Household Income In Tower Hamlets
October 2013Household income in Tower HamletsInsights from the 2013 CACI Paycheck data1
Summary of key findingsThe Corporate Research Team has published the analysis of 2013 CACI Paycheck householdincome data to support the Partnerships knowledge of affluence, prosperity, deprivation andrelative poverty and its geographical concentration and trends in Tower Hamlets. The median household income in Tower Hamlets in 2013 was 30,805 which isaround 900 lower than the Greaterconsiderably above the GreatLondon average of 31,700. Both wereBritain median household income of 27,500. The most common (modal) household annual income band in Tower Hamlets was 17,500 in 2013. Around 17% of households in Tower Hamlets have an annual income of less than 15,000 while just below half (48.7%) of all households have an annual incomeless than 30,000. 17% of Tower Hamlets households have an annual income greater than 60,000. 10 out of the 17 Tower Hamlets wards have a household income below theBorough’s overall median income of 30,805. The lowest median household income can be found in East India &Lansbury ( 24,000) and Bromley by Bow ( 24,800) while the highest is inSt Katherine’s & Wapping ( 42,280) and Millwall ( 43,900).2
1Tower Hamlets Household income 11.1CACI Paycheck household income data – MethodologyCACI Information Solutions,2 a market research company, produces Paycheck data whichprovides an estimate of household income for every postcode in the United Kingdom. The datamodelled gross income before tax and covered income from a variety of sources, includingincome support and welfare.Commercial sensitivity means that the methodology employed by CACI is not explicitly orexhaustively described in the literature. We recommend interpreting changes over time in thedata very carefully because of the various unknowns in the methodology.However, it was ascertained that the data used to produce the imputed household income datacame from various sources which included lifestyle data, data from the census, the company’sown population estimates, ACORN (the company’s own geo-demographic classification) andmarket research data.It is important to note that Paycheck data is modelled annual household income data,presented as modelled gross household income (‘unequivalised’), and household incomeadjusted for household size (‘equivalised’). This means that the data is not based on realadministrative datasets. In this document we focus our analysis on ‘equivalised’ Paycheck data.The Council does hold un-equivalised data which can be requested from the CRU team.However, the equivalised data is our preferred option compared to the actual householdincome presented in the ‘unequivalised’ CACI Paycheck dataset.Equivalising data reflects the notion that a household of five, for example, will need a higherincome than a single person living alone to enjoy a comparable standard of living. The dataprovider CACI calculated an ‘equivalence value’ for each household, based on the number andage of the household members. Equivalised income is then calculated by dividing the actualincome by this equivalence value.1.2 What is household income data telling us?On national and regional level official income and low income estimates are calculated using theDepartment for Work and Pensions' (DWP) Family Resources Survey (FRS) information.However, overall income information is patchy and not available for smaller geographies.1Please note that the map on the front page of the document shows the same content as the median income map by outputarea in Tower Hamlets on page 10.2For more information see www.caci.co.uk3
Household income data matters because low household income is used as a proxy for poverty,with individuals being defined as in low income poverty if their equivalised household income isbelow a specified threshold, usually 60% of the median household income.3Later in the paper we will analysis the household group below 15K income which is crucialbecause this income group is below the poverty threshold.4 While the CACI Paycheck datacannot be broken down to reveal more socio-economic details about the individual households,we know already that poverty in Tower Hamlets is above the average and that 48.6% of childrenlive in households who are in poverty.5For analysts and policymakers, three main purposes for compiling information on incomedistribution are important.6-The first is driven by a desire to understand the pattern of income distribution andhow this can be related to the way in which communities are organised.-The second reflects the concern of policy makers to assess the impact of bothuniversal and targeted actions on different socio-economic groups. Data on incomedistribution is important when discussing welfare, taxation and other fiscal policies,housing, education, labour market and health.-The third is an interest in how different patterns of income distribution influencehousehold well-being and people’s ability to acquire the goods and services theyneed to satisfy their needs, for example, studies of poverty and social exclusion, andresearch on consumer behaviour.In this factsheet we are explaining how household income is distributed and how thedistribution compares to other London Boroughs. We will show that the distribution of incomein Tower Hamlets is closely related to the concentration of wealth in high value areas and localdeprivation levels.Income data enables an understanding of whether residents have sufficient income in their livesto maintain an adequate standard of living, presuming that those with the lowest incomes oftenhave the poorest material living standards and can face a range of disadvantages as aconsequence.For example, poor households are more likely to face barriers in accessing many consumermarkets. In particular, low income households are disadvantaged in accessing products on theenergy market, those offered by financial services and to some extent, the food market.73For a full discussion of poverty in the Borough refer to the TH Poverty profile.CACI Paycheck data is published in 5k bands so it is not possible to establish the exact number of households below or abovethe 60% threshold.5ONS Households in income poverty Modelled 2007/08 and HMRC, Child Poverty Statistics 20106Source: Canberra Group (2011) Handbook of household income Statistics.7Source: Office for Fair Trading (Sept 2010): Markets and Households on Low incomes. While it is important to add that not allhouseholds in the lower income group will suffer these disadvantages, households in higher income groups may also bedisadvantaged in the same way44
1.3 Household income in Tower HamletsThe median household income in Tower Hamlets has increased above the 30K a year milestone.The median annual household income currently stands at 30,800 which was above the 2012median of 29,550.8 The Tower Hamlets median household income is higher than the GBmedian income but still 900 below the London median household income.See Table 1 below for the median income between 2008 and 2013 in Tower Hamlets, Londonand Great Britain.Table 1: Median household income in Tower Hamlets (equivalised) in YearTower HamletsLondon2008 29,758 30,5092009 28,199 30,1682010 29,385 30,8612011 29,659 31,0172012 29,550 31,5222013 30,805 31,700Great Britain 25,486 26,518 27,288 27,349 27,580 27,512(Source: CACI Paycheck 2008 - 2013)What is the single largest household income group in the borough?The single largest household income group is the group earning 15-20K representing around11.2% of all households in Tower Hamlets. This income group represents the modal (mostcommon) household income group (17.5K). This group is also the most common in London(11.2% of all households) and Great Britain (13.1% of all households).How does household income in Tower Hamlets compare to London?Figure 1 shows a breakdown of household income groups for Tower Hamlets and London. Thedata shows that the proportion of households in Tower Hamlets with an income between 0-20Kis larger than the London average. In comparison, households in London are more likely to be inthe income groups 20K to 75K compared to the borough.However, from 90K household income onwards, the proportion of households in Tower Hamletsis larger than the London average. This income structure represents some evidence of a ‘missingmiddle’9 in the borough, with large groups of the population either in the lower or in the higherincome groups in relation to the average.8In our analysis we use the Median household income figure as key household income indicator because a mean figure could bepulled higher by the presence of a relatively small group of extremely high earners within the population. However, thehousehold income as Mean (average) is available and was in 2013 38,947.9A term first used in the TH Local Economic Assessment 2010 describing households in the middle income bracket.5
Fig 1: Households by 5K income band Tower Hamlets and London (%) in 201312Tower HamletsLondon1086420(Source: CACI Paycheck 2013)In terms of policy development, understanding the size of the household income group “Under15K” enables an analysis of the prevalence and impact of poverty and income deprivation, whilea focus on the income groups “Under 60K” 10 and “Above 60K” enables analysis of such issues asthe extent to which households in the borough may have access to intermediate housing oraffordable rents.The data indicates that around half (48.7%) of Tower Hamlets households have an incomebelow the median TH income of 30,805 (i.e., they are in the under 30K group). Within this,around 17% of households are in the under 15K group, and 31.7% are in the 15-30K incomegroup. Meanwhile, 13% of households have an income of 60-100K.In total, in Tower Hamlets, around 17.3% of households have an income of more than 60K. Thisfigure is the same as the Inner London average and slightly above the London (16.7%) figure.The TH average is significantly above the GB average of 11.9%. See Table 2 below.Around 4.3% of households have an income of above 100K in the borough, which is above theLondon rate of 3.6%. The highest proportion of households in the above 100K group can befound in the City of London (10.6%) and Richmond upon Thames (7.3%).Table 2: Summary Household income (median) distribution in Tower Hamlets and Greater London 100kTower 2%69.6%83.3%16.7%3.6%(Source: CACI Paycheck 2013)1066k in London when accessing 1 to 2 bedroom properties and 80K when accessing 3 bedroom plus and more properties.6
1.4 Income deprivation – Household income less than 15KTower Hamlets has a considerable number of households with an income of less than 15K ayear. While the proportion of households in that category is below the GB average it is stillabove the Inner London and London average. More than 18,000 households in Tower Hamletshave an income of 15K or less. See Table 3 below.Table 3: Households with income of 15K and below in 2013Tower HamletsInner .9%Great Britain19.7%504,0095,182,264(Source: CACI Paycheck 2013)The proportion of households with an income of less than 15K decreased between 2012 and2013, and has now dropped to the 2010/2011 level.11 The overall size of that group has droppedto 17.3%, the lowest percentage since 2005.12Table 4: Change over time – Household income below 15k 2005 to 2013 in Tower Hamlets2005200620072008200920102011201215K less19,78720,621n/a17,04219,09818,188 18,311 21,007- Total15K 8,32017.3%(Source: CACI Paycheck 2005 - 2013)The highest proportion of households in the 15K group in London was in Barking & Dagenhamand Newham. Both boroughs recorded proportions above the GB average. For moreinformation on the change of income groups see chapter 1.7 of this document.1.5 Household income on ward levelHousehold income levels vary significantly in different areas in the borough, taking into accountthe relationship of cost of living (house prices, rent level in the private market) and desirabilityof the area. For example, the median household income in Millwall ( 43,186) is around 19,000above the median household income in East India & Lansbury ( 24,032).Out of 17 wards, the household income in 6 wards was above the Tower Hamlets average whilein 11 wards the household income was below the Borough’s overall median income of 30,805.1112Because of methodological changes to the CACI Paycheck data in 2012, the figure might be too high for that year.The first time we had access to CACI data.7
See Table 5 below for the household income data by ward and the proportion of householdswith less than 15K, and those above 60k in income. The data shows that the proportion ofhouseholds with a household income of 15K and lower is high and above the average in EastIndia & Lansbury (25%), Bromley by Bow (23.7%) or St Dunstan’s & Stepney (23.3%). This groupis especially small in Millwall (8.9%) and St Katherine’s & Wapping (9.1%).Table 5: Household income (equivalised) by Tower Hamlets ward, London and Great Britain 2013Mode IncomeMedian0 to 15KAboveWard NameBandIncome(%)60K (%)(Most common) 43,186 27,5008.931.3Millwall 42,284 27,5009.130.5St Katharine's and Wapping 39,172 27,50010.726.5Blackwall and Cubitt Town 33,769 17,50014.119.9Whitechapel 31,641 17,50015.917.6Bow East 31,369 17,50015.716.4Spitalfields and Banglatown 30,864 17,50015.815.8Bow West 30,170 17,50016.414.6Weavers 29,610 17,50018.617.0Shadwell 29,254 17,50017.613.5Bethnal Green North 28,980 17,50019.316.0Limehouse 26,527 17,50021.310.4Mile End East 26,196 17,50022.010.4Bethnal Green South 26,188 17,50022.210.8Mile End and Globe Town 24,980 17,50023.38.3St Dunstan's and Stepney Green 24,802 17,50023.78.0Bromley-by-Bow 24,032 12,50025.07.6East India and Lansbury(Source: CACI Paycheck 2013)Change over time 2009 and 2013Data for the last 5 years shows that the median household income in most wards has increased,often above the London and Great Britain average.The data also indicates that lower income wards have been catching up to some extent with thehigh income wards. This is partly related to new housing developments in these locations,attracting new higher income residents. However, a general increase in the household incomeof existing residents should also not be excluded.The strongest increase took place in East India & Lansbury (15.4%), Whitechapel, (15.2%),Shadwell, (15.2%), Weavers (14.1%) and Millwall (12.7%). Changes in those areas aresignificantly above TH, London and GB average increases.The lowest increase, even below London average, took place in Limehouse, St Katherine’s &Wapping and Blackwall and Cubitt Town.8
Table 6: Median household income by ward and Change between 2009 and 2013MedianMedianWard Nameincome 2009Income 2013in in Millwall 43,186 38,306St Katharine's and Wapping 42,284 40,467Blackwall and Cubitt Town 39,172 37,492Whitechapel 33,769 29,301Bow East 31,641 28,828Spitalfields and Banglatown 31,369 29,460Bow West 30,864 29,460Weavers 30,170 26,442Shadwell 29,610 25,703Bethnal Green North 29,254 26,773Limehouse 28,980 28,008Mile End East 26,527 23,900Bethnal Green South 26,196 25,028Mile End and Globe Town 26,188 23,562St Dunstan's and Stepney Green 24,980 22,804Bromley-by-Bow 24,802 22,132East India and Lansbury 24,032 20,829Tower HamletsInner LondonOuter LondonLondonGreat Britain 28,199 30,766 29,797 30,168 26,518 30,805 31,609 31,762 31,700 27,512Change 2009to 2013in .512.115.49.22.76.65.13.7(Source: CACI Paycheck 2009 and 2013)1.6 Household income by small geographiesThe map below shows a detailed geography of affluence and income deprivation by statisticaloutput area.The map illustrates that high median household income areas (above 50k) are located close tothe desirable river side, in the City Fringe, around the Canary Wharf business district (with a fewexceptions), near transport hubs, and / or are part of re-development or conservation areas.Output areas (OAs) with the lowest household income dominate Bromley by Bow and East India& Lansbury, which are almost completely populated by households in the lowest income group.However, the low-income Output Areas stretch from the East and Central areas (Limehouse, StDunstan’s & Stepney and Mile End & Globe Town) to areas in Weavers, Spitalfields and BethnalGreen South. The OA with the lowest median household income was in the Millwall ward withonly 16,000.9
The Output Areas with the highest income levels were located in St Katherine’s & Wapping,Millwall, Blackwall & Cubitt Town and parts of Shadwell, Bow East and Limehouse. The OA withthe highest median income was in Blackwall & Cubitt Town with 62,000.Map 1: Median household income by output area 201310
1.7 Household income change over time13This section discusses the potential shift of income groups in the borough over time. Ourhypothesis is that we are experiencing quite different trends in the lower and higher incomegroups and a potential decrease of lower income groups in the borough.While we cannot answer this question with the Paycheck data alone, mainly because of itsmodelled nature, the data should help to understand the long term trends.The above argument is supported by the fact that affluent household groups are growing overproportionally and lower income groups show signs of decline. We can observe that while thenumber of households in the borough is increasing, the size of some income groups is increasingmore strongly than others.Table 6 shows the overall household growth and change in selected income groups. The totalnumber used by CACI Paycheck indicates an increase in households of 14.6% in the boroughover the last 5 years. While CACI Paycheck data is not the preferable data set to show thechange of the number of households, it is close to the GLA SHLAA projection of 14.2% andshould be seen as reasonably robust.14The number of Tower Hamlets households in the 0-15K group has decreased by 4.1%, mirroringthe overall London trend of -5.7%. The income group 15K to 30K has grown slowly, below theTower Hamlets average, while the same group decreased in London (-0.9%).The strongest increase in the number of households took place in the income groups 45K to 60K(34.5%) and 60K to 80K (41.1%). Above (the Tower Hamlets) average growth has been recordedin the groups over 100K (21.2%), 80K to 100K (16.7%) and 30K to 45K (19.1%). Growth in theseincome groups outperformed London growth.Table 7: Households by income group in 2009 & 2013 – Change in Tower Hamlets & London (total & %)TowerTowerTowerTower HamletsHamletsLondonHamlets totalHamletstotal 2009Change inChange in %2013Change in %totalsUnder 15K19,09818,320-778-4.1-5.715K to 30K31,27934,2983,0199.7-0.93,63730K to 45K18,99822,63519.10.93,59745K to 60K10,42314,02034.512.260K to 80K7,13010,0642,93441.120.957680K to 100K3,4374,01316.72.33,8064,61380721.214.7Over 100KAll households94,179107,96213,783(Source: CACI Paycheck 2009 & 2013 for TH and London)1314For this analysis no CACI Paycheck data for 2007 data was available.GLA SHLAA Household projection 2011: Projection Tower Hamlets between 2011 and 2016.1114.62.8
What does it mean?The total numbers and the proportion of higher income groups in the borough are growing. Incomparison, households with income below 30K are growing slowly in numbers and decliningproportionally.While the growth of households with an income of 80K and more was less pronounced, it can beargued that the formerly mentioned “missing middle” (i.e. those households earning 30K 80K) is increasing in the borough, moving the household income structure towards the Londonaverage. Aligning with the London structure would mean further increases in the numberhouseholds earning between 30K and 80K. It can be assumed, t
For more information see www.caci.co.uk . 4 Household income data matters because low household income is used as a proxy for poverty, with individuals being defined as in low income poverty if their equivalised househol
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Household income: Includes income of the householder and all other people 15 years and older in the household, whether or not they are related to the householder. Median: The point that divides the household income distribution into halves, one-half with income above the median and the other with income below the median. The median is based
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