Native Plants For Wildlife Habitat And Conservation Landscaping .
U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceNative Plantsfor Wildlife Habitatand Conservation LandscapingMaryland: Piedmont Regionphoto credit: Britt Slattery, USFWSMay 2001
ABOUT THIS PLANT LISTThis list provides information about native plants that can be used forhabitat restoration and natural or environmentally beneficial landscapingprojects such as BayScapes. All of the plants listed occur naturally inMaryland. Plants are grouped by plant type, then listed alphabetically byLatin name. This is not intended as a complete list of plants native toMaryland. Rather, plants have been included because they have bothornamental and wildlife value, and are generally available for sale.WHY USE NATIVE PLANTS?Native or indigenous plants naturally occur in the region in which theyevolved. They are adapted to local soil, rainfall and temperatureconditions, and have developed natural defenses to many insects anddiseases. Because of these traits, native plants will grow with minimal useof water, fertilizers, and pesticides. Wildlife species evolve with plants;therefore, they use native plant communities as their habitat. Using nativeplants helps preserve the balance and beauty of natural ecosystems.TREASURED NATURAL RESOURCESMaryland's landscape includes a wide range of natural communities,physiographic provinces, and natural features. Here, one can find bothsouthern and northern ecosystems in close proximity. From the cypressswamps, barrier islands, and Delmarva bays of the Eastern Shore; to therolling hills, stream valleys, and hardwood forests of the Piedmont plateau;to the mountain boreal bogs, caves, and limestone woods to the west,Maryland offers a diversity of habitats that support an impressive variety ofspecies.Rich in plants and animals, Maryland harbors some species withextremely limited ranges -- the nationally endangered dwarf wedgemussel and Delmarva fox squirrel find refuge within our borders, alongwith rare subterranean invertebrates, beach-loving beetles, anduncommon shale barren plants, like Kate's- mountain clover. When earlycolonists first explored this part of the New World, they found anabundance of wildlife, including elk, wolves, bison, and prairie-chickens.Today, these species are gone from Maryland and many more havedeclined. Much of our natural heritage is now confined to small fragmentsof the original wilderness.As our population grows and land-use pressures intensify it is increasinglyimportant that we protect our vanishing species and remaining naturalareas, and restore or create habitat for the wildlife that remains.Maryland’s wildlife, plants, habitats, and network of streams and riversthat lead to the Chesapeake Bay hold tremendous resource potential, aswell as educational, recreational, aesthetic, and cultural values. Byworking together, these treasures can be conserved for futuregenerations.MARYLAND’S REGIONS AND HABITATSFrom the sandy dunes of the coast to the rocky slopes of the mountains,Maryland’s rich variety of habitats are strongly linked to its geology (seemap). For this guide, the state has been divided into three regions:(1) the coastal plain, an area with a more southern climate in the easternpart of the state, which includes the Chesapeake Bay’s eastern andwestern shores, up to the fall line roughly represented by U.S. Route 1;(2) the Piedmont plateau, which extends roughly from the fall line toFrederick, MD; and (3) the mountain zone, a more northern climate,which reaches from Frederick westward, above the 1500’ elevation level.Some native plants are common throughout the state, while others areadapted to the unique conditions found only in one or two regions.
This publication is part of a set of three brochures that feature lists ofspecies appropriate for planting in Maryland’s coastal plain, Piedmontplateau, and mountain region. To help ensure successful landscapingand restoration, use plants’ natural ranges to guide your plant selection.For more complete plant information, request a copy of U.S. Fish andWildlife Service’s new edition of Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat, a morecomprehensive guide to native plants for the full Chesapeake Baywatershed (see references list in this brochure).Wetland, forest, meadow, and thicket are just a few of Maryland’shabitats, each of which is characterized by plants that have adapted to theavailable growing conditions. Plants usually do best when placed in siteswith the same light, moisture, and soil conditions as their natural habitats.GROWTH CONDITIONSLIGHT The amount of sunlight a plant requires is defined as: (1) Fullsun (Su), the site is in direct sunlight for at least six hours a day duringthe growing season; (2) Partial shade (PS), the site receivesapproximately three to six hours of direct sunlight; and (3) Shade (Sh), thesite receives less than three hours of direct sunlight or filtered light.MOISTURE The amount of soil moisture a plant requires is defined as:(1) Wet (W), areas where the soil is saturated for much of the growingseason, except in droughts. Many of the plants designated for wet areastolerate specific ranges of water depths. Consult a wetland plantspecialist or reference book; (2) Moist (M), areas where the soil is damp,and may be occasionally saturated (“average soil” has been included inthis category); and (3) Dry (D), areas where water does not remain after arain. The latter areas may be in full sun or in a windy location, on a steepslope, or have sandy soil. Plants in this category are drought tolerant.SOIL Many of the native plants listed will tolerate a range of soil types.For best results, select plants suited to existing site conditions rather thanamending the soil. However, be aware that plant selection may be limitedif your site has very sandy soil, heavy clay, compacted soil, or extremesoil pH (above 6.8 or below 5.5). In these cases, seek advice from anurseryman, horticulturist, botanist, Maryland Cooperative Extension, orother expert.
DESIGNING A HABITATIn addition to providing the growth conditions that native plants prefer inthe wild, it is also a good idea to try to re-create a natural habitat.Consider using plants together as they grow in the wild (known as plantcommunities). Arrange plants in groups or groves, providing severallayers of vegetation. Select plants that fruit or bloom during different timesof the year to provide food for wildlife year round. For more informationand assistance, particularly with large habitat projects, contact the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources,U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service,county Soil Conservation District, Maryland Cooperative Extension, orother natural resources agency or organization.WHERE TO FIND NATIVE PLANTSMost nurseries carry some native plants, and some nurseries specializeand carry a greater selection. Some plants will be more readily availablethan others will. If you have a favorite that you can’t obtain, be sure to askyour local nursery to consider adding it to their stock. A list of native plantnurseries in the Chesapeake Bay region is available from the U.S. Fishand Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Field Office atwww.fws.gov/r5cbfo/bayscapes.htm.Native plants should not be removed from the wild unless an area is aboutto be developed. Even then, it is difficult to transplant wild-collected plantsand to duplicate their soil and other growth requirements in a homegarden. Plants that are grown from seed or cuttings by nurseries have amuch greater tolerance for garden conditions. Help to preserve naturalareas by purchasing plants that have been grown, not collected.AVOID USING INVASIVE NON-NATIVE PLANTSNon-native or exotic plants introduced from other parts of the world orother parts of the country have degraded many natural ecosystems.Although many non-native plants are considered beneficial and do notescape into the natural environment, it is difficult for most gardeners toknow the risks of every ornamental plant. Some of these introducedplants are invasive, meaning that there are few or no naturally occurringmeasures such as insects or competitors to control them. Invasive plantscan spread rapidly and smother or out-compete native vegetation.Ecosystems impacted by invasive, non-native plants have a reducedability to clean our air and water, stabilize the soil, buffer floods, andprovide wildlife food and shelter. Lists of non-native plants to avoid inyour landscape are available from the Maryland Native Plant Society,Maryland DNR Heritage Program, or Plant Conservation Alliance (seecontact information in this brochure).FOR MORE INFORMATIONThere are many resources available that provide information on nativeplants and natural landscaping. Walking in natural areas near your homeis a good way to see the plants in their native habitats, and to get ideas onhow to plant them in your landscape. Check libraries and bookstores forfield guides to native plants and wildlife in the Chesapeake Bay region.You will also find books on how to create native plant landscapes.Organizations such as the Maryland Native Plant Society and the PlantConservation Alliance publish newsletters and maintain Web sites.Landscaping with native plants has become very popular, and you will bejoining many others in this effort to help preserve Maryland's naturalresources.
PLANTS NATIVE TO MARYLAND’S PIEDMONT REGIONSoil Moisture:W wetM moistD DrySunlight:Su full sunPS part shadeSh full shadeFlower Color (simplified, all shades):B brown R redO orangeW whiteP pinkG greenY yellowPu purple Bl blue* denotes evergreen or semi-evergreen foliageScientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color BloomFERN / FERN ALLYAdiantum pedatumAsplenium platyneuronAthyrium asplenioidesBotrychium virginianumDennstaedtiapunctilobulaDryopteris marginalisDryopteris spinulosaOnoclea sensibilisOsmunda cinnamomeaOsmunda acensisThelypteris palustrisWoodwardia areolataWoodwardia virginicamaidenhair fernebony spleenwortsouthern lady fernrattlesnake fernhay-scented fernmarginal shield fern,evergreen wood fernspinulose woodfernsensitive ferncinnamon fernroyal fe rnllllll ll lllll lllll1.5’ll ll ll lllllllll1-2.5’1-2’2-3’2-3’llChristmas fernlll1.5-2’New York fernl lll1-2.5’marsh fernnetted chain fernVirginia chain fernl lll llllll2-3’1-2’4’lbroomsedgeblue wood sedgelll lll llbottlebrush grassl llVirginia wild ryeVirginia switchgrasslMaianthemumcanadenseMitchella repensOxalis violaceaPhlox subulataSedum te rnatumUvularia .5’3-6’Jun-OctJul-Octl ll lllittle bluestemlll4’Aug-OctIndiangrassgama grasslllll5-7’6-9’Aug-Sepl lGROUNDCOVERAsarum canadenseCarex glaucodea orC. flaccospermaCarex pensylvanicaChimaphila maculataChrysogonumvirginianumGaultheria procumbensHepatica americanaHeuchera americana*1-3’llsedgewild oats, river oatsCanada wild rye*1-3’lGRASS / GRASSLIKEAndropogon virginicusCarex glaucodea orC. flaccospermaCarex pensylvanicaChasmanthium latifoliumElymus canadensisElymus hystrix(Hystrix patula)Elymus virginicusPanicum virgatumSchizachyriumscopariumSorghastrum nutansTripsacum dactyloides1-2’1-1.5’1.5-3’1.5’wild gingerlblue wood sedgel lsedgestriped wintergreenlllll 1’B*0.5-2'B-RJun-Jul0.5-1.5’ 1’R-WWMay-JunJun-AugApr-Mayllllgreen-and-goldl ll 1’YMar-Junwintergreenround-lobed hepaticaalumrootl ll ll lllllll 1’ 1’1.5’W, P *W, PuG, W *Jun-AugMar-JunApr-JunCanada mayflowerlll 1’WMay-Julpartridgeberryviolet wood sorrelmoss phloxmountain stonecropstraw lilyl ll llllllllllllll 1’ 1’ 1’ 1’ 1’W*PuP, W *G-W -Jull llll2’R-YApr-Maylllllto 6’1’4’6’3’1-3’1-3.5’2-5’to 6'3-4’WstripedPPuOWWBl, PuPuBl, g-OctSep-OctJul-OctHERBACEOUSAnemone canadensisAquilegia canadensisAralia racemosaArisaema triphyllumAsclepias incarnataAsclepias syriacaAsclepias tuberosaAster divaricatusAster ericoidesAster laevisAster novae-angliaeAster novi-belgiiround-leavedanemoneeaste rn or wildcolumbinespikenardJack-in-the -pu l p i tswamp m i l k w e e dcommon m i l k w e e dbutterflyweedwhite wood asterheath astersmooth blue asterNew England asterNew York asterll llllllllllllllllllllllllllScientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color Bloom
Scientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color BloomHERBACEOUS, continuedAster pilosusBaptisia australisBaptisia tinctoriaChelone glabraChrysogonumvirginianumChrysopsis marianaCimicifuga racemosawhite heath asterblue false indigowild indigowhite turtleheadgreen-and-goldMaryland golden asterblack snakerootnarrowleaf springClaytonia virginicabeautyCoreopsis tinctoriatickseed sunflowerCoreopsis verticillatathreadleaf CoreopsisDentaria laciniatatoothwortDesmodium paniculatum panicled tick-trefoilDicentra cucullariaDutchman’s breechesDicentra eximiawild bleeding heartErythronium americanum trout lilyEupatorium dubiumJoe-Pye weedEupatorium fistulosumJoe-Pye weedEupatorium maculatum spotted Joe-Pye weedEupatorium perfoliatum common bonesetgreen-stemmedEupatorium purpureumJoe-Pye weedEupatorium rugosumwhite snakerootGeranium maculatumwild geraniumHelenium autumnaleyellow sneezeweedHelianthus divaricatuswoodland sunflowerHeliopsis helianthoides oxeye sunflowerHepatica americanaround-lobed hepaticaHeuchera americanaalumrootHoustonia caeruleabluet, innocenceLiatris graminifoliagrass-leaf blazingstarLilium canadenseCanada lilyLilium superbumTurk’s cap lilyLobelia cardinaliscardinal flowerLobelia siphiliticagreat blue lobeliaMertensia virginicaVirginia bluebellsMonarda fistulosawild bergamotMonarda punctatahorsemintOenothera fruticosanarrow-leaved sundropsOenothera perennissundropsPenstemon digitalisbeardtonguePhlox divaricatawoodland blue phloxPhlox subulatamoss phloxPhysostegia virginianaPodophyllum peltatumPolemonium reptansPolygonatum biflorumRudbeckia fulgidaRudbeckia hirtaRudbeckia laciniataRudbeckia trilobaSanguinaria canadensisSaxifraga virginiensisSenecio aureusSenna marilandica(Cassia marilandica)Silene stellataobedient plant,false dragonheadMayappleJacob’s ladderSolomon’s sealearly coneflowerblack-eyed Susantall or green -headedconeflowerthree-lobed coneflowerbloodrootearly saxifragegolden ragwortllll3.5’3-5’3’3’WBl, PuYWAug-OctMay-JunJun-SepAug-Octl 1’YMar-Junl0.5-2’5’YWAug-OctJun-Jul 1’W, PMar-Mayll1-3’2’1’2-4’ 1’1.5’1’4-7’1.5-6’2-6’3.5’YYW, PuPuWP, llllllWP, PuYYYW, Pullll llllllllllllllllllll ll ll lll lllllllllllllllllll lllllll lllll llllllllll3.5’2’1.5-3’1.5-6’1.5-3.5’ 1’1.5’ �2’1-3’2’1.5’ 1’P, W ul-AugJun-OctJun-SepMay-AugJun-JulApr-MayApr-Mayl ll3’P, WYJun-OctMar-MayMar-MayApr-Aug3-4’YJul-Augl lllll ll ll lllllllllllllllllllll lll llllllllllllll ll lllllllMaryland wild sennastarry campioncoastal blue-eyedgrassSisyrinchium graminoides blue-eyed grassSmilacina racemosafalse Solomon’s sealblue-stemmedSolidago caesiagoldenrodSolidago nemoralisgray goldenrodSolidago rigidarigid goldenrodSolidago rugosawrinkle leaf goldenrodSolidago speciosashowy goldenrodSymplocarpus foetidus skunk cabbageThalictrum dioicumearly meadow rueThalictrum polygamumtall meadow rueTiarella cordifoliafoamflowerTradescantia virginiana Virginia spiderwortTrillium grandiflorumwhite trilliumVerbena hastatablue vervainVernonia noveboracensis New York ironweedViola pedatabird’s foot violetSisyrinchium atlanticumll lll lll ll lllllllllll1.5-4.5’l 1’l1’l 0.5-2.5’llllllG, W *Bl, WPuOY, O, RRBlBlP, 5’2.5’BlWApr-J unMay-Jull llll lll1-3’YAug-Octll ll ll llllllll 1’2-3’1’4’4-8’ llllllllllllllllllG, PuWWBl, PuWBl, PuPuPuScientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color Bloom
Scientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color BloomHERBACEOUS EMERGENT (can grow with roots in water )Acorus calamusIris versicolorJuncus canadensisJuncus effususNuphar luteum(Nuphar advena)Nymphaea odorataOsmunda regalisPeltandra virginicaPontederia cordataSagittaria latifoliaScirpus cyperinusScirpus pungens(S. americanus)Typha latifoliaSHRUB, lowComptonia peregrinaEuonymus americanusGaylussacia baccataHypericum densiflorumRosa carolinaRubus allegheniensisVaccinium vacillans(V. pallidum)Viburnum acerifoliumsweet flagblue flagCanada rushsoft rushspatterdock,yellow water lilyfragrant water lilyroyal fe rnarrow arumpickerelweedduck potatowoolgrasslllllllllll2-3’3’1-3’2-3’Y, WBllll1’YMay-Octll lllll lllllll 1’2-3’to Jul-OctAug-Sepcommon three-squarell4’Jun-Sepbroad-leaved cattaill ll5-7’May-Junllsweet fernstrawberry bush,hearts -a-bustin’black huckleberrydense St. John's wortpasture roseAllegheny blackberryearly lowbushblueberrymaple-leavedarrowwoodlllllllllRhus glabraRosa palustrisSambucus canadensisVaccinium corymbosumVaccinium stamineumViburnum dentatum(V. recognitum)Viburnum nudumSHRUB, tallAlnus serrulataAralia spinosaCorylus americanaIlex deciduaKalmia latifoliaRhus copallinaRhus typhinaViburnum 0.5-3’1-3’lll1.5’W, PApr-Mayl lll3-6.5’W, PApr-Mayred chokeberryl l ll1.5-13’WMar-Maybuttonbushl llto 10’WJul-AugWYWW, PYWMay-JunSep-DecJun-JulMay-JunMar-MayMay-Jullll lll lllllllllSHRUB, mediumAronia arbutifoliaCephalanthusoccidentalisCornus amomumHamamelis virginianaHydrangea arborescensLeucothoe racemosaLindera benzoinLyonia noidesRhododendron viscosumRhus aromaticaMay-JulMay-Junsilky dogwoodwitch hazelwild hydrangeafetterbushspicebushmale-berrygreat rhododendron,rose baypink azalea,Pinx terbloomswamp azaleafragrant sumacsweet or smoothsumacswamp rosecommon elderberryhighbush blueberrydeerberryGApr-MayGMay-JunW, 15’3-9’13’6.5-16’1.5-10’l lll15’ W, P *May-Augl ll3-10’P, WApr-Mayl6.5-10’6’W, �5-10’PWW, PW, PuJul-AugJun-JulApr-MayApr-Junll llll lll lllllll llll ll llllllllllsouthern arr owwoodl lll10’WMay-Junnaked witherodlll6.5-13’WApr-Mayl lllll12-20’39’WMar-AprJun-Augsmooth alderDevil’s walking stickAmerican hazelnut orfilbertpossom hawmountain laurelshining or wingedsumacstaghorn sumacblack hawlll10-15’l ll lllll33’10’lllllllll llMar-AprWW, P *Apr-MayMay-Jul20-30’G-YJul-Aug33’26’Y, GWJun-JulApr-MayWApr-MayTREE, small/ medium (understory)Castanea pumilaCercis canadensisChionanthus virginicusCornus floridaCrataegus crus-galliIlex opacaserviceberry,shadbushAmerican hornbeam,blue beechchinquapineastern redbudwhite fringetreeflowering dogwoodcockspur hawthornAmerican hollyJuniperus virginianaeastern red cedarAmelanchier canadensisCarpinus carolinianal lll35-50’ll35-50’llllllllll 50’20-35’65’YP, nMar-AprScientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color Bloom
Scientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color BloomTREE, small/ medium (understory), continuedMagnolia virginianasweetbay magnolial lPyrus (Malus) angustifolia southern crabapplePyrus (Malus) coronaria sweet crabappleSassafras albidumsassafrasllllll ll ll lll 0-60'50-80'75'30-50'TREE, tall (canopy)Acer negundoAcer rubrumAcer saccharinumBetula lentaBetula nigraCarya alba(C. tomentosa)Carya cordiformisCarya glabraCarya ovataCeltis occidentalisDiospyros virginianaFagus grandifoliaFraxinus americanaFraxinus pennsylvanicaJuglans nigraLiquidambar styracifluaLiriodendron tulipiferaMorus rubraNyssa sylvaticaPinus echinatabox elderred maplesilver maplesweet or black birchriver birchPinus rigidamockernut hickoryl lllllllllllllllll 0-90'60-80'70-120'60'30-60'100'pitch pinell50-60'Pinus strobuswhite pinel ll90'Pinus virginianaPlatanus occidentalisPopulus deltoidesPopulus heterophyllaPrunus serotinaQuercus albaQuercus bicolorQuercus coccineaQuercus marilandicaQuercus michauxiiQuercus palustrisQuercus phellosQuercus prinus(Q. montana)Quercus rubraQuercus stellataQuercus velutinaRobinia pseudoacaciaSalix nigraTilia americanaTsuga canadensisUlmus americanaUlmus rubraVirginia pineAmerican sycamoreeastern cottonwoodswamp cottonwoodblack or wild cherrywhite oakswamp white oakscarlet oakblack jack oakswamp chestnut oakpin oakwillow oakl llCampsis radicansCelastrus scandensClematis viornaClematis virginianaLonicera 0-80'60-80'80-100'lll60-80'northern red oakpost oakblack oakblack locustblack willowAmerican basswoodeastern hemlockAmerican elmslippery elml lll ll ll lllllllllllll ll90'75'50-60'40-80'40-80' 100'90'100'70'trumpet creeperAmerican bittersweetleather flowervirgin’s bowercoral honeysucklelll lllllll ll llllllll lll lchestnut oakVirginia creeperllllllll llllllllllllllllMay-JulPY, GApr-MayApr-MayApr-May60-90'l ll l lll ll llll lll llll l lVINEbitternut hickorypignut hickoryshagbark hickoryhackberrycommon persimmonAmerican beechwhite ashgreen ashblack walnutsweet gumtulip poplarred mulberryblack gum, sourgumshortleaf pineW******30' to 45'6'6-12'10-20' OGPuWR*Jul-SepMay-JunMay-AugJul-SepApr-Julto 45'G, WJun-Augphoto credit: Randy Loftus, USFWSScientific Name Common Name W M D Su PS Sh Height Color BloomMilkweeds such as this butterflyweed (Asclepias tuberosa) areimportant host plants for Monarch butterflies.
sample plant lists for Maryland’s Piedmont regionPlants for Wet Sites, Wetlands, Ponds, and Wet Edges (partial to full sun)Ferns:Osmunda cinnamomeaOsmunda regalisThelypteris palustriscinnamon fernroyal fernmarsh fernGrasses and Grasslike Plants:Carex strictaPanicum virgatumTripsacum dactyloidesHerbaceous Plants:Eupatorium dubiumEupatorium perfoliatumLiatris spicataLilium canadenseLilium superbumLobelia cardinalisLobelia siphiliticaOenothera fruticosaSenecio aureusSisyrinchium atlanticumSolidago rugosaVerbena hastataHerbaceous Emergents(growing up out of water):Acorus calamusIris versicolorJuncus canadensisJuncus effususNuphar luteum (advena)Nymphaea odorataOsmunda regalisPeltandra virginicaPontederia cordataSagittaria latifoliaScirpus cyperinusScirpus pungensTypha latifoliatussock sedgeVirginia switchgrassgama grassJoe-Pye weedcommon bonesetblazingstarCanada lilyTurk’s cap lilycardinal flowergreat blue lobeliasundropsgolden ragwortcoastal blue-eyed grasswrinkle leaf goldenrodblue vervainsweet flagblue flag irisCanada rushsoft rushyellow water lilyfragrant water lilyroyal fernarrow arumpickerelweedduck potatowoolgrassthree-squarebroad-leaved cattailShrubs:low:Hypericum densiflorumRubus allegheniensisdense St. John's wortAllegheny blackberryAronia arbutifoliaCephalanthus occidentalisRhododendron viscosumRosa palustrisSambucus canadensisred chokeberrybuttonbushswamp azaleaswamp rosecommon elderberryAlnus serrulataMagnolia virginianaViburnum prunifoliumsmooth aldersweetbay (see Trees)black haw viburnummedium:tall:Trees, tall:Acer negundoAcer ruburmAcer saccharinumBetula nigraCarya cordiformisCarya glabraCeltis occidentalisFraxinus pennsylvanicaLiquidambar styracifluaNyssa sylvaticaPlatanus occidentalisPopulus deltoidesPopulus heterophyllaQuercus bicolorQuercus michauxiiQuercus phellosSalix nigraSalix sericeaTaxodium distichumbox elderred maplesilver mapleriver birchbitternut hickorypignut hickoryhackberrygreen ashsweet gumblack gum, sourgumAmerican sycamoreeastern cottonwoodswamp cottonwoodswamp white oakswamp chestnut oakwillow oakblack willowsilky willowbald cypressVine:Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeperPlants for Dry Sun, Sunny Slopes, Meadows, Hedgerows, or EdgesFerns:Dennstaedtia punctilobula hay-scented fernGrasses or Grasslike Plants:Andropogon virginicusElymus canadensisElymus hystrixPanicum amarumSchizachyrium scopariumSorghastrum nutansbroomsedgeCanada wild ryebottlebrush grasscoastal panic grasslittle bluestemIndiangrassHerbaceous Plants and Groundcovers:Asclepias syriacaAsclepias tuberosaAster laevisAster novae-angliaeAster pilosusBaptisia tinctoriaChrysopsis marianaCoreopsis tinctoriaCoreopsis verticillataDesmodium paniculatumEupatorium fistulosumHeliopsis helianthoidesLiatris graminifoliaMonarda fistulosaMonarda punctataRudbeckia hirtaSaxifraga virginiensisSilene stellataSisyrinchium graminoidesSolidago caesiaSolidago nemoralisSolidago rigidaSolidago speciosaViola pedatacommon milkweedbutterflyweedsmooth blue asterNew England asterwhite heath asterwild indigoMaryland golden astertickseed sunflowerthreadleaf coreopsispanicled tick-trefoilJoe-Pye weedox -eye sunflowergrass-leaf blazingstarwild bergamothorsemintblack-eyed Susanearly saxifragestarry campionblue-eyed grassblue-stem goldenrodgray goldenrodrigid goldenrodshowy goldenrodbird's foot violetShrubs:low:Hypericum densiflorumRosa carolinaRubus allegheniensisViburnu m acerifoliummedium:dense St. John's wortpasture roseAllegheny blackberrymaple-leavedarrowwoodAronia arbutifoliaHamamelis virginianaRhus aromaticaRhus glabraVaccinium corymbosumViburnum dentatumred chokeberrywitch hazelfragrant sumacsmooth sumachighbush blueberrysouthern arrowwoodIlex deciduaKalmia latifoliaRhus copallinaRhus typhinapossom hawmountain laurel (evgr)shining sumacstaghorn sumactall:Trees:small/ medium:Chionanthus virginicusCrataegus crus-galliJuniperus virginianaPrunus americanawhite fringetreecockspur hawthorneastern redcedar (evgr)American wild plumCarya glabraDiospyros virginianaNyssa sylvaticaPinus echinataPinus rigidaPinus strobusPinus virginianaQuercus prinus (montana)Quercus rubraQuercus velutinaRobinia pseudoacaciapignut hickorycommon persimmonblack gum, sourgumshortleaf pine (evrgr)pitch pine (evergr)white pine (evergr)Virginia pine (evergr)chestnut oaknorthern red oakblack oakblack locusttall:Vines:Campsis radicansClematis virginianaLonicera sempervirenstrumpet creepervirgin's bowercoral honeysuckle
Plants for Shade, Woodlands, or Woods Edges (dry to moist soil)* designates plants for part shade (not for full shade)Ferns:Adiantum pedatumAsplenium platyneuronBotrychium virginianumDennstaedtia punctilobulaDryopteris marginalisDryopteris spinulosaPolystichum acrostichoidesWoodwardia areolataShrubs:low:maidenhair fern*ebony spleenwortrattlesnake fernhay-scented fern *evergreen wood fernspinulose wood fernChristmas fern (evgr)netted chain fernGroundcovers:Asarum canadenseCarex glaucodeaChimaphila maculataChrysogonum virginianumGaultheria procumbensHepatica americanaMaianthemum canadenseMitchella repensSedum ternatumUvularia sessilifoliaHerbaceous Plants:Aquilegia canadensisAralia racemosaArisaema triphyllumChelone glabraClaytonia virginicaDentaria laciniataDicentra cucullariaDicentra eximiaErythronium americanumEupatorium rugosumGeranium maculatumHelenium autumnaleHeuchera americanaHoustonia caeruleaLobelia siphiliticaMertensia virginicaPhlox divaricataPodophyllum peltatumPolemonium reptansPolygonatum biflorumSanguinaria canadensisSaxifraga virginiensisSenecio aureusSmilacina racemosaThalictrum polygamumTiarella cordifoliaTradescantia virginianaTrillium grandiflorumblue wood sedgesedgewild (river) oatsbottlebrush grassVirginia wild ryeblack huckleberrymaple-leaved arrowwoodCornus amomumHamamelis virginianaHydrangea arborescensLeucothoe racemosaLindera benzoinLyonia ligustrinaVaccinium stamineumViburnum nudumsilky dogwoodwitch hazelwild ed witherodCorylus americanaIlex deciduaKalmia latifoliaViburnum prunifoliumAmerican hazelnut *possom haw*mountain laurel (evrgr)black haw*medium:Grasses and Grasslike Plants:Carex glaucodeaCarex pensylvanicaChasmanthium latifoliumElymus hystrixElymus virginicusGaylussacia baccataViburnum acerifoliumtall:*wild gingerblue w ood sedgestriped wintergreengreen-and-gold*wintergreenround-lobed hepaticaCanada mayflowerpartridgeberry (evgr)mountain stonecropstraw lilyTrees:small/ medium:eastern columbinespikenardJack-in-the -pulpitwhite turtlehead*spring beautytoothwortDutchman's breecheswild bleeding hearttrout lilywhite snakeroot*wild geraniumyellow sneezeweedalumroot (semi-evrgr)bluet, innocence *great blue lobeliaVirginia bluebellswoodland blue phloxMayappleJacob’s ladderSolomon's sealbloodrootearly saxifragegolden ragwortfalse Solomon’s sealtall meadow ruefoamflowerVirginia spiderwortwhite trillium*****Amelanchier canadensisCarpinus carolinianaCercis canadensisChionanthus virginicusCornus floridaIlex opacaMagnolia virginianaOstrya virginianaPyrus angustifoliaSassafras albidumserviceberryAmerican hornbeameastern redbudwhite fringetreeflowering dogwoodAmerican holly*sweetbay magnoliahop-hornbeamsouthern crabapplesassafras*Carya alba (tomentosa)Diospyros virginianaNyssa sylvaticaQuercus rubraTilia americanaTsuga canadensisUlmus rubramockernut hickorycommon persimmonblack gum, sourgumnorthern red oakAmerican basswood *eastern hemlock (evgr)slippery elmtall:Vines:Celastr us scandensAmerican bittersweetClematis viornaleather flowerParthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeperEvergreens for various sitesAsarum canadenseAsplenium platyneuronDryopteris marginalisGaultheria procumbensHeuchera americanaMitchella repensPhlox subulataPolystichum acrostichoidesSedum ternatumshort shrubs (under 6’)Gaultheria procumbenswild ginger (semi-evgr)ebony spleenwortmarginal shield fernwintergreenalumroot (semi-evgr)partridgeberrymoss phloxChristmas fernmountain stonecropwintergreenmedium shrubs (to 15’ or more)Magnolia virginianasweetbay magnoliaRhododendron maximum rosebay, great laureltall shrubs and treesIlex opacaJuniperus virginianaKalmia
plants and natural landscaping. Walking in natural areas near your home is a good way to see the plants in their native habitats, and to get ideas on how to plant them in your landscape. Check libraries and bookstores for field guides to native plants and wildlife in the Chesapeake Bay region.
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the type of habitat and wildlife that currently exist on your property and your habitat goals. It also depends on the habitat and wildlife in surrounding properties. Implementing a habitat practice could benefit some wildlife species and be detrimental to others. However, practically every landholding c
Native plants are plants that occur naturally in the region where you live. In Washington State, many native aquatic plants have a wide distribution throughout most of the state and in some cases throughout North America. Other native aquatic plants have narrower habitat requirements, and so are found only in a limited number of lakes or rivers.
A few non-native plants are bullies Invasive plants (such as English ivy and Italian arum) are aggressive, non-native plants that crowd out native plants and compete for water, sunlight, nutrients and space. They can easily escape home gardens via wind, water, wildlife or the soles of shoes. If left unchecked,
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INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT FROM AMERICA’S PERSPECTIVE JOHN R. BOLTON* In the aftermaths of both World War I and World War II, the United States engaged in significant domestic political debates over its proper place in the world. President Wilson’s brainchild, the League of Nations, was the center-piece of the first debate, and the United Nations the centerpiece of the second. The .
