongnearacrosse/exin bfrom, bywithdown from,aboutout ofinon behalf of, infront ofwithoutunderpostproptersuperafterbecause ofabove* Be careful with “in”With the accusative it means “into” e.g. I go into the classroomWith the ablative it means “in” e.g. I stand in the classroom7. EXPRESSIONS OF TIMEaccusativeThe accusative is used to express how long something happened for e.g.rex multos annos regebat The king ruled for many yearsablativei. The ablative is used to express the time when or at which something happened e.g.tertia hora domum reliquimus At the third hour we left the houseii. The ablative is also used to express time within which something happened e.g.quinque diebus ad urbem redibimus Within five days (in five days time) we will return to the city.213-Apr-14
Latin Grammar BookletScholarshipName: . .8. NUMBERSThere are two types:Cardinal numbers are ordinary numbers e.g. one, two, three etce.g. Latin: unus, duo, tresOrdinal numbers tell us the order of something e.g. first, second, third etce.g. Latin: primus, secundus, tertius9. CONJUNCTIONSThese are connecting words which join parts of a sentence together. Some English and Latin examples are givenbelow:et andenim/nam foritaque and soquamquam althoughquod becausesed butsi if223-Apr-14
LATIN SCHOLARSHIP GRAMMAR CHECKLISTTick the topic when you are sure you understand itTopicLevel I Level II3rd declension:Nouns Level III5th Declension:PronounsC. A.Scholarshipth4 Declension1st & 2nd declension:e.g. dies, resAdjectives e.g. puella, dominus, bellume.g. rex, urbs, nomen1st & 2nd declension:bonus/bona/bonum (like puella,dominus and bellum)1. 3rd declension: tristis, ingens2. Regular comparison: longus, longior,longissimus3. Irregular comparison: bonus, melior,optimus etcego (I), tu (you s),ego, tu, nos, vos, senos (we), vos (you pl)hic (this), is/ille (that)(nom.and acc. only)(whole declension of all of the above)Prepositionsa/ab, ad, contra, cum, dee/ex, in, per, prope, transante, circum, inter,postpro, propter, sine, sub, superVerbsI.Present, imperfect,
singular: i no imperative no imperative noli fer no imperative plural: ite no imperative no imperative nolite ferte no imperative Note that the perfect and pluperfect of eo can also be formed with a V instead e.g. iVI, i VISTI, i VIT etc The Passive Voice
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of grammar.” New Latin Grammar Charles E. Bennett xvi 287 pp (1908, Reprint 1995) Paperback ISBN 978-0-86516-261-7 First published in 1908, New Latin Grammar by Charles E. Bennett remains an outstanding resource for students at virtually any level. Bennett ’s book is a model of clear
