System Administration Guide: Basic Administration - Kev009
System Administration Guide: Basic Administration Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 806–4073–10 May 2002
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Contents Preface 1 27 Solaris Management Tools (Roadmap) 31 What’s New in Solaris Management Tools? 31 Matrix of Solaris Management Tools Support 32 Feature Descriptions for Solaris 9 Management Tools 33 Feature Descriptions for Solaris 8 Management Tools 34 Feature Descriptions for Previous Solaris Management Tools Availability Solaris Management Commands 36 36 Solaris 9 System Management Commands 37 Solaris 8 System Management Commands 38 Descriptions for Previous Solaris Management Commands For More Information About Solaris Management Tools 2 39 Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks) Solaris Management Console (Overview) 41 41 What Is the Solaris Management Console? Solaris Management Console Tools 38 41 42 Why Use the Solaris Management Console? 44 Organization of the Solaris Management Console 45 Changing the Solaris Management Console Window Solaris Management Console Documentation How Much Role-Based Access Control? Becoming Superuser (root) or Assuming a Role 45 46 46 47 How to Become Superuser (root) or Assume a Role 48 3
Using the Solaris Management Tools With RBAC (Task Map) If You Are the First to Log In to the Console Creating the Primary Administrator Role 49 51 51 How to Create the First Role (Primary Administrator) How to Assume the Primary Administrator Role Starting the Solaris Management Console 52 53 54 How to Start the Console as Superuser or as a Role 54 Using the Solaris Management Tools in a Name Service Environment (Task Map) 55 RBAC Security Files 56 Prerequisites for Using the Solaris Management Console in a Name Service Environment 57 Management Scope 58 The /etc/nsswitch.conf File 58 How to Create a Toolbox for a Specific Environment How to Add a Tool to a Toolbox 58 60 How to Start the Solaris Management Console in a Name Service Environment 61 Adding Tools to the Solaris Management Console How to Add a Legacy Tool to a Toolbox How to Install an Unbundled Tool 61 62 62 Troubleshooting the Solaris Management Console 63 How to Troubleshoot the Solaris Management Console 3 Managing Users and Groups Topics 65 4 Managing User Accounts and Groups (Overview) What’s New in Managing Users and Groups? Solaris Management Console Tools Suite Solaris Directory Services 67 68 68 Managing Users and Resources With Projects What Are User Accounts and Groups? Guidelines for Managing User Accounts Name Services 70 User (Login) Names User ID Numbers Passwords 4 70 71 73 Password Aging 67 74 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 69 70 68 63
Home Directories 74 User’s Work Environment 75 Guidelines for Managing Groups 76 Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups 77 What You Can Do With Solaris User Management Tools Modify User Accounts 81 Delete User Accounts 81 Add Customized User Initialization Files Administer Passwords 82 Disable User Accounts 82 81 Where User Account and Group Information Is Stored Fields in the passwd File 83 Fields in the shadow File 85 Fields in the group File Using Site Initialization Files 87 89 Avoid Local System References 89 90 Shell Environment 91 The PATH Variable 93 Locale Variables 94 Default File Permissions (umask) 95 Examples of User and Site Initialization Files Example—Site Initialization File 5 82 85 Customizing a User’s Work Environment Shell Features 78 96 97 Managing User Accounts and Groups (Tasks) Setting Up User Accounts (Task Map) User Information Data Sheet 99 99 100 How to Customize User Initialization Files How to Share a User’s Home Directory How to Mount a User’s Home Directory Maintaining User Accounts (Task Map) Solaris User Registration Accessing Solaris Solve 101 102 103 105 105 106 Troubleshooting Solaris User Registration Problems How to Restart Solaris User Registration How To Disable User Registration 106 107 108 Contents 5
6 Managing Server and Client Support Topics 109 7 Managing Server and Client Support (Overview) What’s New in Server and Client Management? Diskless Client Support 112 What Are Servers, Clients, and Appliances? What Does Client Support Mean? Servers 111 111 Where to Find Server and Client Tasks Overview of System Types 111 112 113 114 114 Standalone Systems Diskless Clients AutoClient Systems Appliances 115 115 116 116 Guidelines for Choosing System Types Diskless Client Management Overview 116 117 OS Server and Diskless Client Support Information Diskless Client Management Features 118 Disk Space Requirements for OS Servers 8 Managing Diskless Clients (Tasks) 121 123 Managing Diskless Clients (Task Map) Managing Diskless Clients 118 123 124 How to Prepare for Adding Diskless Clients 126 How to Add OS Services For Diskless Client Support How to Add a Diskless Client 129 How to Boot a Diskless Client 130 How to Delete Diskless Client Support 131 How to Delete OS Services for Diskless Clients Patching Diskless Client OS Services 132 Displaying OS Patches for Diskless Clients 132 How to Add an OS Patch for a Diskless Client Troubleshooting Diskless Client Problems 6 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 131 135 133 127
9 Shutting Down and Booting a System Topics 139 10 Shutting Down and Booting a System (Overview) 141 What’s New in Shutting Down and Booting a System? 141 PXE Network Boot 142 Where to Find Shutting Down and Booting Tasks 142 Shutting Down and Booting Terminology 143 Guidelines for Shutting Down a System 143 Guidelines for Booting a System 144 Booting a System From the Network 145 When to Shut Down a System 145 When to Boot a System 146 11 Run Levels and Boot Files (Tasks) 149 Run Levels 149 How to Determine a System’s Run Level 150 The /etc/inittab File 151 Example—Default inittab File 151 What Happens When the System Is Brought to Run Level 3 Run Control Scripts 154 Run Control Script Summaries 155 Using a Run Control Script to Stop or Start Services 158 How to Use a Run Control Script to Stop or Start a Service Adding a Run Control Script 159 160 How to Disable a Run Control Script 12 Shutting Down a System (Tasks) Shutting Down the System 158 159 How to Add a Run Control Script Disabling a Run Control Script 152 160 161 161 System Shutdown Commands 162 User Notification of System Down Time 163 How to Determine Who Is Logged in to a System How to Shut Down a Server 163 How to Shut Down a Standalone System Turning Off Power to All Devices 163 167 168 How to Turn Off Power to All Devices 169 Contents 7
13 SPARC: Booting a System (Tasks) 171 SPARC: Booting a System (Task Map) SPARC: Using the Boot PROM 171 173 SPARC: How to Find the PROM Revision for a System SPARC: How to Change the Default Boot Device SPARC: How to Reset the System SPARC: Booting a System 173 173 175 175 SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level) 176 SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level) SPARC: How to Boot a System Interactively 178 SPARC: How to Boot a System From the Network 179 SPARC: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes SPARC: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes 180 181 SPARC: How to Boot the System With the Kernel Debugger (kadb) SPARC: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System 184 SPARC: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the System 14 IA: Booting a System (Tasks) IA: Booting a System (Task Map) 184 187 187 IA: Booting the Solaris Device Configuration Assistant 188 IA: How to Boot the Solaris Device Configuration Assistant IA: Booting a System 189 189 IA: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level) 189 IA: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level) IA: How to Boot a System Interactively 193 IA: How to Stop a System for Recovery Purposes 194 IA: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes 194 IA: How to Boot a System With the Kernel Debugger (kadb) IA: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System 200 IA: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot the System 15 The Boot Process (Reference) SPARC: The Boot PROM 203 SPARC: The Boot Process 204 IA: The PC BIOS 204 IA: Boot Subsystems 8 203 205 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 190 191 IA: How to Boot a System From the Network 177 200 199 183
IA: Booting the Solaris Release 206 IA: Screens Displayed During the Device Identification Phase IA: Menus Displayed During the Boot Phase IA: The Boot Process 16 17 210 Managing Removable Media Topics 213 Managing Removable Media (Overview) 215 What’s New in Managing Removable Media? 215 Where to Find Managing Removable Media Tasks Removable Media Features and Benefits 216 216 Comparison of Automatic and Manual Mounting What You Can Do With Volume Management 18 Accessing Removable Media (Tasks) 217 218 219 Accessing Removable Media (Task Map) 219 Accessing Removable Media (Overview) 220 Using Removable Media Names 220 Guidelines for Accessing Removable Media Data How to Add a New Removable Media Drive 222 222 How to Stop and Start Volume Management (vold) How to Access Information on Removable Media 223 224 How to Copy Information From Removable Media How to Play a Musical CD or DVD 225 225 How to Find Out If Removable Media Is Still in Use How to Eject Removable Media 226 227 Accessing Removable Media on a Remote System (Task Map) 19 207 208 228 How to Make Local Media Available to Other Systems 228 How to Access Removable Media on Remote Systems 231 Formatting Removable Media (Tasks) Formatting Removable Media (Task Map) Formatting Removable Media Overview 235 235 236 Formatting Removable Media Guidelines Removable Media Hardware Considerations How to Load a Removable Media 236 237 238 Contents 9
How to Format Removable Media (rmformat) 240 How to Format Removable Media for Adding a File System How to Check a File System on Removable Media How to Repair Bad Blocks on Removable Media 240 242 243 Applying Read or Write and Password Protection to Removable Media How to Enable or Disable Write Protection on Removable Media 243 243 How to Enable or Disable Read or Write Protection and a Password on Iomega Media 244 20 Writing CDs (Tasks) 247 Working with Audio and Data CDs 247 CD Media Commonly Used Terms Writing Data and Audio CDs 248 249 Restricting User Access to Removable Media with RBAC 250 How to Restrict User Access to Removable Media with RBAC How to Identify a CD Writer 250 How to Check the CD Media 251 Creating a Data CD 252 How to Create an ISO 9660 File System for a Data CD How to Create a Multi-Session Data CD Creating an Audio CD 253 254 How to Create an Audio CD 255 How to Extract an Audio Track on a CD How to Copy a CD How to Erase CD-RW Media 21 Managing Software Topics 22 Managing Software (Overview) 257 259 261 What’s New in Software Management? Solaris Product Registry 3.0 Patch Analyzer 256 257 261 261 262 Solaris Management Console Patch Manager Where to Find Software Management Tasks Overview of Software Packages Tools for Managing Software Packages Adding or Removing a Software Package 10 262 263 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 263 264 262 252 250
Key Points for Adding or Removing Software Packages Guidelines for Removing Packages 265 Avoiding User Interaction When Adding Packages Using an Administration File Using a Response File 23 265 266 266 267 Managing Software (Tasks) 269 Commands for Managing Software Packages 269 Adding Software With the Solaris Web Start Program 270 How to Install Software With the Solaris Web Start Program Adding and Removing Software With the Product Registry 270 272 How to View Installed or Uninstalled Software Information With the Product Registry 273 How to Install Software With the Product Registry 273 How to Uninstall Software With the Product Registry Adding and Removing Software Packages With Admintool How to Add Software Packages With Admintool 274 275 275 How to Remove Software Packages With Admintool 276 Adding and Removing Software Packages With Package Commands How to Add Software Packages (pkgadd) 277 277 Adding a Software Package to a Spool Directory 280 How to List Information About All Installed Packages (pkginfo) 281 How to Check the Integrity of Installed Software Packages (pkgchk) Removing Software Packages How to Remove Software Packages (pkgrm) 24 Managing Solaris Patches (Tasks) What Is a Patch? 282 284 284 287 287 Tools for Managing Solaris Patches Solaris Patch Distribution Accessing Solaris Patches Solaris Patch Numbering 288 288 289 289 How to Display Information About Installed Solaris Patches Adding a Solaris Patch How to Add a Solaris Patch 291 How to Download and Add a Solaris Patch From SunSolve Removing a Solaris Patch 290 290 291 292 Contents 11
How to Remove a Solaris Patch 293 25 Managing Devices Topics 26 Managing Devices (Tasks) 297 What’s New in Device Management? 297 RCM Scripting 298 New Dynamic Reconfiguration Error Messages 298 Where to Find Device Management Tasks 298 About Device Drivers 299 Automatic Configuration of Devices 299 Features and Benefits of Autoconfiguration 300 What You Need for Unsupported Devices 300 Displaying Device Configuration Information 301 driver not attached Message 301 Identifying a System’s Devices 302 How to Display System Configuration Information How to Display Device Information 304 Adding a Peripheral Device to a System 305 How to Add a Peripheral Device 305 How to Add a Device Driver 306 27 295 Dynamically Configuring Devices (Tasks) 309 Dynamic Reconfiguration and Hot-Plugging Attachment Points 302 309 310 IA: Detaching PCI Adapter Cards 312 SCSI Hot-Plugging With the cfgadm Command (Task Map) SCSI Hot-Plugging With the cfgadm Command How to Display Information About SCSI Devices How to Unconfigure a SCSI Controller How to Configure a SCSI Controller How to Configure a SCSI Device 314 315 315 316 How to Disconnect a SCSI Controller How to Connect a SCSI Controller 313 314 317 318 SPARC: How to Add a SCSI Device to a SCSI Bus 318 SPARC: How to Replace an Identical Device on a SCSI Controller SPARC: How to Remove a SCSI Device 12 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 320 319
SPARC: Troubleshooting SCSI Configuration Problems 321 How to Resolve a Failed SCSI Unconfigure Operation PCI Hot-Plugging With the cfgadm Command (Task Map) IA: PCI Hot-Plugging With the cfgadm Command 323 323 324 IA: How to Display PCI Slot Configuration Information IA: How to Remove a PCI Adapter Card IA: How to Add a PCI Adapter Card 325 325 IA: Troubleshooting PCI Configuration Problems 326 Reconfiguration Coordination Manager (RCM) Script Overview What Is an RCM Script? 328 How Does the RCM Script Process Work? 328 329 Application Developer RCM Script (Task Map) System Administrator RCM Script (Task Map) Naming an RCM Script How to Install an RCM Script 331 332 How to Remove an RCM Script How to Test an RCM Script 332 332 Tape Backup RCM Script Example 333 Using USB Devices (Overview/Tasks) 337 Overview of USB Devices 337 Commonly Used USB Acronyms USB Bus Description 339 339 About USB in the Solaris Environment USB Keyboards and Mouse Devices USB Host Controller and Root Hub SPARC: USB Power Management Guidelines for USB Cables 341 341 342 343 343 Using USB Mass Storage Devices (Task Map) Using USB Mass Storage Devices 344 345 Using Non-Compliant USB Mass Storage Devices Hot-Plugging USB Devices 330 330 331 Installing or Removing an RCM Script 28 327 328 What Can an RCM Script Do? RCM Script Tasks 324 345 345 How to Add a Hot-Pluggable USB Mass Storage Device With vold Running 346 Contents 13
How to Add a Hot-Pluggable USB Mass Storage Device Without vold Running 346 How to Remove a Hot-Pluggable USB Mass Storage Device With vold Running 347 How to Remove a Hot-Pluggable USB Mass Storage Device Without vold Running 347 Mounting USB Mass Storage Devices With or Without vold Running 348 How to Mount or Unmount a USB Mass Storage Device With vold Running 349 How to Mount or Unmount a USB Mass Storage Device Without vold Running 350 How to Add a Hot-Pluggable USB Camera 350 Using USB Audio Devices (Task Map) 352 Using USB Audio Devices 352 Hot-Plugging Multiple USB Audio Devices 353 How to Add Hot-Pluggable USB Audio Devices 354 How to Identify Your System’s Primary Audio Device 354 How to Change the Primary USB Audio Device 355 How to Remove Unused USB Audio Device Links 357 Troubleshooting USB Audio Device Problems 357 Solving USB Speaker Problems 358 Hot-Plugging USB Devices With the cfgadm Command (Task Map) 358 Hot-Plugging USB Devices With the cfgadm Command 359 How to Display USB Device Information 360 How to Unconfigure a USB Device How to Configure a USB Device 361 362 How to Logically Disconnect a USB Device How to Logically Connect a USB Device 362 362 How to Logically Disconnect a USB Device Subtree How to Reset a USB Device 29 Accessing Devices (Overview) Accessing Devices 363 365 365 How Device Information Is Created How Devices Are Managed Device Naming Conventions Logical Disk Device Names 366 367 Specifying the Disk Subdirectory Specifying the Slice 14 365 366 368 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 367 363
SPARC: Disks With Direct Controllers 369 IA: Disks With Direct Controllers 369 SPARC: Disks With Bus-Oriented Controllers IA: Disks With SCSI Controllers 370 Logical Tape Device Names 371 Logical Removable Media Device Names 371 30 Managing Disks Topics 31 Managing Disks (Overview) 375 What’s New in Disk Management? 375 Solaris Volume Manager and Soft Partitioning Where to Find Disk Management Tasks 376 Overview of Disk Management 376 Disk Terminology 377 About Disk Slices 377 SPARC: Disk Slices 378 IA: Disk Slices 379 Using Raw Data Slices 381 Slice Arrangements on Multiple Disks 381 Determining Which Slices to Use 382 The format Utility 383 373 When to Use the format Utility Formatting a Disk 386 Partition Table 386 384 385 Displaying Partition Table Information Dividing a Disk Into Slices Using the Free Hog Slice 32 389 Administering Disks (Task Map) Identifying Disks on a System 387 388 Administering Disks (Tasks) 391 391 392 How to Identify the Disks on a System Formatting a Disk 375 383 Guidelines for Using the format Utility About Disk Labels 369 392 394 How to Determine if a Disk is Formatted 395 Contents 15
How to Format a Disk Displaying Disk Slices 395 397 How to Display Disk Slice Information Creating and Examining a Disk Label How to Label a Disk 397 399 399 How to Examine a Disk Label 400 Recovering a Corrupted Disk Label 401 How to Recover a Corrupted Disk Label Adding a Third-Party Disk 402 404 Creating a format.dat Entry 404 How to Create a format.dat Entry 405 Automatically Configuring SCSI Disk Drives 405 How to Automatically Configure a SCSI Drive Repairing a Defective Sector 406 407 How to Identify a Defective Sector by Using Surface Analysis How to Repair a Defective Sector Tips and Tricks for Managing Disks Debugging format Sessions 408 409 410 410 Label Multiple Disks by Using the prtvtoc and fmthard Commands 33 SPARC: Adding a Disk (Tasks) 413 SPARC: Adding a System Disk or a Secondary Disk (Task Map) SPARC: Adding a System Disk or a Secondary Disk 414 SPARC: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot 415 SPARC: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot 415 SPARC: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk 416 SPARC: How to Create File Systems 420 SPARC: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk 34 IA: Adding a Disk (Tasks) 421 423 IA: Adding a System Disk or a Secondary Disk (Task Map) IA: Adding a System or Secondary Disk 424 IA: How to Connect a System Disk and Boot 424 IA: How to Connect a Secondary Disk and Boot 425 IA: Guidelines for Creating an fdisk Partition 426 IA: How to Create a Solaris fdisk Partition 427 IA: How to Create Disk Slices and Label a Disk 16 413 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 432 423 410
IA: How to Create File Systems 434 IA: How to Install a Boot Block on a System Disk 35 435 The format Utility (Reference) 437 Recommendations and Requirements for Using The format Utility Format Menu and Command Descriptions 438 The partition Menu 440 IA: The fdisk Menu 440 The analyze Menu 441 The defect Menu 443 The format.dat File 444 Contents of the format.dat File 444 Syntax of the format.dat File 445 Keywords in the format.dat File 445 Partition or Slice Tables (format.dat) 447 Specifying an Alternate Data File for the format utility 448 Rules for Input to format Commands 449 Specifying Numbers to format Commands 449 Specifying Block Numbers to format Commands 449 Specifying format Command Names 450 Specifying Disk Names to format Commands 450 Getting Help on the format Utility 451 36 Managing File Systems Topics 37 Managing File Systems (Overview) 453 What’s New in File Systems? 455 Extended File Attributes 455 UFS Snapshots 455 456 Improved UFS Direct I/O Concurrency Improved mkfs Performance 456 457 New labelit Options for UDF File Systems Where to Find File System Management Tasks Overview of File Systems Types of File Systems 437 457 458 458 459 Disk-Based File Systems 459 Network-Based File Systems 460 Contents 17
Virtual File Systems 460 Commands for File System Administration 463 How File System Commands Determine the File System Type Manual Pages for Generic and Specific Commands The Default Solaris File Systems Swap Space 465 466 The UFS File System UFS Logging 466 467 Planning UFS File Systems 468 UFS Direct Input/Output (I/O) 468 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems The Mounted File System Table The Virtual File System Table The NFS Environment 469 470 471 472 Automounting or AutoFS 472 Determining a File System’s Type 473 How to Determine a File System’s Type 38 Creating File Systems (Tasks) Creating a UFS File System 473 475 475 Default Parameters for the newfs Command How to Create a UFS File System How to Create a TMPFS File System Creating a Loopback File System (LOFS) 478 478 479 How to Create an LOFS File System 480 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems (Tasks) Overview of Mounting File Systems 476 476 Creating a Temporary File System (TMPFS) 39 464 483 483 Commands for Mounting and Unmounting File Systems Commonly Used Mount Options 485 Field Descriptions for the /etc/vfstab File Mounting File Systems 486 488 How to Determine Which File Systems Are Mounted How to Add an Entry to the /etc/vfstab File How to Mount a File System (/etc/vfstab File) 488 489 490 How to Mount a UFS File System (mount Command) 18 484 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002 491 464
How to Mount a UFS File System Without Large Files (mount Command) 492 How to Mount an NFS File System (mount Command) 493 IA: How to Mount a PCFS (DOS) File System From a Hard Disk (mount Command) 494 Unmounting File Systems 495 Prerequisites for Unmounting File Systems 496 How to Verify a File System is Unmounted 496 How to Stop All Processes Accessing a File System How to Unmount a File System 40 496 497 Using The CacheFS File System (Tasks) 499 High-Level View of Using the CacheFS File System (Task Map) Overview of the CacheFS File System 500 How a CacheFS File System Works 500 CacheFS File System Structure and Behavior 501 Creating and Mounting a CacheFS File System (Task Map) How to Create the Cache 499 502 503 Mounting a File System in the Cache 503 How to Mount a CacheFS File System (mount) 504 How to Mount a CacheFS File System (/etc/vfstab) How to Mount a CacheFS File System (AutoFS) Maintaining a CacheFS File System (Task Map) Maintaining a CacheFS File System Modifying a CacheFS File System 506 507 507 508 508 How to Display Information About a CacheFS File System Consistency Checking of a CacheFS File System 510 How to Specify Cache Consistency Checking on Demand How to Delete a CacheFS File System Packing a CacheFS File System 512 513 513 How to Pack Files in the Cache 514 How to Display Packed Files Information Using Packing Lists 510 511 How to Check the Integrity of a CacheFS File System Packing a Cached File System (Task Map) 509 515 516 How to Create a Packing List 516 How to Pack Files in the Cache With a Packing List Unpacking Files or Packing Lists From the Cache 517 517 Contents 19
How to Unpack Files or Packing Lists From the Cache Troubleshooting cachefspack Errors 518 Collecting CacheFS Statistics (Task Map) Collecting CacheFS Statistics 522 522 How to Set Up CacheFS Logging 524 How to Locate the CacheFS Log File How to Stop CacheFS Logging 524 525 How to View the Working Set (Cache) Size Viewing CacheFS Statistics 525 526 How to View CacheFS Statistics 41 526 Configuring Additional Swap S
4 System Administration Guide: Basic Administration May 2002. Home Directories 74 User's Work Environment 75 Guidelines for Managing Groups 76 Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups 77 What You Can Do With Solaris User Management Tools 78 Modify User Accounts 81
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